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{{short description|2014 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Cygnus CRS Orb-1
| name = Orbital-1
| image = Cygnus 2 approaches ISS (ISS038-E-028044, modified).jpg
| image_caption = S.S. ''C. Gordon Fullerton'' in free flight.


| mission_type = [[Space logistics|ISS logistics]]
| image = Cygnus 2 approaches ISS (ISS038-E-028044, modified).jpg
| operator = [[Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital]]
| image_caption = Cygnus arriving at the ISS, 12 January 2014
| insignia = Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 1 Patch.png
| COSPAR_ID = 2014-003A
| insignia_caption = NASA Orb-1 mission patch
| SATCAT = 39502
| mission_duration = {{time interval|9 January 2014 18:07:05|19 February 2014 18:20|show=dhm|sep=,}}


| mission_type = [[International Space Station|ISS]] resupply
| spacecraft = S.S. ''C. Gordon Fullerton''
| spacecraft_type = [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Standard Cygnus]]<ref name="Chris"/>
| operator = [[Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital Sciences]]
| manufacturer = {{Hlist|Orbital|[[Thales Alenia Space|Thales Alenia]]}}
| COSPAR_ID = 2014-003A
| launch_mass = {{cvt|4923|kg}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/cygnus-pcm.htm|title = Cygnus-PCM}}</ref>
| SATCAT = 39502
| payload_mass = {{cvt|1260|kg}}<ref name="Cargo"/>
| mission_duration = {{time interval|9 January 2014 18:07:05|19 February 2014 18:20|show=dhm|sep=,}}


| spacecraft = Cygnus 2
| launch_date = 9 January 2014, 18:07:05 UTC
| spacecraft_type = [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Standard Cygnus]]<ref name="Chris"/>
| launch_rocket = [[Antares (rocket)|Antares 120]]
| launch_site = [[Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport|Wallops]] [[Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport Launch Pad 0|Pad 0A]]
| manufacturer = Orbital Sciences <br /> [[Thales Alenia Space]]
| launch_contractor = Orbital
| launch_mass = {{cvt|4923|kg|lb|0|order=}}<ref>https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/cygnus-pcm.htm</ref>
| payload_mass = {{cvt|2780|lb|kg|0|order=flip}}<ref name="Cargo"/>


| disposal_type = Deorbited
| launch_date = {{start-date|9 January 2014, 18:07:05}}&nbsp;UTC<ref name="sf101-20140109">{{cite web |title=Cygnus{{emdash}}Orb-1 Mission Updates: Mission Overview, Cargo Manifest, Launch Vehicle Information, Cygnus Overview, Countdown Timeline |url=http://www.spaceflight101.net/cygnus-orb-1-mission-updates.html |website=Spaceflight101: Space News and Beyond |accessdate=2020-04-04 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20161120151933/http://www.spaceflight101.net/cygnus-orb-1-mission-updates.html |archivedate=2016-11-20 |date=19 February 2014 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>{{cbignore|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}
| launch_rocket = [[Antares (rocket)|Antares 120]]<ref name="Chris"/>
| decay_date = 19 February 2014, 18:20 UTC<ref name="sfn-msc"/>
| launch_site = [[Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport|MARS]] [[Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport Launch Pad 0|LP-0A]]
| launch_contractor = Orbital Sciences
| disposal_type = Deorbited
| decay_date = {{end-date|19 February 2014, 18:20}}&nbsp;UTC<ref name="sfn-msc" />


| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]<ref name="satcat">{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt|title=Satellite Catalog|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|publisher=Jonathan's Space Page |access-date=25 May 2014}}</ref>
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_inclination = 51.66°
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|406|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|415|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| apsis = gee
| orbit_inclination = 51.6°
| orbit_period = 92.77&nbsp;minutes
| orbit_epoch = 11 January 2014<ref name="satcat">{{cite web |url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt |title=Satellite Catalog |first=Jonathan |last=McDowell |work=Jonathan's Space Page |accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref>
| apsis = gee


| docking =
| docking = {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
| docking_target = the [[International Space Station]]
{{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
| docking_type = berth
| docking_target = [[International Space Station]]
| docking_port = ''[[Harmony (ISS module)|Harmony]]'' [[nadir]]
| docking_type = berth
| capture_date = 12 January 2014, 11:08 UTC
| docking_port = ''[[Harmony (ISS module)|Harmony]]'' nadir
| capture_date = 12 January 2014, 11:08&nbsp;UTC
| docking_date = 12 January 2014, 13:05 UTC
| docking_date = 12 January 2014, 13:05&nbsp;UTC
| undocking_date = 18 February 2014, 10:25 UTC
| undocking_date = 18 February 2014, 10:25&nbsp;UTC
| release_date = 18 February 2014, 11:41 UTC
| release_date = 18 February 2014, 11:41&nbsp;UTC
| time_docked = 36 days, 21 hours, 20 minutes
}}
| time_docked = 36 days, 21 hours, 20 minutes
}}


| programme = [[Commercial Resupply Services]]
| insignia = Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 1 Patch.png
| insignia_caption = NASA insignia
| previous_mission = [[Cygnus Orb-D1]]
| next_mission = [[SpaceX CRS-3]]


| programme2 = [[Cygnus (spacecraft)#Missions|Cygnus flights]]
| programme = '''[[Commercial Resupply Services]]'''
| previous_mission2 = [[Cygnus Orb-D1]]
| previous_mission = [[Cygnus Orb-D1|Orbital-D1]]
| next_mission2 = [[Cygnus CRS Orb-2]]
| next_mission = [[SpaceX CRS-3]]

| programme2 = '''[[Cygnus (spacecraft)#Missions|Cygnus flights]]'''
| previous_mission2 = [[Cygnus Orb-D1|Orbital-D1]]
| next_mission2 = [[Cygnus Orb-2|Orbital-2]]
}}
}}


'''Cygnus CRS Orb-1''',<ref name="space20131216" /> also known as '''Orbital-1''',<ref name="unitoday20131217" /> was the second flight of the [[Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital Sciences]] [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] [[cargo spacecraft]], its second flight to the [[International Space Station]] and the third launch of the company's [[Antares (rocket)|Antares]] launch vehicle. The mission launched January 9th, 2014 at 1:07 PM.
'''Orbital-1''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Orbital-1 |url=https://www.issnationallab.org/launches/orbital-1/ |website=[[ISS National Lab]] |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525102947/https://www.issnationallab.org/launches/orbital-1/ |archive-date=25 May 2021 |date=January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="unitoday20131217"/> also known as '''Orb-1''',<ref name="unitoday20131217"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Garner |first1=Rob |title=Looking Back at Orb-1, Forward to Orb-2 |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/northropgrumman/2014/07/12/looking-back-at-orb-1-forward-to-orb-2/ |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525102941/https://blogs.nasa.gov/northropgrumman/2014/07/12/looking-back-at-orb-1-forward-to-orb-2/ |archive-date=25 May 2021 |date=12 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sf101-20140109">{{cite web|title=Cygnus - Orb-1 Mission|url=http://www.spaceflight101.net/cygnus-orb-1-mission-updates.html|publisher=Spaceflight101|access-date=2020-04-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161120151933/http://www.spaceflight101.net/cygnus-orb-1-mission-updates.html|archive-date=2016-11-20|date=19 February 2014}}</ref> was the second flight of the [[Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital Sciences]] [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] [[cargo spacecraft]], its second flight to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) and the third launch of the company's [[Antares (rocket)|Antares]] [[launch vehicle]]. The mission launched on 9 January 2014 at 18:07:05 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]].<ref name="sf101-20140109"/>


==Spacecraft==
== Spacecraft ==
{{main|Cygnus (spacecraft)}}
{{main|Cygnus (spacecraft)}}
Orb-1 was the first of eight contracted flights by Orbital Sciences under [[NASA]]'s [[Commercial Resupply Services]] program. This was the maiden flight of the Castor 30B second stage.


Orbital Sciences continued its naming of Cygnus spacecraft in tribute to former astronauts. This vehicle was named the ''C. Gordon Fullerton'' for [[C. Gordon Fullerton|the NASA astronaut]] who died on 21 August 2013.<ref name="collect20131209"/>
Orb-1 was the first of eight contracted flights by Orbital Sciences under [[NASA]]'s [[Commercial Resupply Services]] (CRS-1) contract. This was the maiden flight of the [[Castor (rocket stage)|Castor 30B second stage]]. Orbital Sciences continued its naming of Cygnus spacecraft in tribute to former astronauts. This vehicle was named the S.S. ''C. Gordon Fullerton'' for [[C. Gordon Fullerton]], the NASA astronaut who died on 21 August 2013.<ref name="collect20131209"/> This Cygnus cargo mission launched the [[Nanoracks CubeSat Deployer]] to the ISS's [[Kibō (ISS module)|Kibō module]].


==Launch and early operations==
== Launch and early operations ==
[[File:20140106 Antares CRS Orb-1 rocket at MARS pad 0A (201401060004HQ).jpg|left|thumb|Antares and Cygnus, 6 January 2014]]
[[File:20140106 Antares CRS Orb-1 rocket at MARS pad 0A (201401060004HQ).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Antares and Cygnus, 6 January 2014]]
The launch of Orb-1 was scheduled for November 2013,<ref name="sfn20130910"/> but a series of delays pushed the date to 20 December.<ref name="sfn20131213"/> The Antares launch vehicle rolled out from the Wallops Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF) on the morning of 17 December, and was later erected at Launch Pad 0A. Later that day, due to the need for a series of spacewalks to fix a faulty coolant system on the space station, NASA directed Orbital to stand down the Antares rocket. Antares was rolled back to the HIF and time-sensitive cargo removed. The launch date was rescheduled for no earlier than 13 January 2014, but was later moved forward to 7 January after a scheduling conflict at Wallops was resolved.<ref name="orbital20131220"/><ref name="nasa20131217"/> The launch was delayed one day due to cold temperatures at the launch site.<ref name="orbital20140108">{{cite web |url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-1/MissionUpdate/index.shtml |title=ISS Commercial Resupply Services Mission (Orb-1): Mission Updates |work=Orbital.com |date=8 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226230154/http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-1/MissionUpdate/index.shtml |archivedate=26 February 2014}}</ref>


The launch of Orb-1 was scheduled for November 2013,<ref name="sfn20130910"/> but a series of delays pushed the date to 20 December 2013.<ref name="sfn20131213"/> The Antares launch vehicle rolled out from the Wallops [[Horizontal integration facility|Horizontal Integration Facility]] (HIF) on the morning of 17 December 2013, and was later erected at Launch Pad 0A. Later that day, due to the need for a series of spacewalks to fix a faulty coolant system on the International Space Station, NASA directed Orbital Sciences to stand down the Antares rocket. Antares was rolled back to the HIF and time-sensitive cargo removed. The launch date was rescheduled for no earlier than 13 January 2014, but was later moved forward to 7 January 2014 after a scheduling conflict at Wallops was resolved.<ref name="orbital20131220"/><ref name="nasa20131217"/> The launch was delayed one day due to cold temperatures at the launch site.<ref name="orbital20140108">{{cite web|url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-1/MissionUpdate/index.shtml|title=Mission Update|date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226230154/http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-1/MissionUpdate/index.shtml |publisher=Orbital Sciences|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>
NASA Wallops and Orbital Sciences announced the launch attempt on 8 January 2014 was scrubbed due to "an unusually high level of space radiation that exceeded by a considerable margin the constraints imposed on the mission to ensure the rocket's electronic systems are not impacted by a harsh radiation environment."<ref name="orbital20140108" /> Orbital later revised this, stating that a more extensive review of the radiation environment found it to be "within acceptable limits" of the Antares program, and that a launch would be attempted on 9 January.<ref name="orbital20140108" />


NASA Wallops and Orbital Sciences announced the launch attempt on 8 January 2014 was scrubbed due to "an unusually high level of [[Health threat from cosmic rays|space radiation]] that exceeded by a considerable margin the constraints imposed on the mission to ensure the rocket's electronic systems are not impacted by a harsh radiation environment".<ref name="orbital20140108"/> Orbital later revised this, stating that a more extensive review of the radiation environment found it to be "within acceptable limits" of the Antares program, and that a launch would be attempted on 9 January 2014.<ref name="orbital20140108"/>
The Orb-1 mission successfully launched on 9 January 2014 at 18:07:05&nbsp;UTC from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport Launch Pad 0A. Solar array deployment occurred shortly after arriving in orbit. The Cygnus spacecraft arrived at the International Space Station early on 12 January.<ref name="nasacyg20140109">{{cite news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/cygnus-heads-to-space-for-first-station-resupply-mission/ |title=Cygnus Heads to Space for First Station Resupply Mission |work=NASA.gov |date=9 January 2014 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="twitsolar20140109">{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/OrbitalSciences/status/421347832595886080 |title=Cygnus solar arrays are now deployed |work=Twitter.com |author=Orbital Sciences |date=9 January 2014 |accessdate=9 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="cbsnews20140112">{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cygnus-cargo-ship-successfully-attached-to-space-station/ |title=Cygnus cargo ship successfully attached to space station |work=CBS News |first=William |last=Harwood |date=12 January 2014 |accessdate=12 January 2014}}</ref>


The Orb-1 mission successfully launched on 9 January 2014 at 18:07:05 UTC from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport Launch Pad 0A. Solar array deployment occurred shortly after arriving in orbit. The Cygnus spacecraft arrived at the International Space Station early on 12 January 2014.<ref name="nasacyg20140109">{{cite news|url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/cygnus-heads-to-space-for-first-station-resupply-mission/|title=Cygnus Heads to Space for First Station Resupply Mission|publisher=NASA|date=9 January 2014|access-date=9 January 2014|archive-date=9 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109193148/http://www.nasa.gov/content/cygnus-heads-to-space-for-first-station-resupply-mission/|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="twitsolar20140109">{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/OrbitalSciences/status/421347832595886080|title=Cygnus solar arrays are now deployed|website=twitter.com|publisher=Orbital Sciences|date=9 January 2014|access-date=9 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="cbsnews20140112">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cygnus-cargo-ship-successfully-attached-to-space-station/|title=Cygnus cargo ship successfully attached to space station |work=CBS News|first=William|last=Harwood|date=12 January 2014|access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>
The launch was expected to be viewable from South Carolina through Massachusetts and as far west as West Virginia. As with its last couple of launches out of Wallops, [[Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital Sciences]] released viewing information for the Eastern U.S., including maps indicating launch vehicle maximum elevation above horizon and time of first sighting after launch for the various viewing locations.<ref name="orbitalmaps20131217">{{cite web |url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-1/LaunchViewingMaps/index.shtml |title=ISS Commercial Resupply Services Mission (Orb-1): Launch Viewing Maps |work=Orbital.com |year=2013 |archivedate=18 December 2013}}</ref>


The launch was expected to be viewable from [[South Carolina]] through [[Massachusetts]] and as far west as [[West Virginia]]. As with its last couple of launches out of Wallops, [[Orbital Sciences Corporation |Orbital Sciences]] released viewing information for the [[Eastern United States]], including maps indicating launch vehicle maximum elevation above horizon and time of first sighting after launch for the various viewing locations.<ref name="orbitalmaps20131217">{{cite web|url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-1/LaunchViewingMaps/index.shtml|title=ISS Commercial Resupply Services Mission (Orb-1) Launch Viewing Maps|publisher=Orbital Sciences|year=2013}}</ref>
{{LaunchAttempt |df=yes

| date1 = 2013-12-20 12:00:00
{{LaunchAttempt
| result1 = delayed
| reason1 = technical
| date1 = 20 December 2013, 12:00:00
| result1 = Delayed
| decision_date1 = 2013-12-17 12:00:00
| reason1 = Technical
| decision_clock1=
| decision_date1 = 17 December 2013, 12:00:00
| weathergo1 =
| decision_clock1 =
| notes1 = ISS coolant loop repair spacewalks forced delay<ref name="sfn20131213"/>
| date2 = 2014-01-07 13:55:00
| weathergo1 =
| notes1 = ISS coolant loop repair spacewalks forced delay.<ref name="sfn20131213"/>
| result2 = delayed

| reason2 = weather
| decision_date2 = 2014-01-03 12:00:00
| date2 = 7 January 2014, 13:55:00
| result2 = Delayed
| decision_clock2=
| weathergo2 =
| reason2 = Weather
| decision_date2 = 3 January 2014, 12:00:00
| notes2 = Delayed due to extreme cold temperatures<ref name="orbital20140108" />
| decision_clock2 =
| date3 = 2014-01-08 13:32:00
| result3 = scrubbed
| weathergo2 =
| notes2 = Delayed due to extreme cold temperatures.<ref name="orbital20140108"/>
| reason3 = space weather

| decision_date3 = 2014-01-08 08:00:00
| date3 = 8 January 2014, 13:32:00
| decision_clock3=
| weathergo3 = 95%
| result3 = Scrubbed
| reason3 = Space weather
| notes3 = Scrubbed for concerns about [[avionics]] health due to recent [[solar flux]] activity<ref name="orbital20140108"/>
| date4 = 2014-01-09 13:07:05
| decision_date3 = 8 January 2014, 08:00:00
| decision_clock3 =
| result4 = success
| reason4 =
| weathergo3 = 95%
| notes3 = Scrubbed for concerns about [[avionics]] health due to recent [[solar flux]] activity.<ref name="orbital20140108"/>
| decision_date4 =

| decision_clock4=
| date4 = 9 January 2014, 13:07:05
| weathergo4 =
| notes4 = Successful launch
| result4 = Success
| reason4 =
| decision_date4 =
| decision_clock4 =
| weathergo4 =
| notes4 = Successful launch.
}}
}}


==Payload==
== Payload ==
Cygnus was filled with {{cvt|2780|lb|kg|0|order=flip}} of supplies for the ISS, including science experiments and hardware to expand the research capability of the station, crew provisions and spare parts.<ref name="Cargo"/> This included 12 experiments flying as part of the [[Student Spaceflight Experiments Program]], selected from 1,466 entrants and involving 7,200 North American students.<ref name="ncesse3"/> Types of cargo include:
Cygnus was filled with {{cvt|1260|kg}} of supplies for the ISS, including science experiments and hardware to expand the research capability of the station, crew provisions and spare parts.<ref name="Cargo"/> This included 12 experiments flying as part of the [[Student Spaceflight Experiments Program]] (SSEP), selected from 1,466 entrants and involving 7,200 [[North America|North American students]].<ref name="ncesse3"/> Types of cargo include:


*Crew supplies: {{cvt|935|lb|kg|0|order=flip}}
* Crew supplies: {{cvt|424|kg}}
*Hardware: {{cvt|734|lb|kg|0|order=flip}}
* Hardware: {{cvt|333|kg}}
*Science and research: {{cvt|957|lb|kg|0|order=flip}}
* Science and research: {{cvt|434|kg}}
*Computer supplies: {{cvt|106|lb|kg|0|order=flip}}
* Computer supplies: {{cvt|48|kg}}
*Spacewalk tools: {{cvt|48|lb|kg|0|order=flip}}
* Spacewalk tools: {{cvt|22|kg}}


Some of the major experiments focus on:<ref name="Cargo"/>
Some of the major experiments focus on:<ref name="Cargo"/>
* NASA's [[Launch Services Program]] [[Launch Services Program#Slosh Fluid Dynamics Experiments|SPHERES-Slosh Experiment]] for the [[SPHERES]] testbed
* NASA's [[Launch Services Program]] [[Launch Services Program#Slosh Fluid Dynamics Experiments|SPHERES-Slosh Experiment]] for the [[SPHERES]] testbed
* Vaccines, antibiotic effectiveness, and drug resistance in space
* [[Vaccine|Vaccines]], [[antibiotic]] effectiveness, and [[drug resistance]] in space
* Physics research which may lead to better products on Earth
* Physics research which may lead to better products on [[Earth]]
* Fire and liquid behavior in space
* Fire and liquid behavior in space
* Ant behavior in space
* [[Ant]] behavior in space
*[[NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer]]
* [[Nanoracks CubeSat Deployer]].

Cygnus also contained 33 [[cubesat]], making the total number of spacecraft aboard the Antares up to 34, including the Cygnus itself. [https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/01/orbitals-antares-loft-cygnus-orb-1-mission/]


==End of mission==
== End of mission ==
Canadarm<small><small>2</small></small> unberthed the Cygnus spacecraft from the nadir port of the Harmony module on 18 February 2014 at 10:25 UTC. The spacecraft was then maneuvered to a position below the station, where it was released from the RMS at 11:41 UTC. It then performed a series of separation maneuvers to move it away from the station. The spacecraft [[Atmospheric entry|reentered]] the atmosphere and burned up on 19 February 2014 over the southern Pacific Ocean, disposing of approximately {{convert|3250|lb|kg|disp=flip}} of trash.<ref name="sfn-msc">{{cite news |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/antares/orb1/status.html |title=Mission Status Center |work=Spaceflight Now |first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=18 February 2014 |accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref>
[[Mobile Servicing System|Canadarm2]] unberthed the Cygnus spacecraft from the [[Nadir|nadir port]] of the [[Harmony (ISS module)|Harmony module]] on 18 February 2014 at 10:25 UTC. The spacecraft was then maneuvered to a position below the station, where it was released from the Canadarm2 at 11:41 UTC. It then performed a series of separation maneuvers to move it away from the station. The spacecraft [[Atmospheric entry|reentered]] the atmosphere and burned up on 19 February 2014 over the [[Pacific Ocean|southern Pacific Ocean]], disposing of approximately {{cvt|1470|kg}} of trash.<ref name="sfn-msc">{{cite news|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/antares/orb1/status.html|title=Status Center|publisher=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=18 February 2014|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>


==Gallery==
== Gallery ==
{{Gallery|Cygnus CRS Orb-1 mated to Antares Dec. 10, 2013.jpg|Cygnus mated to Antares|20140105 Antares CRS Orb-1 rocket rollout (201401050008HQ).jpg|Orb-1 rolling to the pad|20140109 Launch of the Antares CRS Orb-1 rocket (201401090007HQ).jpg|Launch of Orb-1|Cygnus 2 approaches ISS (ISS038-E-028044).jpg|Cygnus approaches the ISS|Cygnus 2 berthed to ISS (ISS038-E-027333).jpg|Cygnus docked to the ISS|title=Cygnus Orb-1|align=center|footer=|style=text-align:center;|mode=packed|alt1=|alt2=|alt3=|alt4=|alt5=|alt6=|alt7=}}
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
<gallery perrow="5">
File:Cygnus CRS Orb-1 mated to Antares Dec. 10, 2013.jpg|Cygnus Orb-1 mated to Antares rocket, 10 December 2013
File:20131217 Antares CRS Orb-1 rocket rollout (201312170011HQ).jpg|The Antares rocket rolls to the launch pad, 17 December 2013
File:20140109 Launch of the Antares CRS Orb-1 rocket (201401090001HQ).jpg
File:20140109 Launch of the Antares CRS Orb-1 rocket (201401090002HQ).jpg
</gallery>


==References==
== See also ==
* [[Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station]]
{{reflist|33em|refs=
<ref name="Chris">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/02/orbital-upbeat-ahead-of-antares-debut/ |title=Space industry giants Orbital upbeat ahead of Antares debut |work=NASASpaceflight.com |first=Chris |last=Bergin |date=22 February 2012 |accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref>


== References ==
<ref name="space20131216">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/23989-private-rocket-launch-east-coast-visibility.html |title=Private Rocket Launch Thursday Night Visible from US East Coast |work=Space.com |first=Joe |last=Rao |date=16 December 2013 |accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref>
{{Reflist|30em|refs=


<ref name="collect20131209">{{cite news |url=http://collectspace.com/news/news-120913a.html |title=Orbital names next space station freighter for late pilot-astronaut |work=CollectSpace |first=Robert Z. |last=Pearlman |date=9 December 2013 |accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Chris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/02/orbital-upbeat-ahead-of-antares-debut/|title=Space industry giants Orbital upbeat ahead of Antares debut|publisher=NASASpaceflight |first=Chris|last=Bergin|date=22 February 2012|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>


<ref name="unitoday20131217">{{cite news |url=http://www.universetoday.com/107016/how-to-see-spectacular-prime-time-night-launch-of-antares-commercial-rocket-to-iss-on-dec-19/ |title=How to See Spectacular Prime Time Night Launch of Antares Commercial Rocket to ISS on Dec. 19 |work=Universe Today |first=Ken |last=Kremer |date=17 December 2013 |accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="collect20131209">{{cite news|url=http://collectspace.com/news/news-120913a.html|title=Orbital names next space station freighter for late pilot-astronaut|publisher=CollectSpace|first=Robert Z. |last=Pearlman|date=9 December 2013|access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref>


<ref name="unitoday20131217">{{cite news|url=http://www.universetoday.com/107016/how-to-see-spectacular-prime-time-night-launch-of-antares-commercial-rocket-to-iss-on-dec-19/|title=How to See Spectacular Prime Time Night Launch of Antares Commercial Rocket to ISS on December 19|publisher=Universe Today|first=Ken|last=Kremer|date=17 December 2013|access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="sfn20130910">{{cite web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html |title=Worldwide launch schedule |work=Spaceflight Now |date=10 September 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911172414/http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html |archivedate=11 September 2013}}</ref>


<ref name="sfn20131213">{{cite web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html |title=Worldwide launch schedule |work=Spaceflight Now |date=13 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226180314/http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html |archivedate=26 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="sfn20130910">{{cite web|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html|title=Launch Schedule|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=10 September 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911172414/http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html|archive-date=11 September 2013}}</ref>


<ref name="orbital20131220">{{cite web |url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-1/MissionUpdate/index.shtml |title=ISS Commercial Resupply Services Mission (Orb-1): Mission Updates |work=Orbital.com |date=20 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222002109/http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-1/MissionUpdate/index.shtml |archivedate=22 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="sfn20131213">{{cite web|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html|title=Launch Schedule|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226180314/http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html|archive-date=26 December 2013}}</ref>


<ref name="nasa20131217">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-postpones-orbital-launch-sets-spacewalks-to-repair-faulty-pump-module/ |title=NASA Postpones Orbital Launch, Sets Spacewalks to Repair Faulty Pump Module |work=NASA.gov |date=17 December 2013 |accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="orbital20131220">{{cite web|url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-1/MissionUpdate/index.shtml|title=Orb-1 Mission Update|website=orbital.com|date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222002109/http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-1/MissionUpdate/index.shtml|archive-date=22 December 2013}}</ref>


<ref name="Cargo">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/launch/orbital.html |title=Orbital 1 Cargo By-The-Numbers |publisher=NASA |date=17 December 2013 |accessdate=17 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215055327/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/launch/orbital.html |archivedate=15 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="nasa20131217">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-postpones-orbital-launch-sets-spacewalks-to-repair-faulty-pump-module/|title=NASA Postpones Orbital Launch, Sets Spacewalks to Repair Faulty Pump Module|publisher=NASA|date=17 December 2013|access-date=18 December 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>


<ref name="Cargo">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/launch/orbital.html|title=Orbital 1 Cargo By-The-Numbers|publisher=NASA|date=17 December 2013|access-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215055327/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/launch/orbital.html|archive-date=15 December 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
<ref name="ncesse3">{{cite web |url=http://ssep.ncesse.org/communities/experiments-selected-for-flight/selected-experiments-on-ssep-mission-3-to-iss/ |title=Selected Experiments on SSEP Mission 3 to ISS |publisher=National Center for Earth and Space Science Education |year=2013 |accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref>


<ref name="ncesse3">{{cite web|url=http://ssep.ncesse.org/communities/experiments-selected-for-flight/selected-experiments-on-ssep-mission-3-to-iss/|title=Selected Experiments on SSEP Mission 3 to ISS |publisher=National Center for Earth and Space Science Education|year=2013|access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref>
}}
}}


==External links==
== External links ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{Commons category multi|Antares CRS Orb-1 mission|Cygnus 2}}
{{Commons category multi|Antares CRS Orb-1 mission|Cygnus 2}}
* [http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-1/ CRS Orb-1 mission page] at Orbital.com
* [http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-1/ CRS Orb-1 mission page] at Orbital.com
* [http://spaceflightnow.com/antares/orb1/status.html CRS Orb-1 mission page] at Spaceflight Now
* [http://spaceflightnow.com/antares/orb1/status.html CRS Orb-1 mission page] at Spaceflight Now


{{Portal bar|Spaceflight}}
{{Cygnus spaceflights}}
{{Cygnus spaceflights}}
{{Unmanned ISS resupply flights}}
{{Uncrewed ISS flights}}
{{Orbital launches in 2014}}
{{Orbital launches in 2014}}


Latest revision as of 09:43, 2 January 2024

Orbital-1
S.S. C. Gordon Fullerton in free flight.
Mission typeISS logistics
OperatorOrbital
COSPAR ID2014-003A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.39502
Mission duration41 days, 12 minutes
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftS.S. C. Gordon Fullerton
Spacecraft typeStandard Cygnus[1]
Manufacturer
Launch mass4,923 kg (10,853 lb)[2]
Payload mass1,260 kg (2,780 lb)[3]
Start of mission
Launch date9 January 2014, 18:07:05 UTC
RocketAntares 120
Launch siteWallops Pad 0A
ContractorOrbital
End of mission
DisposalDeorbited
Decay date19 February 2014, 18:20 UTC[4]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit[5]
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Inclination51.66°
Berthing at the International Space Station
Berthing portHarmony nadir
RMS capture12 January 2014, 11:08 UTC
Berthing date12 January 2014, 13:05 UTC
Unberthing date18 February 2014, 10:25 UTC
RMS release18 February 2014, 11:41 UTC
Time berthed36 days, 21 hours, 20 minutes

NASA insignia  

Orbital-1,[6][7] also known as Orb-1,[7][8][9] was the second flight of the Orbital Sciences Cygnus cargo spacecraft, its second flight to the International Space Station (ISS) and the third launch of the company's Antares launch vehicle. The mission launched on 9 January 2014 at 18:07:05 UTC.[9]

Spacecraft[edit]

Main article: Cygnus (spacecraft)

Orb-1 was the first of eight contracted flights by Orbital Sciences under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-1) contract. This was the maiden flight of the Castor 30B second stage. Orbital Sciences continued its naming of Cygnus spacecraft in tribute to former astronauts. This vehicle was named the S.S. C. Gordon Fullerton for C. Gordon Fullerton, the NASA astronaut who died on 21 August 2013.[10] This Cygnus cargo mission launched the Nanoracks CubeSat Deployer to the ISS's Kibō module.

Launch and early operations[edit]

Antares and Cygnus, 6 January 2014

The launch of Orb-1 was scheduled for November 2013,[11] but a series of delays pushed the date to 20 December 2013.[12] The Antares launch vehicle rolled out from the Wallops Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF) on the morning of 17 December 2013, and was later erected at Launch Pad 0A. Later that day, due to the need for a series of spacewalks to fix a faulty coolant system on the International Space Station, NASA directed Orbital Sciences to stand down the Antares rocket. Antares was rolled back to the HIF and time-sensitive cargo removed. The launch date was rescheduled for no earlier than 13 January 2014, but was later moved forward to 7 January 2014 after a scheduling conflict at Wallops was resolved.[13][14] The launch was delayed one day due to cold temperatures at the launch site.[15]

NASA Wallops and Orbital Sciences announced the launch attempt on 8 January 2014 was scrubbed due to "an unusually high level of space radiation that exceeded by a considerable margin the constraints imposed on the mission to ensure the rocket's electronic systems are not impacted by a harsh radiation environment".[15] Orbital later revised this, stating that a more extensive review of the radiation environment found it to be "within acceptable limits" of the Antares program, and that a launch would be attempted on 9 January 2014.[15]

The Orb-1 mission successfully launched on 9 January 2014 at 18:07:05 UTC from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport Launch Pad 0A. Solar array deployment occurred shortly after arriving in orbit. The Cygnus spacecraft arrived at the International Space Station early on 12 January 2014.[16][17][18]

The launch was expected to be viewable from South Carolina through Massachusetts and as far west as West Virginia. As with its last couple of launches out of Wallops, Orbital Sciences released viewing information for the Eastern United States, including maps indicating launch vehicle maximum elevation above horizon and time of first sighting after launch for the various viewing locations.[19]

Attempt Planned Result Turnaround Reason Decision point Weather go (%) Notes
1 20 Dec 2013, 12:00:00 pm Delayed — Technical 17 Dec 2013, 12:00 pm ISS coolant loop repair spacewalks forced delay.[12]
2 7 Jan 2014, 1:55:00 pm Delayed 18 days, 1 hour, 55 minutes Weather 3 Jan 2014, 12:00 pm Delayed due to extreme cold temperatures.[15]
3 8 Jan 2014, 1:32:00 pm Scrubbed 0 days, 23 hours, 37 minutes Space weather 8 Jan 2014, 8:00 am 95% Scrubbed for concerns about avionics health due to recent solar flux activity.[15]
4 9 Jan 2014, 1:07:05 pm Success 0 days, 23 hours, 35 minutes Successful launch.

Payload[edit]

Cygnus was filled with 1,260 kg (2,780 lb) of supplies for the ISS, including science experiments and hardware to expand the research capability of the station, crew provisions and spare parts.[3] This included 12 experiments flying as part of the Student Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP), selected from 1,466 entrants and involving 7,200 North American students.[20] Types of cargo include:

  • Crew supplies: 424 kg (935 lb)
  • Hardware: 333 kg (734 lb)
  • Science and research: 434 kg (957 lb)
  • Computer supplies: 48 kg (106 lb)
  • Spacewalk tools: 22 kg (49 lb)

Some of the major experiments focus on:[3]

Cygnus also contained 33 cubesat, making the total number of spacecraft aboard the Antares up to 34, including the Cygnus itself. [1]

End of mission[edit]

Canadarm2 unberthed the Cygnus spacecraft from the nadir port of the Harmony module on 18 February 2014 at 10:25 UTC. The spacecraft was then maneuvered to a position below the station, where it was released from the Canadarm2 at 11:41 UTC. It then performed a series of separation maneuvers to move it away from the station. The spacecraft reentered the atmosphere and burned up on 19 February 2014 over the southern Pacific Ocean, disposing of approximately 1,470 kg (3,240 lb) of trash.[4]

Gallery[edit]

Cygnus Orb-1
  • Cygnus mated to Antares
    Cygnus mated to Antares
  • Orb-1 rolling to the pad
    Orb-1 rolling to the pad
  • Launch of Orb-1
    Launch of Orb-1
  • Cygnus approaches the ISS
    Cygnus approaches the ISS
  • Cygnus docked to the ISS
    Cygnus docked to the ISS

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Bergin, Chris (22 February 2012). "Space industry giants Orbital upbeat ahead of Antares debut". NASASpaceflight. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  2. ^ "Cygnus-PCM".
  3. ^ a b c "Orbital 1 Cargo By-The-Numbers". NASA. 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ a b Clark, Stephen (18 February 2014). "Status Center". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  5. ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  6. ^ "Orbital-1". ISS National Lab. January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  7. ^ a b Kremer, Ken (17 December 2013). "How to See Spectacular Prime Time Night Launch of Antares Commercial Rocket to ISS on December 19". Universe Today. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  8. ^ Garner, Rob (12 July 2014). "Looking Back at Orb-1, Forward to Orb-2". NASA. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  9. ^ a b "Cygnus - Orb-1 Mission". Spaceflight101. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  10. ^ Pearlman, Robert Z. (9 December 2013). "Orbital names next space station freighter for late pilot-astronaut". CollectSpace. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  11. ^ "Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. 10 September 2013. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013.
  12. ^ a b "Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013.
  13. ^ "Orb-1 Mission Update". orbital.com. 20 December 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013.
  14. ^ "NASA Postpones Orbital Launch, Sets Spacewalks to Repair Faulty Pump Module". NASA. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  15. ^ a b c d e "Mission Update". Orbital Sciences. 8 January 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014.
  16. ^ "Cygnus Heads to Space for First Station Resupply Mission". NASA. 9 January 2014. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. ^ "Cygnus solar arrays are now deployed". twitter.com. Orbital Sciences. 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  18. ^ Harwood, William (12 January 2014). "Cygnus cargo ship successfully attached to space station". CBS News. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  19. ^ "ISS Commercial Resupply Services Mission (Orb-1) Launch Viewing Maps". Orbital Sciences. 2013.
  20. ^ "Selected Experiments on SSEP Mission 3 to ISS". National Center for Earth and Space Science Education. 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antares CRS Orb-1 mission and Cygnus 2.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cygnus_Orb-1&oldid=1193152048"