Editing Cabbage

{{short description|Leafy vegetable in the flowering plant family Brassicaceae}}
{{About|the vegetable}}
{{featured article}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Cabbage
| image = Cabbage and cross section on white.jpg
| image_caption = A savoy cabbage and a cross section
| species = ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''
| group = Capitata Group
| origin = Europe, prior to 1000 BC
| subdivision = {{plainlist|
* White cabbage
* [[Red cabbage]]
* [[Savoy cabbage]]
  }}
}}

'''Cabbage''', comprising several [[cultivar]]s of ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'', is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) [[biennial plant]] grown as an [[Annual plant|annual]] vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads. It is descended from the wild cabbage ([[Brassica oleracea|''B.&nbsp;oleracea'' var. ''oleracea'']]), and belongs to the "[[cole crops]]" or brassicas, meaning it is closely related to [[broccoli]] and [[cauliflower]] (var. ''botrytis''); [[Brussels sprouts]] (var. ''gemmifera''); and [[Savoy cabbage]] (var. ''sabauda'').

A cabbage generally weighs between {{convert|500|and|1000|g|lbs|sigfig=1}}. Smooth-leafed, firm-headed green cabbages are the most common, with smooth-leafed purple cabbages and crinkle-leafed savoy cabbages of both colours being rarer. Under conditions of long sunny days, such as those found at high northern latitudes in summer, cabbages can grow quite large. {{As of|2012}}, the heaviest cabbage was {{convert|62.71|kg|lboz|frac=2}}. <!-- Some records are discussed at the end of the history section. --> Cabbage heads are generally picked during the first year of the plant's [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]], but plants intended for seed are allowed to grow a second year and must be kept separate from other [[cole crops]] to prevent [[cross-pollination]]. Cabbage is prone to several [[micronutrient deficiency|nutrient deficiencies]], as well as to multiple [[Pest (agriculture)|pests]], and bacterial and fungal diseases.

Cabbage was most likely [[domestication|domesticated]] somewhere in [[Europe]] in [[ancient history]] before 1000 BC. [[List of cabbage dishes|Cabbage use in cuisine]] has been documented since [[Classical antiquity|Antiquity]].<ref name="briefhistoricalsketch">A brief historical sketch is in [[#Toussaint-Samat|Toussaint-Samat]], pp. 622ff.</ref> It was described as a table luxury in the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>The Natural History of Pompeii. Cambridge University Press. 2002. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-521-80054-9</ref> By the [[Middle Ages]], cabbage had become a prominent part of [[European cuisine]], as indicated by [[manuscript illumination]]s.<ref>Ingram, Christine (2000). The Cook's Guide to Vegetables. Hermes House. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-1-84038-842-8.</ref> New variates were introduced from the [[Renaissance]] on, mostly by [[Germanic peoples|Germanic-speaking peoples]]. [[Savoy cabbage]] was developed in the 16th century. By the 17th and 18th centuries, cabbage was popularised as [[staple food]] in central, northern, and Eastern Europe.<ref name="Tannahill">[[#Tannahill|Tannahill]], pp. 289–291</ref> It was also employed by European sailors to prevent [[scurvy]] during long ship voyages at sea. Starting in the [[Early Modern Era|early modern era]], cabbage was exported to the [[Americas]], [[Asia]], and around the world.<ref name="universityofarizona-cabbage">{{cite web|url=http://cals.arizona.edu/fps/sites/cals.arizona.edu.fps/files/cotw/cabbage.pdf|title=Green Cabbage|author=Nolte, Kurt|publisher=University of Arizona|access-date=2012-08-14|archive-date=2013-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626020823/http://cals.arizona.edu/fps/sites/cals.arizona.edu.fps/files/cotw/cabbage.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

They can be prepared many different ways for eating; they can be [[pickling|pickled]], [[fermented]] (for dishes such as [[sauerkraut]], [[kimchi]]), [[steaming|steamed]], [[stewing|stewed]], [[roasting|roasted]], [[Sautéing|sautéed]], [[braising|braised]], or eaten [[Raw food|raw]]. Raw cabbage is a rich source of [[vitamin K]], [[vitamin C]], and [[dietary fiber]]. World production of cabbage and other [[brassica]]s in 2020 was 71 million [[tonne]]s, led by [[China]] with 48% of the total.

== Description ==
[[File:Brassica oleracea Helgoland1.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The cabbage [[inflorescence]], which appears in the plant's second year of growth, features white or yellow flowers, each with four perpendicularly arranged petals.]]

Cabbage [[seedling]]s have a thin [[taproot]] and cordate (heart-shaped) [[cotyledon]]s. The first leaves produced are ovate (egg-shaped) with a lobed [[petiole (botany)|petiole]]. Plants are {{convert|40|–|60|cm|abbr=off|frac=2}} tall in their first year at the mature vegetative stage, and {{convert|1.5-2|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} tall when flowering in the second year.<ref name="Dixon p19">[[Cabbage#Dixon|Dixon]], p. 19</ref> Heads average between {{convert|1|and|8|lbs|sigfig=1|abbr=off|order=flip}}, with fast-growing, earlier-maturing varieties producing smaller heads.<ref name="UI">{{cite web |title=Cabbage |url=http://urbanext.illinois.edu/veggies/cabbage.cfm |access-date=2012-08-10 |publisher=University of Illinois Extension}}</ref> Most cabbages have thick, alternating leaves, with margins that range from wavy or lobed to highly dissected; some varieties have a [[epicuticular wax|waxy bloom]] on the leaves. Plants have root systems that are fibrous and shallow.<ref name="Katz279" /> About 90% of the root mass is in the upper {{convert|20|–|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} of soil; some [[lateral root]]s can penetrate up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}} deep.<ref name="Dixon p19" />

The [[inflorescence]] is an unbranched and [[indeterminate growth|indeterminate]] terminal [[raceme]] measuring {{convert|50|–|100|cm|in|-1|abbr=on}} tall,<ref name="Dixon p19" /> with flowers that are yellow or white. Each flower has four [[petal]]s set in a perpendicular pattern, as well as four [[sepal]]s, six [[stamen]]s, and a [[superior ovary]] that is two-celled and contains a single [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] and [[style (botany)|style]]. Two of the six stamens have shorter filaments. The fruit is a [[silique]] that opens at maturity through [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscence]] to reveal brown or black seeds that are small and round in shape. [[Self-pollination]] is impossible, and plants are [[cross-pollinated]] by insects.<ref name="Katz279" /> The initial leaves form a rosette shape comprising 7 to 15 leaves, each measuring {{convert|25|–|35|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} by {{convert|20|–|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}};<ref name="Dixon p19" /> after this, leaves with shorter petioles develop and heads form through the leaves cupping inward.<ref name="WI1" />

Many shapes, colors and leaf textures are found in various cultivated varieties of cabbage. Leaf types are generally divided between crinkled-leaf, loose-head savoys and smooth-leaf firm-head cabbages, while the color spectrum includes white and a range of greens and purples. Oblate, round and pointed shapes are found.<ref name="Katz280">[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 280</ref>

Cabbage has been [[selective breeding|selectively bred]] for head weight and [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] characteristics, frost hardiness, fast growth and storage ability. The appearance of the cabbage head has been given importance in selective breeding, with varieties being chosen for shape, color, firmness and other physical characteristics.<ref>[[Cabbage#Ordas|Ordas and Cartea]], p. 128</ref> [[Plant breeding|Breeding]] objectives are now focused on increasing resistance to various insects and diseases and improving the nutritional content of cabbage.<ref>[[Cabbage#Ordas|Ordas and Cartea]], p. 135</ref> Scientific research into the [[Genetically modified food|genetic modification]] of ''B.&nbsp;oleracea'' crops, including cabbage, has included European Union and United States explorations of greater insect and [[pesticide resistance|herbicide]] resistance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabbage |url=http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/46.cabbage.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018021027/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/46.cabbage.html |archive-date=2013-10-18 |access-date=2013-10-19 |work=GMO Food Database |publisher=GMO Compass}}</ref>

There are several ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' entries related to cabbage. These include the heaviest cabbage, at {{convert|62.71|kg|lboz|abbr=on|frac=2}},<ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2012 |title=Heaviest cabbage |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1000/heaviest-cabbage |access-date=2021-04-06 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> heaviest red cabbage, at {{convert|31.6|kg|lboz}},<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2020 |title=Heaviest red cabbage |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/11000/heaviest-red-cabbage |access-date=2021-04-06 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> longest [[cabbage roll]], at {{convert|19.54|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}},<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2015 |title=Longest cabbage roll |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/5000/longest-cabbage-roll |access-date=2021-04-06 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> and the largest cabbage dish, at {{convert|2960|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 November 2014 |title=Largest cabbage dish |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/5000/largest-cabbage-dish |access-date=2021-04-06 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Chou 1.jpg|thumb|Cabbage]]
Cabbage (''Brassica oleracea'' or ''B.&nbsp;oleracea'' var. ''capitata'',<ref name=USDA/> var. ''tuba'', var. ''sabauda''<ref name=WI1>{{cite web|url=http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/A3684.PDF|title=Growing broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and other cole crops in Wisconsin|publisher=University of Wisconsin|access-date=2012-08-12|year=1997|author1=Delahaut, K. A.  |author2=Newenhouse, A. C|page=1}}</ref> or var. ''acephala'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=BROL|title=''Brassica oleracea'' L.&nbsp;– Cabbage|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=2012-08-10}}</ref> is a member of the genus ''[[Brassica]]'' and the mustard family [[Brassicaceae]]. Several other [[cruciferous vegetables]] (sometimes known as ''cole crops''<ref name=WI1/>) are [[cultivar]]s of ''B.&nbsp;oleracea'', including [[broccoli]], [[collard greens]], [[brussels sprouts]], [[kohlrabi]] and [[sprouting broccoli]]. All of these developed from the wild cabbage ''B.&nbsp;oleracea'' var. ''oleracea'', also called [[colewort]] or field cabbage. This original species [[evolved]] over thousands of years into those seen today, as [[Selective breeding|selection]] resulted in cultivars having different characteristics, such as large heads for cabbage, large leaves for [[kale]] and thick stems with flower buds for broccoli.<ref name=USDA>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=BROL&display=31|title=Classification for species ''Brassica oleracea'' L.|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|work=PLANTS database|access-date=2012-08-10}}</ref>

"Cabbage" was originally used to refer to multiple forms of ''B.&nbsp;oleracea'', including those with loose or non-existent heads.<ref name=Texas/> A related species, ''[[Brassica rapa]]'', is commonly named Chinese, napa or celery cabbage, and has many of the same uses.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vegetables from Amaranth to Zucchini: The Essential Reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWyWGlcmvO0C&pg=PA196|pages=195–196|author=Schneider, Elizabeth|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2001|isbn=978-0-688-15260-4}}</ref> It is also a part of common names for several unrelated species. These include cabbage bark or cabbage tree (a member of the genus ''[[Andira]]'') and cabbage palms, which include several genera of [[palm tree|palms]] such as ''[[Mauritia]]'', ''[[Roystonea oleracea]]'', ''[[Acrocomia]]'' and ''Euterpe oenocarpus''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygkoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT337|page=337|title=Winston's Cumulative Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Reference Book|volume=2|author=Morris, Charles|publisher=J. C. Winston|year=1915}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_n82hsbDJBMC&pg=PA150|page=150|title=Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles|author=Winer, Lise|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7735-3406-3}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
The original family name of brassicas was ''Cruciferae'', which derived from the flower petal pattern thought by medieval Europeans to resemble a [[crucifix]].<ref name="Katz279">[[#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 279</ref> The word ''brassica'' derives from ''bresic'', a [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] word for cabbage.<ref name="Texas">{{cite web|url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/cabbage.html|title=Of Cabbages and Celts|access-date=2013-10-19|publisher=Texas A&M University|work=Aggie Horticulture}}</ref> The varietal [[botanical name|epithet]] ''capitata'' is derived from the [[Latin]] word for 'having a head'.<ref name="Small 2009">{{cite book |author=Small, Ernst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyWY_YkV7qAC&pg=PA127 |title=Top 100 Food Plants |publisher=NRC Research Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-660-19858-3 |page=127}}</ref>

Many European and Asiatic names for cabbage are derived from the [[Proto-Slavic borrowings|Celto-Slavic]] root ''cap'' or ''kap'', meaning "head".<ref name="Sturtevant 1919" /> The [[late Middle English]] word ''cabbage'' derives from the word ''caboche'' ("head"), from the [[Picard language|Picard dialect]] of [[Old French]]. This in turn is a variant of the Old French ''caboce''.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_x2z7/page/76 76]|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories|editor=Chantrell, Glynnis|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-19-863121-7|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_x2z7/page/76}}</ref>

== Cultivation ==

=== History ===
Although cabbage has an extensive history,<ref name="briefhistoricalsketch"/> it is difficult to trace its exact origins owing to the many varieties of leafy greens classified as "brassicas".<ref name=Ingram/> A possible wild ancestor of cabbage, ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'', originally found in Britain and continental Europe, is tolerant of salt but not encroachment by other plants and consequently inhabits rocky cliffs in cool damp coastal habitats,<ref>[[#Dixon|Dixon]], p. 2</ref> retaining water and nutrients in its slightly thickened, turgid leaves. However, genetic analysis is consistent with [[feral]] origin of this population, deriving from plants escaped from field and gardens.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1007/s10722-020-00945-0|title = Survey and genetic diversity of wild ''Brassica oleracea'' L. Germplasm on the Atlantic coast of France|year = 2020|last1 = Maggioni|first1 = Lorenzo|last2 = von Bothmer|first2 = Roland|last3 = Poulsen|first3 = Gert|last4 = Härnström Aloisi|first4 = Karolina|journal = Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution|volume = 67|issue = 7|pages = 1853–1866|s2cid = 218772995|hdl = 10568/121870|hdl-access = free}}</ref> According to the [[triangle of U]] theory of the evolution and relationships between ''Brassica'' species, ''B. oleracea'' and other closely related kale vegetables (cabbages, kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower) represent one of three ancestral lines from which all other brassicas originated.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chen, S. |author2=Nelson, M. N. |author3=Chèvre, A.- M. |author4=Jenczewski, E. |author5=Li, Z. |author6=Mason, A. |author7=Meng, J. |author8=Plummer, J. A. |author9=Pradhan, A. |author10=Siddique, K. H. M. |author11=Snowdon, R. J. |author12=Yan, G. |author13=Zhou, W. |author14=Cowling W. A. |title=Trigenomic bridges for ''Brassica'' improvement |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |year=2011 |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=524–547 |doi=10.1080/07352689.2011.615700|bibcode=2011CRvPS..30..524C |s2cid=84504896 }}</ref>

Cabbage was probably domesticated later in history than [[Near East]]ern crops such as [[lentil]]s and [[wheat|summer wheat]]. Because of the wide range of crops developed from the wild ''B.&nbsp;oleracea'', multiple broadly contemporaneous domestications of cabbage may have occurred throughout Europe. Nonheading cabbages and kale were probably the first to be domesticated, before 1000 BC,<ref name=Katz284>[[#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 284</ref> perhaps by the [[Celts]] of central and western Europe,<ref name=Texas/> although recent linguistic and genetic evidence enforces a Mediterranean origin of cultivated brassicas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maggioni|first=Lorenzo|date=2015|title=Domestication of ''Brassica oleracea'' L.|url=https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/12424/1/maggioni_l_150720.pdf|journal=Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae|volume=Doctoral Thesis no. 2015:74}}</ref>

While unidentified brassicas were part of the highly conservative unchanging [[Mesopotamia]]n garden repertory,<ref>"Cabbage plants" are mentioned in Oppenheim, A. Leo (1977) ''Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 313.</ref> it is believed that the ancient Egyptians did not cultivate cabbage,<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From ''Acacia'' to ''Zinnia'' |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |page=169 |isbn=978-1-59884-775-8}}</ref> which is not native to the Nile valley, though the word ''shaw't'' in [[Papyrus Harris]] of the time of [[Ramesses III]] has been interpreted as "cabbage".<ref name="Janick">[[#Janick|Janick]], p. 51</ref> The ancient Greeks had some varieties of cabbage, as mentioned by [[Theophrastus]], although whether they were more closely related to today's cabbage or to one of the other ''Brassica'' crops is unknown.<ref name=Katz284/> The headed cabbage variety was known to the Greeks as ''krambe'' and to the Romans as ''brassica'' or ''olus'';<ref name="Dalby">{{cite book |author=Dalby, Andrew |title=Food in the Ancient World from A to Z |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |page=67 |isbn=978-1-135-95422-2}}</ref> the open, leafy variety (kale) was known in Greek as ''raphanos'' and in Latin as ''caulis''.<ref name="Dalby"/> [[Ptolemaic Egypt]]ians knew the [[cole crops]] as ''gramb'', under the influence of Greek ''krambe'', which had been a familiar plant to the Macedonian antecedents of the Ptolemies.<ref name="Janick"/> By early Roman times, Egyptian artisans and children were eating cabbage and [[turnip]]s among a wide variety of other vegetables and [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]].<ref>''Selected Papyri'' I, 186, noted in Alan K. Bowman, ''Egypt After the Pharaohs'', p 151.</ref>

[[Chrysippus of Cnidos]] wrote a treatise on cabbage, which Pliny knew,<ref>[[Pliny's Natural History]], 20. 78-83.</ref> but it has not survived. The Greeks were convinced that cabbages and [[grapevine]]s were inimical, and that cabbage planted too near the vine would impart its unwelcome odor to the grapes; this Mediterranean sense of antipathy survives today.<ref name="Toussaint">[[#Toussaint-Samat|Toussaint-Samat]], p. 622.</ref>

''Brassica'' was considered by some Romans a table luxury,<ref name="Pompeii">{{cite book |title=The Natural History of Pompeii |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |page=94 |isbn=978-0-521-80054-9}}</ref> although [[Lucullus]] considered it unfit for the senatorial table.<ref>[[#Toussaint-Samat|Toussaint-Samat]], p. 623.</ref> The more traditionalist [[Cato the Elder]], espousing a simple Republican life, ate his cabbage cooked or raw and dressed with vinegar; he said it surpassed all other vegetables, and approvingly distinguished three varieties; he also gave directions for its medicinal use, which extended to the cabbage-eater's urine, in which infants might be rinsed.<ref>Cato, ''De agricultura'', CLVI, CLVII; the passages are paraphrased by Pliny the Elder.</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] listed seven varieties, including [[Pompeii]] cabbage, [[Cumae]] cabbage and [[Sabellians|Sabellian]] cabbage.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> 

According to Pliny, the Pompeii cabbage, which could not stand cold, is "taller, and has a thick stock near the root, but grows thicker between the leaves, these being scantier and narrower, but their tenderness is a valuable quality".<ref name="Pompeii"/> The Pompeii cabbage was also mentioned by [[Columella]] in [[Columella#De Re Rustica|''De Re Rustica'']].<ref name="Pompeii"/> [[Apicius]] gives several recipes for ''cauliculi'', tender cabbage shoots. The Greeks and Romans claimed medicinal usages for their cabbage varieties that included relief from [[gout]], headaches and the symptoms of [[poisonous mushroom]] ingestion.<ref name=UCD>{{cite web|url=http://aic.ucdavis.edu/profiles/Cabbage_2006.pdf|publisher=University of California – Davis|access-date=2012-08-21|title=Commodity Profile: Cabbage|author1=Boriss, Hayley|author2=Kreith, Marcia|date=February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207142003/http://aic.ucdavis.edu/profiles/Cabbage_2006.pdf|archive-date=2012-12-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>  

The antipathy towards the vine made it seem that eating cabbage would enable one to avoid drunkenness.<ref name="Toussaint"/> Cabbage continued to figure in the ''[[materia medica]]'' of antiquity as well as at table: in the first century AD [[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioscorides]] mentions two kinds of coleworts with medical uses, the cultivated and the wild,<ref name="Sturtevant 1919">{{cite book |author=Sturtevant, Edward Lewis |author-link=Edward Lewis Sturtevant |title=Sturtevant's Notes on Edible Plants |year=1919 |publisher=J.B.&nbsp;Lyon |pages=115, 117 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/20118475|isbn=9780486204598 }}</ref> and his opinions continued to be paraphrased in [[herbals]] right through the 17th century.

At the end of Antiquity cabbage is mentioned in ''De observatione ciborum'' ("On the Observance of Foods") by [[Anthimus (physician)|Anthimus]], a Greek doctor at the court of [[Theodoric the Great]]. Cabbage appears among vegetables directed to be cultivated in the ''[[Capitulare de villis]]'', composed in 771–800 AD, that guided the governance of the royal estates of [[Charlemagne]].

In Britain, the Anglo-Saxons cultivated ''cawel''.<ref>Bosworth, Joseph. ed. ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'', ''s.v.'' "cawel" gives parallels: Scottish ''kail, kale''; Frisian ''koal, koel''; Dutch ''kool'' (fem.); German ''kohl'' (masc.), etc. but also Welsh ''cawl''; Cornish ''caul'' (masc.); etc.  Compare Latin ''caulis''.</ref> When round-headed cabbages appeared in 14th-century England they were called ''cabaches'' and ''caboches'', words drawn from [[Old French]] and applied at first to refer to the ball of unopened leaves,<ref>''[[OED]]'': "cabbage".</ref> the contemporaneous recipe that commences "Take cabbages and quarter them, and seethe them in good broth",<ref>Forgeng, Jeffrey L. and McLean, Will (2009) ''Daily Life in Chaucer's England''. ABC-CLIO. p. 298. {{ISBN|9780313359514}}</ref> also suggests the tightly headed cabbage.

[[File:Tacuinum Sanitatis-cabbage harvest.jpg|thumb|Harvesting cabbage, ''[[Tacuinum Sanitatis]]'', 15th century.]]
[[Manuscript illumination]]s show the prominence of cabbage in the cuisine of the [[High Middle Ages]],<ref name=Ingram>{{cite book|pages=64–66|title=The Cook's Guide to Vegetables|author=Ingram, Christine|publisher=Hermes House|year=2000|isbn=978-1-84038-842-8}}</ref> and cabbage seeds feature among the seed list of purchases for the use of [[John II of France|King John II of France]] when captive in England in 1360,<ref>Parrain, Charles (1966) "The evolution of agricultural technique" in M. M. Postan, ed. ''The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: I. The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages''. Cambridge University Press. p. 166. {{ISBN|9781139054423}}, {{doi|10.1017/CHOL9780521045056}}</ref> but cabbages were also a familiar staple of the poor: in the lean year of 1420 the "Bourgeois of Paris" noted that "poor people ate no bread, nothing but cabbages and turnips and such dishes, without any bread or salt".<ref>
{{Cite web |url=https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/carlin/www/parisjournal1.html |title=Extracts from ''A Parisian Journal, 1405-1449'', translated by Janet Shirley from the anonymous ''Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968). |access-date=2014-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204356/https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/carlin/www/parisjournal1.html |archive-date=2014-02-22 |url-status=dead }} 
</ref> French naturalist [[Jean Ruel]] made what is considered the first explicit mention of head cabbage in his 1536 botanical treatise ''De Natura Stirpium'', referring to it as ''capucos coles'' ("head-coles").<ref name="Wright2001">{{cite book |author=Wright, Clifford A.|title=Mediterranean Vegetables: A Cook's ABC of Vegetables and Their Preparation in Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, the Middle East, and North Africa with More Than 200 Authentic Recipes for the Home Cook|year=2001|publisher=Harvard Common Press|isbn=978-1-55832-196-0|pages=77–79|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tka838efZvkC&pg=PA77}}</ref>

In Istanbul, Sultan [[Selim III]] penned a tongue-in-cheek ode to cabbage: without cabbage, the halva feast was not complete.<ref>A translation is in Isin, Mary (2013) ''Sherbet and Spice: The Complete Story of Turkish Sweets and Desserts''. I.B. Tauris. p. 146. {{ISBN|978-1848858985}}</ref> In India, cabbage was one of several vegetable crops introduced by colonizing traders from Portugal, who established trade routes from the 14th to 17th centuries.<ref name="Dabholkar 2006">{{cite book |author=Dabholkar, A. R. |title=General Plant Breeding |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxooQMXeYhcC&pg=PA135 |year=2006 |publisher=Concept Publishing |isbn=978-81-8069-242-0 |page=135}}</ref> [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] reported that cabbage was not yet known in Japan in 1775.<ref name="Sturtevant 1919"/>

Many cabbage varieties—including some still commonly grown—were introduced in Germany, France, and the [[Low Countries]].<ref name=Texas/> During the 16th century, German gardeners developed the [[savoy cabbage]].<ref name=Sydney/> During the 17th and 18th centuries, cabbage was a food [[staple food|staple]] in such countries as Germany, England, Ireland and Russia, and pickled cabbage was frequently eaten.<ref name="Tannahill"/> [[Sauerkraut]] was used by Dutch, Scandinavian and German sailors to prevent [[scurvy]] during long ship voyages.<ref name="universityofarizona-cabbage"/>

[[Jacques Cartier]] first brought cabbage to the Americas in 1541–42, and it was probably planted by the early English colonists, despite the lack of written evidence of its existence there until the mid-17th century. By the 18th century, it was commonly planted by both colonists and native [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]].<ref name=Texas/> Cabbage seeds traveled to Australia in 1788 with the [[First Fleet]], and were planted the same year on [[Norfolk Island]]. It became a favorite vegetable of Australians by the 1830s and was frequently seen at the [[Sydney Markets]].<ref name=Sydney>{{cite web|url=http://www.freshforkids.com.au/veg_pages/cabbage/cabbage.html|title=Cabbage|publisher=Sydney Markets, Ltd|access-date=2012-08-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808031331/http://www.freshforkids.com.au/veg_pages/cabbage/cabbage.html|archive-date=2012-08-08}}</ref> In [[Brno]], Czech Republic there is an open-air market named after cabbage which has been in operation since 1325, the [[Zelný trh]].

=== Modern cultivation ===
[[File:Dojranski zelki.jpg|thumb|A cabbage field]]
Cabbage is generally grown for its densely leaved heads, produced during the first year of its biennial cycle. Plants perform best when grown in well-drained soil in a location that receives full sun. Different varieties prefer different soil types, ranging from lighter sand to heavier clay, but all prefer fertile ground with a [[Soil pH|pH]] between 6.0 and 6.8.<ref name=Brad56/> For optimal growth, there must be adequate levels of [[nitrogen]] in the soil, especially during the early head formation stage, and sufficient [[phosphorus]] and [[potassium]] during the early stages of expansion of the outer leaves.<ref name="Wien and Wurr 533">[[#Wurr|Wien and Wurr]], p. 533</ref> 

Temperatures between {{convert|4|and|24|C|F}} prompt the best growth, and extended periods of higher or lower temperatures may result in premature [[bolting (horticulture)|bolting]] (flowering).<ref name=Brad56>[[#Bradley|Bradley et al.]], pp. 56–57</ref> Flowering induced by periods of low temperatures (a process called [[vernalization]]) only occurs if the plant is past the juvenile period. The transition from a juvenile to adult state happens when the stem diameter is about {{convert|6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}}. Vernalization allows the plant to grow to an adequate size before flowering. In certain climates, cabbage can be planted at the beginning of the cold period and survive until a later warm period without being induced to flower, a practice that was common in the eastern US.<ref>[[#Wurr|Wien and Wurr]], pp. 512–515</ref>

[[File:Cabbages Green and Purple 2120px.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Green and purple cabbages]]
Plants are generally started in protected locations early in the growing season before being [[transplanting|transplanted]] outside, although some are seeded directly into the ground from which they will be harvested.<ref name=UI/> Seedlings typically emerge in about 4–6 days from seeds planted {{convert|1/2|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}} deep at a soil temperature between {{convert|20|and|30|C|F}}.<ref>[[#Maynard|Maynard and Hochmuth]], p. 111</ref> Growers normally place plants {{convert|12|to|24|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} apart.<ref name=UI/> Closer spacing reduces the resources available to each plant (especially the amount of light) and increases the time taken to reach maturity.<ref>[[#Wurr|Wien and Wurr]], p. 534</ref> 

Some varieties of cabbage have been developed for ornamental use; these are generally called "flowering cabbage". They do not produce heads and feature purple or green outer leaves surrounding an inner grouping of smaller leaves in white, red, or pink.<ref name=UI/> Early varieties of cabbage take about 70 days from planting to reach maturity, while late varieties take about 120 days.<ref>[[#Maynard|Maynard and Hochmuth]], p. 415</ref> 

Cabbages are mature when they are firm and solid to the touch. They are harvested by cutting the stalk just below the bottom leaves with a blade. The outer leaves are trimmed, and any diseased, damaged, or necrotic leaves are removed.<ref>{{cite book |author=Thompson, A. Keith |title=Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage |year=2003 |edition=2nd |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=178 |isbn=978-1-4051-0619-1}}</ref> Delays in harvest can result in the head splitting as a result of expansion of the inner leaves and continued stem growth.<ref>[[#Wurr|Wien and Wurr]], p. 524</ref>

When being grown for seed, cabbages must be isolated from other ''B.&nbsp;oleracea'' subspecies, including the wild varieties, by {{convert|1/2|to|1|mi|km|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} to prevent cross-pollination. Other ''Brassica'' [[species]], such as ''[[Brassica rapa|B.&nbsp;rapa]]'', ''[[Brassica juncea|B.&nbsp;juncea]]'', ''[[Brassica nigra|B.&nbsp;nigra]]'', ''[[Brassica napus|B.&nbsp;napus]]'' and ''[[Raphanus sativus]]'', do not readily cross-pollinate.<ref>[[#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 282</ref>

===Cultivars===
[[File:Cabbage.jpg|thumb|White cabbage]]
There are several [[cultivar group]]s of cabbage, each including many cultivars:
* [[Savoy cabbage|Savoy]]&nbsp;– Characterized by crimped or curly leaves, mild flavor and tender texture<ref name=Ingram/>
* [[Spring greens (Brassica oleracea)]]&nbsp;– Loose-headed, commonly sliced and steamed<ref name=Ingram/>
* Green&nbsp;– Light to dark green, slightly pointed heads.<ref name=Ingram/>
* [[Red cabbage|Red]]&nbsp;– Smooth red leaves, often used for pickling or stewing<ref name=Ingram/>
* White, also called Dutch&nbsp;– Smooth, pale green leaves<ref name=Ingram/>

Some sources only delineate three cultivars: savoy, red and white, with spring greens and green cabbage being subsumed under the last.<ref>[[#Ordas|Ordas and Cartea]], p. 124</ref>

===Cultivation problems===
Due to its high level of nutrient requirements, cabbage is prone to [[micronutrient deficiency|nutrient deficiencies]], including [[Boron deficiency (plant disorder)|boron]], [[Calcium deficiency (plant disorder)|calcium]], [[Phosphorus deficiency|phosphorus]] and [[Potassium deficiency (plants)|potassium]].<ref name=Brad56/> There are several physiological disorders that can affect the postharvest appearance of cabbage. Internal tip burn occurs when the margins of inside leaves turn brown, but the outer leaves look normal. Necrotic spot is where there are oval sunken spots a few millimeters across that are often grouped around the midrib. In pepper spot, tiny black spots occur on the areas between the veins, which can increase during storage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nonpathogenic Disorders of Cabbage |url=http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Crucifers_Nonpathogenic.htm |author1=Becker, Robert F.  |author2=Bjorkmann, Thomas |publisher=Cornell University: Department of Plant Pathology |work=Vegetable MD Online |access-date=2013-08-30}}</ref>

Fungal diseases include [[Rhizoctonia solani|wirestem]], which causes weak or dying transplants; [[Fusarium|''Fusarium'' yellows]], which result in stunted and twisted plants with yellow leaves; and [[Blackleg (Brassica)|blackleg]] (see ''[[Leptosphaeria maculans]]''), which leads to sunken areas on stems and gray-brown spotted leaves.<ref name=Brad57/> The fungi ''[[Alternaria brassicae]]'' and ''[[Alternaria brassicicola|A.&nbsp;brassicicola]]'' cause dark leaf spots in affected plants. They are both seedborne and airborne, and typically propagate from spores in infected plant debris left on the soil surface for up to twelve weeks after harvest. ''[[Rhizoctonia solani]]'' causes the post-emergence disease wirestem, resulting in killed seedlings ("damping-off"), root rot or stunted growth and smaller heads.<ref name="Keinath2007">{{cite book |author1=Keinath, Anthony P. |author2=Cubeta, Marc A. |author3=Langston Jr., David B. |chapter=Cabbage diseases: Ecology and control |title=Encyclopedia of Pest Management |volume=2 |year=2007 |editor-last=Pimentel, David |publisher=CRC Press |pages=56–59 |isbn=978-1-4200-5361-6}}</ref>

[[File:Groene savooiekool schade van kooluil (Mamestra brassicae damage).jpg|thumb|right|[[Cabbage moth]] damage to a savoy cabbage]]

One of the most common bacterial diseases to affect cabbage is [[black rot]], caused by ''[[Xanthomonas campestris]]'', which causes [[chlorosis|chlorotic]] and [[necrosis|necrotic]] lesions that start at the leaf margins, and [[wilting]] of plants. [[Clubroot]], caused by the soilborne [[slime mold]]-like organism ''Plasmodiophora brassicae'', results in swollen, club-like roots. [[Downy mildew]], a parasitic disease caused by the [[oomycete]] ''[[Peronospora parasitica]]'',<ref name="Keinath2007"/> produces pale leaves with white, brownish or olive [[mildew]] on the lower leaf surfaces; this is often confused with the fungal disease [[powdery mildew]].<ref name=Brad57/>

Pests include [[root-knot nematode]]s and [[Delia radicum|cabbage maggot]]s, which produce stunted and wilted plants with yellow leaves; [[aphid]]s, which induce stunted plants with curled and yellow leaves; [[harlequin cabbage bug]]s, which cause white and yellow leaves; [[thrip]]s, which lead to leaves with white-bronze spots; [[striped flea beetle]]s, which riddle leaves with small holes; and [[caterpillar]]s, which leave behind large, ragged holes in leaves.<ref name=Brad57>[[#Bradley|Bradley et al.]], pp. 57–59</ref> The caterpillar stage of the "small cabbage white butterfly" (''[[Pieris rapae]]''), commonly known in the United States as the "imported cabbage worm", is a major cabbage pest in most countries.<ref name="Finch2007"/>

The large white butterfly (''[[Pieris brassicae]]'') is prevalent in eastern European countries. The diamondback moth (''[[Plutella xylostella]]'') and the cabbage moth (''[[Mamestra brassicae]]'') thrive in the higher summer temperatures of continental Europe, where they cause considerable damage to cabbage crops.<ref name="Finch2007"/> The mustard leaf beetle (''[[Phaedon cochleariae]]''), is a common pest of cabbage plants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gross |first1=Jürgen |last2=Müller |first2=Caroline |last3=Vilcinskas |first3=Andreas |last4=Hilker |first4=Monika |date=November 1998 |title=Antimicrobial Activity of Exocrine Glandular Secretions, Hemolymph, and Larval Regurgitate of the Mustard Leaf BeetlePhaedon cochleariae |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022201198947814 |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |language=en |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=296–303 |doi=10.1006/jipa.1998.4781 |pmid=9784354}}</ref> The mustard leaf beetle will often choose to feed on cabbage over their natural host plants as cabbage is more abundant in palatable compounds such as glucosinolates that encourage higher consumption.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Thorben |last2=Müller |first2=Caroline |date=24 August 2015 |title=Behavioural phenotypes over the lifetime of a holometabolous insect |journal=Frontiers in Zoology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=S8 |doi=10.1186/1742-9994-12-S1-S8 |issn=1742-9994 |pmc=4722364 |pmid=26816525 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The cabbage looper (''[[Cabbage looper|Trichoplusia ni]]'') is infamous in North America for its voracious appetite and for producing frass that contaminates plants.<ref>Turini TA, Daugovish O, Koike ST, Natwick ET, Ploeg A, Dara SK, Fennimore SA, Joseph S, LeStrange M, Smith R, Subbarao KV, Westerdahl BB. Revised continuously. ''UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines Cole Crops.'' UC ANR Publication 3442. Oakland, CA.</ref> In India, the diamondback moth has caused losses up to 90 percent in crops that were not treated with insecticide.<ref>[[#Janick|Janick]], p. 195</ref> Destructive soil insects such as the cabbage root fly (''[[Delia radicum]]'') has larvae can burrow into the part of plant consumed by humans.<ref name="Finch2007">{{cite book |author1=Finch, Stan |author2=Collier, Rosemanry H. |chapter=Cruciferous root crop insects: Ecology and control |title=Encyclopedia of Pest Management |volume=2 |year=2007 |editor-last=Pimentel, David |publisher=CRC Press |pages=131–134 |isbn=978-1-4200-5361-6}}</ref>

Planting near other members of the cabbage family, or where these plants have been placed in previous years, can prompt the spread of pests and disease.<ref name=Brad56/> Excessive water and excessive heat can also cause cultivation problems.<ref name=Brad57/>

Factors that contribute to reduced head weight include: growth in the compacted soils that result from [[no-till farming]] practices, drought, [[waterlogging (agriculture)|waterlogging]], insect and disease incidence, and shading and nutrient stress caused by weeds.<ref name="Wien and Wurr 533"/>

=== Production ===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
! colspan=2|Cabbage production – 2020
|-
!  style="background:#ddf;"| Country
!  style="background:#ddf;"| <small>Production<br/> (millions of [[tonne]]s)</small>
|-
| {{CHN}} ||  {{right|33.8}}
|-
| {{IND}} ||  {{right|9.2}}
|-
| {{RUS}} ||  {{right|2.6}}
|-
| {{KOR}} ||  {{right|2.6}}
|-
| {{UKR}} ||  {{right|1.8}}
|-
| '''World''' ||  {{right|'''70.9'''}}
|-
|colspan=2|<small>Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |title= Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists), Cabbages and other brassicas, 2020|date=2022|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref></small>
|}

In 2020, world production of cabbages (combined with other brassicas) was 71 million [[tonne]]s, led by China with 48% of the world total (table). Other substantial producers were India, Russia, and South Korea.<ref name=faostat/>

==Toxicity==
When overcooked, toxic [[hydrogen sulfide]] gas is produced.<ref name="Corriher-2001">{{cite journal |author=Corriher, Shirley O. |date=2000–2001 |title=Corriher's Compendium of Ingredients and Cooking Problems |url=http://units.sla.org/division/dfan/FFT/vol32no1.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Food for Thought |volume=32 |issue=1 |page=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217112600/http://units.sla.org/division/dfan/FFT/vol32no1.pdf |archive-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>

Excessive consumption of cabbage may lead to increased [[intestinal gas]] which causes [[bloating]] and [[flatulence]] due to the [[trisaccharide]] [[raffinose]], which the human [[small intestine]] cannot [[digestion|digest]], but is digested by bacteria in the large intestine.<ref name="St. John2011">{{cite web |title=The digestive system and gas |url=http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-gas |access-date=24 June 2013 |website=WebMD}}</ref>

Cabbage has been linked to outbreaks of some [[food-borne illness]]es, including ''[[Listeria monocytogenes]]''<ref>{{cite web |author1=Davis, J. G. |author2=Kendall, P. |date=April 19, 2013 |title=Preventing ''E. coli'' from Garden to Plate |url=http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09369.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305133942/http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09369.html |archive-date=2012-03-05 |access-date=2012-08-10 |publisher=Colorado State University}}</ref> and ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]''. The latter toxin has been traced to pre-made, packaged coleslaw mixes, while the spores were found on whole cabbages that were otherwise acceptable in appearance.<ref name="chapIV">{{cite web |date=April 12, 2012 |title=Chapter IV. Outbreaks Associated with Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce. Incidence, Growth, and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/SafePracticesforFoodProcesses/ucm091265.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109123857/https://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/SafePracticesforFoodProcesses/ucm091265.htm |archive-date=November 9, 2012 |access-date=2012-08-10 |work=Analysis and Evaluation of Preventive Control Measures for the Control and Reduction/Elimination of Microbial Hazards on Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> ''[[Shigella]]'' species are able to survive in shredded cabbage.<ref name="chapIV" /> Two outbreaks of ''[[Escherichia coli|E.&nbsp;coli]]'' in the United States have been linked to cabbage consumption. Biological risk assessments have concluded that there is the potential for further outbreaks linked to uncooked cabbage, due to contamination at many stages of the growing, harvesting and packaging processes. Contaminants from water, humans, animals and soil have the potential to be transferred to cabbage, and from there to the end consumer.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2001 |title=Cabbage Risk Assessment Introduction and Summary |url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/food/inspection/fruitveg/risk_assessment_pdf/cabbage/30ra.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055715/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/food/inspection/fruitveg/risk_assessment_pdf/cabbage/30ra.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2012-08-19 |publisher=Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs}}</ref>

Whilst not a toxic vegetable in its natural state, an increase in intestinal gas can lead to the death of many small animals like rabbits due to gastrointestinal stasis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spicer |first=Bradly |date=2022-09-21 |title=Gastrointestinal (GI) Stasis: How to prevent a killer problem |url=https://www.cottontailclub.com/gi-stasis-how-to-prevent-a-killer-problem/ |website=Cottontailclub |language=en-US}}</ref>

Cabbage and other [[cruciferous vegetable]]s contain small amounts of [[thiocyanate]], a compound associated with [[goiter]] formation when [[iodine deficiency|iodine]] intake is deficient.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vanderpas J |year=2006 |title=Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism |url=http://www.iccidd.org/cm_data/2006_Vanderpas_Nutritional_epidemiology_and_thyroid_hormone_metabolism_AnnRevNutr.pdf |journal=Annu Rev Nutr |volume=26 |pages=293–322 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103810 |pmid=16704348}}</ref>

==Uses==
===Culinary===
{{Cookbook}}{{see also|List of cabbage dishes}}
The characteristic flavor of cabbage is caused by [[glucosinolate]]s, a class of [[sulfur]]-containing [[glucoside]]s. Although found throughout the plant, these compounds are concentrated in the highest quantities in the seeds; lesser quantities are found in young vegetative tissue, and they decrease as the tissue ages.<ref>[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], pp. 282–283</ref> Cooked cabbage is often criticized for its pungent, unpleasant odor and taste. These develop when cabbage is overcooked and hydrogen sulfide gas is produced.<ref name="Corriher-2001" />

Cabbage consumption varies widely around the world: Russia has the highest annual per capita consumption at {{convert|20|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, followed by Belgium at {{convert|4.7|kg|lboz|abbr=on}} and the Netherlands at {{convert|4.0|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}. Americans consume {{convert|8.6|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} annually per capita.<ref name="UCD" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Cabbage |url=http://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/france/en/know-your-vegetables/nutritional-assets-of-vegetables/chou-vert.html#axzz24EyvXQ7a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616045430/http://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/france/en/know-your-vegetables/nutritional-assets-of-vegetables/chou-vert.html#axzz2g3z7j2gK |archive-date=2012-06-16 |access-date=2012-08-22 |publisher=Louis Bonduelle Foundation}}</ref>{{nutritionalvalue
| name = Cabbage, raw
| kJ = 103
| protein = 1.28 g
| fat = 0.1 g
| carbs = 5.8 g
| fiber = 2.5 g
| sugars = 3.2 g
| calcium_mg = 40
| iron_mg = 0.47
| magnesium_mg = 12
| phosphorus_mg = 26
| potassium_mg = 170
| sodium_mg = 18
| zinc_mg = 0.18
| manganese_mg = 0.16
| opt1n = [[Fluoride]]
| opt1v = 1 µg
| vitC_mg = 36.6
| thiamin_mg = 0.061
| riboflavin_mg = 0.040
| niacin_mg = 0.234
| pantothenic_mg = 0.212
| vitB6_mg = 0.124
| folate_ug = 43
| vitK_ug = 76
| water = 92 g
| source_usda = 1
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169975/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

=== Nutrition ===
Raw cabbage is 92% water, 6% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein]], and contains negligible [[fat]]. In a 100-gram reference amount, raw cabbage is a rich source of [[vitamin C]] and [[vitamin K]], containing 44% and 72%, respectively, of the [[Daily Value]] (DV).<ref name="USDA_database">{{cite web |date=1 April 2019 |title=USDA database table for raw cabbage per 100 g |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169975/nutrients |access-date=5 January 2020 |publisher=US Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, version SR-27}}</ref> Cabbage is also a moderate source (10–19% DV) of [[vitamin B6]] and [[folate]], with no other nutrients having significant content per 100-gram serving.

=== Local market and storage ===
Cabbages sold for market are generally smaller, and different varieties are used for those sold immediately upon harvest and those stored before sale. Those used for processing, especially sauerkraut, are larger and have a lower percentage of water.<ref name=Katz280/> Both hand and mechanical harvesting are used, and hand-harvesting is generally used for cabbages destined for market sales. In commercial-scale operations, hand-harvested cabbages are trimmed, sorted, and packed directly in the field to increase efficiency.<ref name="Katz&Weaver">[[#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 285</ref>

[[Vacuum cooling]] rapidly refrigerates the vegetable, allowing for earlier shipping and a fresher product. Cabbage can be stored the longest at {{convert|-1|to|2|C|F}} with a humidity of 90–100%; these conditions will result in up to six months of longevity. When stored under less ideal conditions, cabbage can still last up to four months.<ref name="Katz&Weaver"/>

===Food preparation===
[[File:飛騨の白菜 (49180905102).jpg|thumb|Napa cabbage sold in Japan]][[File:క్యాబేజీ మరియు పెసరపప్పు కూర (2).jpg|thumb|right|Cabbage with moong-dal curry]]Cabbage is prepared and consumed in many ways. The simplest options include eating the vegetable raw or [[steaming]] it, though many cuisines pickle, [[stewing|stew]], [[sauteing|sautée]] or [[braising|braise]] cabbage.<ref name="Ingram" /> Pickling is a common way of preserving cabbage, creating dishes such as [[sauerkraut]] and [[kimchi]],<ref name="UI" /> although kimchi is more often made from [[Napa cabbage]].<ref name="Ingram" /> Savoy cabbages are usually used in salads, while smooth-leaf types are utilized for both market sales and processing.<ref name="Katz280" /> [[Tofu]] and cabbage is a staple of Chinese cooking,<ref>[[#Tannahill|Tannahill]], p. 146</ref> while the British dish [[bubble and squeak]] is made primarily with leftover [[potato]] and boiled cabbage and eaten with cold meat.<ref>[[#Tannahill|Tannahill]], p. 277</ref> 

In Poland, cabbage is one of the main food crops, and it features prominently in [[Polish cuisine]]. It is frequently eaten, either cooked or as sauerkraut, as a side dish or as an ingredient in such dishes as [[bigos]] (cabbage, sauerkraut, meat, and wild mushrooms, among other ingredients) [[gołąbki]] (stuffed cabbage) and [[pierogi]] (filled dumplings). Other eastern European countries, such as Hungary and Romania, also have traditional dishes that feature cabbage as a main ingredient.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9KcADhDPqkC&pg=PA53|pages=53–54|title=International Cuisine|author=MacVeigh, Jeremy|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4180-4965-2}}</ref> In India and Ethiopia, cabbage is often included in spicy salads and braises.<ref name="Marks 2008">{{cite book |author=Marks, Gil |title=Olive Trees and Honey: A Treasury of Vegetarian Recipes from Jewish Communities Around the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb3MVYVp_9sC&pg=PT392 |year=2008 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-544-18750-4 |page=392}}</ref> In the United States, cabbage is used primarily for the production of [[coleslaw]], followed by market use and sauerkraut production.<ref name="UCD" />

=== Phytochemicals ===
[[Basic research]] on cabbage [[phytochemicals]] is ongoing to discern if certain cabbage compounds may affect health or have potential for anti-disease effects, such as [[sulforaphane]] and other [[glucosinolate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dinkova-Kostova AT, Kostov RV |title=Glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in health and disease |journal=Trends Mol Med |year=2012 |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=337–47 |pmid=22578879 |doi=10.1016/j.molmed.2012.04.003}}</ref> Studies on cruciferous vegetables, including cabbage, include whether they may lower the risk against [[colon cancer]].<ref name="Tse 2014">{{cite journal |author1=Tse, G |author2=Eslick, G.D. |title=Cruciferous vegetables and risk of colorectal neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Nutrition and Cancer |year=2014 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=128–139 |doi=10.1080/01635581.2014.852686 |pmid=24341734|s2cid=36282786 }}</ref> Cabbage is a source of [[indole-3-carbinol]], a chemical under [[basic research]] for its possible properties.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0213 |title=A novel mechanism of indole-3-carbinol effects on breast carcinogenesis involves induction of Cdc25A degradation |year=2010 |author1=Wu, Y. |author2=Feng, X. |author3=Jin, Y. |author4=Wu, Z. |author5=Hankey, W. |author6=Paisie, C. |author7=Li, L. |author8=Liu, F. |author9=Barsky, S. H. |author10=Zhang, W. |author11=Ganju, R. |author12=Zou, X. |journal=Cancer Prevention Research |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=818–828 |pmid=20587702|pmc=4214069}}
*{{cite press release |date=June 30, 2010 |title=How dietary supplement may block cancer cells |website=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100629131316.htm}}</ref>

===Herbalism===

In addition to its usual purpose as an edible vegetable, cabbage has been used historically in [[herbalism]]. The [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] recommended consuming the vegetable as a [[laxative]],<ref name="Wright2001"/> and used cabbage juice as an antidote for [[mushroom poisoning]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Decoteau, Dennis R. |title=Vegetable Crops |year=2000 |publisher=Prentice Hall |page=174 |isbn=978-0-13-956996-8}}</ref> for eye [[salve]]s, and for [[liniment]]s for bruises.<ref name="Phillips 1827">{{cite book |author=Phillips, Henry |author-link=Henry Phillips (horticulturist) |title=History of Cultivated Vegetables: Comprising their Botanical, Medicinal, Edible, and Chemical Qualities; Natural History |year=1827 |publisher=Henry Colburn |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDkaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA99}}</ref> The ancient Roman, [[Pliny the Elder]], described both culinary and medicinal properties of the vegetable.<ref name="Dalby 1996">{{cite book |author1=Dalby, Andrew  |author2=Grainger, Sally |title=The Classical Cookbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7S5iC3pZp0C&pg=PA52 |year=1996 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-0-89236-394-0 |page=52}}</ref> [[Ancient Egypt]]ians ate cooked cabbage at the beginning of meals to reduce the intoxicating effects of wine.<ref name="Janick"/> This traditional usage persisted in European literature until the mid-20th century.<ref name="Hatfield 2004"/>

The supposed cooling properties of the leaves were used in Britain as a treatment for [[trench foot]] in World War I, and as [[compression bandage|compresses]] for [[ulcer]]s and [[mastitis|breast abscesses]]. Other medicinal uses recorded in European [[traditional medicine|folk medicine]] include treatments for [[rheumatism]], [[sore throat]], [[Dysphonia|hoarseness]], [[baby colic|colic]], and [[Depression (mood)|melancholy]].<ref name="Hatfield 2004">{{cite book |author=Hatfield, Gabrielle |title=Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World Traditions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GGz6708nqgC&pg=PA60 |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-874-7 |pages=59–60}}</ref> Both mashed cabbage and cabbage juice have been used in [[poultice]]s to remove [[boil]]s and treat [[wart]]s, [[pneumonia]], [[appendicitis]], and ulcers.<ref name="Hatfield 2004"/>

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|List of cabbage dishes}}
* '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Food}}</small>'''''

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Works cited==
* {{cite book|ref=Bradley|title=The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control|editor1=Bradley, Fern Marshall|editor2=Ellis, Barbara W.|editor3=Martin, Deborah L.|year=2009|publisher=Rodale, Inc|isbn=978-1-60529-677-7|url=https://archive.org/details/organicgardeners00brad_0}}
* {{cite book |ref=Dixon|title=Vegetable Brassicas and Related Crucifers|author=Dixon, Geoffrey R. |series=Crop Production Science in Horticulture |volume=14 |year=2007 |publisher=CAB International |isbn=978-0-85199-395-9}}
* {{cite book|ref=Janick |title=Plant Breeding Reviews |author=Janick, Jules |volume=35 |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-10049-3}}
* {{cite book|ref=Katz |title=Encyclopedia of Food and Culture|author1=Katz, Solomon H.  |author2=Weaver, William Woys|year=2003|publisher=Scribner|volume=2|isbn=978-0-684-80565-8}}
* {{cite book |ref=Maynard|title=Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers|author1=Maynard, Donald N.  |author2=Hochmuth, George J.|edition=5th |year=2007 |publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-73828-2}}
* {{cite book |ref=Ordas|chapter=Cabbage and Kale|author1=Ordas, Amando  |author2=Cartea, M. Elena|title=Vegetables I: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Cucurbitaceae|publisher=Springer|volume=2|editor=Prohens, J. |editor2=Nuez, F|year=2008 |isbn=978-0-387-72291-7}}
* {{cite book|ref=Tannahill|title=Food in History|author=Tannahill, Reay|year=1973|publisher=Stein and Day|isbn=978-0-8128-1437-8}}
*{{cite book|ref=Toussaint-Samat|isbn=978-1405181198|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|author=Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne |title=A History of Food|edition= 2nd |year=2009}}
* {{cite book|ref=Wurr |title=The Physiology of Vegetable Crops |editor=Wien, H. C. |chapter=Cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage and brussel sprouts |author1=Wien, H. C.  |author2=Wurr, D. C. E. |publisher=CAB International |year=1997|isbn=978-0-85199-146-7}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Cabbage article.ogg|date=2020-03-28}}
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19006 ''Cabbages and Cauliflowers: How to Grow Them'' by James John Howard Gregory&nbsp;– Project Gutenberg.]

{{Brassica oleraca}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q35051|from2=Q146212}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cabbage| ]]
[[Category:Brassica oleracea| ]]
[[Category:Food plant cultivars]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]