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[[File:NY Tunnel Extension & Connections PRR 1912.jpg|thumb|1912 PRR map showing the Greenville Terminal and its '''car float''' operations, also the current crossing]]
[[File:NY Tunnel Extension & Connections PRR 1912.jpg|thumb|1912 PRR map showing the Greenville Terminal and its '''car float''' operations, also the current crossing]]


A '''railroad car float''' or '''rail barge''' is a specialised form of [[Lighter (barge)|lighter]]<ref name="Lederer">{{cite book |title= Port Terminal Operation: Port Terminal Management, Stevedoring, Stowage, Lighterage and Harbor Boats |last= Lederer |first= Eugene H. |year=1945 |publisher= Cornell Maritime Press |location= New York, NY |pages=291–292 }}</ref> with [[railway tracks]] mounted on its deck used to move [[rolling stock]] across water obstacles, or to locations they could not otherwise go. An unpowered [[barge]], it is towed by a [[tugboat]] or pushed by a [[towboat]].
A '''railroad car float''' or '''rail barge''' is a specialised form of [[Lighter (barge)|lighter]]<ref name="Lederer">{{cite book |title= Port Terminal Operation: Port Terminal Management, Stevedoring, Stowage, Lighterage and Harbor Boats |last= Lederer |first= Eugene H. |year=1945 |publisher= Cornell Maritime Press |location= New York, NY |pages=291–292 }}</ref> with [[railway tracks]] mounted on its deck used to move [[rolling stock]] across water obstacles, or to locations they could not otherwise go. An unpowered [[barge]], it is towed by a [[tugboat]] or pushed by a [[towboat]].


This is distinguished from a [[train ferry]], which is self-powered.
This is distinguished from a [[train ferry]], which is self-powered.
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== Historical operations ==
== Historical operations ==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}

{{split|Car float operations in New York Harbor|date=March 2024}}

=== U.S. East Coast ===
=== U.S. East Coast ===
During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Union general [[Herman Haupt]], a civil engineer, used huge barges fitted with tracks to enable military trains to cross the [[Rappahannock River]] in support of the [[Army of the Potomac]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolmar|first1=Christian|title=Engines of War|date=2012|publisher=Atlantic Books|location=London|isbn=9781848871731|page=49}}</ref>
During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Union general [[Herman Haupt]], a civil engineer, used huge barges fitted with tracks to enable military trains to cross the [[Rappahannock River]] in support of the [[Army of the Potomac]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolmar|first1=Christian|title=Engines of War|date=2012|publisher=Atlantic Books|location=London|isbn=9781848871731|page=49}}</ref>


Beginning in the 1830s, the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B&O) operated [[Capital Subdivision#Alexandria Division|a car float]] across the [[Potomac River]], just south of [[Washington, D.C.]], between Shepherds Landing on the east shore, and [[Alexandria, Virginia]] on the west. The ferry operation ended in 1906.<ref name="Harwood">{{cite book |title= Impossible Challenge: The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in Maryland |last= Harwood, Jr. |first= Herbert H. |year=1979 |publisher= Barnard, Roberts |location= Baltimore, MD |isbn=0-934118-17-5 }}</ref>
Beginning in the 1830s, the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B&O) operated [[Capital Subdivision#Alexandria Division|a car float]] across the [[Potomac River]], just south of [[Washington, D.C.]], between Shepherds Landing on the east shore, and [[Alexandria, Virginia]] on the west. The ferry operation ended in 1906.<ref name="Harwood">{{cite book |title= Impossible Challenge: The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in Maryland | last=Harwood | first=Herbert H. Jr. |year=1979 |publisher= Barnard, Roberts |location= Baltimore, MD |isbn=0-934118-17-5 }}</ref>
The B&O operated a car float across the [[Baltimore]] [[Inner Harbor]] until the mid-1890s. It connected trains from [[Philadelphia]] to Washington, D.C. and points to the west. The operation ended after the opening of the [[Baltimore Belt Line]] in 1895.<ref name="Harwood" />
The B&O operated a car float across the [[Baltimore]] [[Inner Harbor]] until the mid-1890s. It connected trains from [[Philadelphia]] to Washington, D.C., and points to the west. The operation ended after the opening of the [[Baltimore Belt Line]] in 1895.<ref name="Harwood" />


The [[Port of New York and New Jersey]] had many car float operations, which lost ground to the post-[[World War II]] [[Trucking industry in the United States#History|expansion of trucking]], but held out until the rise of [[containerization]] in the 1970s.<ref name="Cudahy">{{cite book |title= Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World |last= Cudahy |first= Brian J. |year= 2006 |publisher= Fordham University Press |location= New York, NY |isbn= 0-8232-2568-2 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/boxboats00bria/page/45 45–47] |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/boxboats00bria/page/45 }}</ref>
The [[Port of New York and New Jersey]] had many car float operations, which lost ground to the post-[[World War II]] [[Trucking industry in the United States#History|expansion of trucking]], but held out until the rise of [[containerization]] in the 1970s.<ref name="Cudahy">{{cite book |title= Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World |last= Cudahy |first= Brian J. |year= 2006 |publisher= Fordham University Press |location= New York, NY |isbn= 0-8232-2568-2 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/boxboats00bria/page/45 45–47] |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/boxboats00bria/page/45 }}</ref>
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<!-- None of the following articles mention actual car float terminals -->
<!-- None of the following articles mention actual car float terminals -->
* [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 16–23.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 26–29.</ref>
* [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 16–23.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 26–29.</ref>
* [[Bay Coast Railroad]]
* [[Central Railroad of New Jersey]]<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 24–33.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 38–39.</ref>
* [[Central Railroad of New Jersey]]<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 24–33.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 38–39.</ref>
* [[Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 34–45.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 40–51.</ref>
* [[Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 34–45.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 40–51.</ref>
Line 29: Line 31:
* [[New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 84–91.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 94–97.</ref>
* [[New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 84–91.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 94–97.</ref>
* [[Pennsylvania Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 92–101.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 98–109.</ref>
* [[Pennsylvania Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 92–101.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 98–109.</ref>
* [[Reading Company|Reading Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 30–37.</ref>


As well as the offline [[Switching and terminal railroad|terminal railroads]]:
As well as the offline [[Switching and terminal railroad|terminal railroads]]:
Line 53: Line 54:
Several other abandoned but unrestored float bridges exist in other locations around New York Harbor. A complete list is available at
Several other abandoned but unrestored float bridges exist in other locations around New York Harbor. A complete list is available at
[http://www.trainweb.org/bedt/IndustrialLocos.html#Surviving Surviving Float Bridges of New York Harbor]
[http://www.trainweb.org/bedt/IndustrialLocos.html#Surviving Surviving Float Bridges of New York Harbor]

[[Railroad car#Freight cars|Freight cars]] do not run in the [[East River Tunnels]] nor the [[North River Tunnels]] (under the [[Hudson River]]), in part due to inadequate [[Structure gauge|tunnel clearances]] of the [[New York Tunnel Extension]].


The [[Bay Coast Railroad]] formerly operated a 2-barge car float connecting [[Virginia]]'s [[Eastern Shore (Virginia)|Eastern Shore]] with the city of [[Norfolk, Virginia]] across the [[Chesapeake Bay]].
The [[Bay Coast Railroad]] formerly operated a 2-barge car float connecting [[Virginia]]'s [[Eastern Shore (Virginia)|Eastern Shore]] with the city of [[Norfolk, Virginia]] across the [[Chesapeake Bay]].
Line 60: Line 59:
=== U.S. Midwest ===
=== U.S. Midwest ===
[[File:Tug and Barge at Erie Street.png|thumb|right|An Erie tugboat and barge on the Chicago River in 1917]]
[[File:Tug and Barge at Erie Street.png|thumb|right|An Erie tugboat and barge on the Chicago River in 1917]]
Between 1912–1936, the Erie Railroad operated a car float service on the [[Chicago River]] in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Erie Railroad's Chicago River Service | author=Sennstrom, Bernard H. | journal=The Diamond | year=1992 | volume=7 | issue=1 | pages=4–10}}</ref>
Between 1912 and 1936, the Erie Railroad operated a car float service on the [[Chicago River]] in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Erie Railroad's Chicago River Service | author=Sennstrom, Bernard H. | journal=The Diamond | year=1992 | volume=7 | issue=1 | pages=4–10}}</ref>


=== U.S. West Coast ===
=== U.S. West Coast ===
Line 73: Line 72:
=== Canada ===
=== Canada ===
[[File:Woodf3a.jpg|right|thumb|[[Woodfibre, British Columbia]]]]
[[File:Woodf3a.jpg|right|thumb|[[Woodfibre, British Columbia]]]]
[[File:Rail Barge in Howe Sound.jpg|thumb|Car float in Howe Sound]]
⚫
* Various inland lakes of [[British Columbia]] ([[Okanagan Lake|Okanagan]], [[Arrow Lakes|Arrow]], [[Kootenay Lake|Kootenay]]) ([[Canadian National Railway]] and [[Canadian Pacific Railway|CPR]])
⚫
* [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia]] – [[Whittier, Alaska]] (''[[Aquatrain]]'', Service ended in April 2021.<ref name=Last-Aquatrain>{{cite web | url=https://www.alaskarails.org/industries/aquatrain/last/index.html | title=The Last AquaTrain | date=2021}}</ref>)
⚫
* Various inland lakes of [[British Columbia]] ([[Okanagan Lake|Okanagan]]{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}, [[Arrow Lakes|Arrow]]{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}, [[Kootenay Lake|Kootenay]]){{citation needed|date=July 2022}} ([[Canadian National Railway]] and [[Canadian Pacific Railway|CPR]])
* [[Port Maitland, Ontario]] – [[Erie, Pennsylvania]] ([[TH&B Navigation Company]])
* [[Port Maitland, Ontario]] – [[Erie, Pennsylvania]] ([[TH&B Navigation Company]])
* [[Port Burwell, Ontario]] – [[Ashtabula, Ohio]] (CN)
* [[Port Burwell, Ontario]] – [[Ashtabula, Ohio]] (CN)
Line 81: Line 82:
* [[BC Rail]]. until 1955 railcars were barged from [[North Vancouver (city)|North Vancouver]] to [[Squamish, British Columbia|Squamish]].
* [[BC Rail]]. until 1955 railcars were barged from [[North Vancouver (city)|North Vancouver]] to [[Squamish, British Columbia|Squamish]].
* A large number of isolated BC [[pulp mill]]s had [[Chemical substance|chemicals]] and freight moved by car floats.
* A large number of isolated BC [[pulp mill]]s had [[Chemical substance|chemicals]] and freight moved by car floats.
* In the [[Victoria Harbour (British Columbia)|Victoria Harbour]] to [[Ogden Point]]<ref>[https://www.jamesbaybeacon.com/home/2020/10/18/then-and-now-the-ogden-point-grain-elevator car float]</ref>
* In the [[Victoria Harbour (British Columbia)|Victoria Harbour]] to [[Ogden Point]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jamesbaybeacon.com/home/2020/10/18/then-and-now-the-ogden-point-grain-elevator |title=car float |access-date=2021-04-26 |archive-date=2021-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426170337/https://www.jamesbaybeacon.com/home/2020/10/18/then-and-now-the-ogden-point-grain-elevator |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/37908073@N04/3661243327 Greg George]</ref>


== Existing operations ==
== Existing operations ==
Line 87: Line 88:
=== Alaska ===
=== Alaska ===


The [[Alaska Railroad]] provides the [[Alaska Rail Marine]] rail barge service from downtown Seattle to [[Whittier, Alaska|Whittier]] on the central [[Alaska]]n mainland.<ref>[http://www.alaskarailroad.com/corporate/Corporate/FreightServices/AlaskaRailMarine/tabid/394/Default.aspx Alaska Rail Marine {{dead|date=July 2022}}] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221081655/http://www.alaskarailroad.com/corporate/Corporate/FreightServices/AlaskaRailMarine/tabid/394/Default.aspx |date=December 21, 2013 }}</ref>', CN Rail provided the ''[[Aquatrain]]'' rail barge service from [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia]] to Whittier.<ref>[http://www.cn.ca/en/shipping-north-america-alaska-aquatrain-cnworldwide.htm Aqua train {{dead|date=June 2021}}]</ref> Service ended in April 2021.<ref name=Last-Aquatrain>{{cite web | url=https://www.alaskarails.org/industries/aquatrain/last/index.html | title=The Last AquaTrain | date=2021}}</ref>
The [[Alaska Railroad]] provides the [[Alaska Rail Marine]] rail barge service from downtown Seattle to [[Whittier, Alaska|Whittier]] on the central [[Alaska]]n mainland.<ref>[http://www.alaskarailroad.com/corporate/Corporate/FreightServices/AlaskaRailMarine/tabid/394/Default.aspx Alaska Rail Marine] {{dead link|date=July 2022}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221081655/http://www.alaskarailroad.com/corporate/Corporate/FreightServices/AlaskaRailMarine/tabid/394/Default.aspx |date=December 21, 2013 }}</ref>', CN Rail provided the ''[[Aquatrain]]'' rail barge service from [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia]] to Whittier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cn.ca/en/shipping-north-america-alaska-aquatrain-cnworldwide.htm |title=Aqua train |access-date=2011-03-05 |archive-date=2018-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930192839/https://www.cn.ca/en/shipping-north-america-alaska-aquatrain-cnworldwide.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Service ended in April 2021.<ref name=Last-Aquatrain/>


=== New York / New Jersey ===
=== New York / New Jersey ===


[[Image:Bay Ridge Float Dock jeh.JPG|thumb|The car float docks at [[Bay Ridge]], [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]].]]
[[Image:Bay Ridge Float Dock jeh.JPG|thumb|The car float docks at [[Bay Ridge]], [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]].]]
The only remaining car float service in operation in the [[Port of New York and New Jersey]] is operated by [[New York New Jersey Rail]]. This company, operated by the bi-state government agency [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]] is the successor to the New York Cross Harbor Railroad. Car float service operates between 65th Street / Bay Ridge Yard in [[Brooklyn]] and [[Greenville Yard]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nynjr.com/route-map/|title=Route Map|website=New York New Jersey Rail, LLC|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>
The only remaining car float service in operation in the [[Port of New York and New Jersey]] is operated by [[New York New Jersey Rail]]. This company, operated by the bi-state government agency [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]] is the successor to the New York Cross Harbor Railroad. Car float service operates between 65th Street / Bay Ridge Yard in [[Brooklyn]] and [[Greenville Yard]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nynjr.com/route-map/|title=Route Map|website=New York New Jersey Rail, LLC|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref> The service exists because [[Railroad car#Freight cars|freight cars]] do not run in the [[East River Tunnels]] nor the [[North River Tunnels]] (under the [[Hudson River]]), in part due to inadequate [[Structure gauge|tunnel clearances]] of the [[New York Tunnel Extension]].

=== Canada ===
==== Former ====
⚫
* [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia]] – [[Whittier, Alaska]] (''[[Aquatrain]]'', Service ended in April 2021.<ref name=Last-Aquatrain>{{cite web | url=https://www.alaskarails.org/industries/aquatrain/last/index.html | title=The Last AquaTrain | date=2021}}</ref>)
==== Current ====
* [[Delta, British Columbia]] – [[Nanaimo]] ([[E and N Railway]])<ref>[https://www.seaspan.com/seaspan-ferries/ Seaspan Ferries]</ref>
* [[Matane]] – [[Baie-Comeau]] ([[Compagnie de gestion de Matane|COGEMA]])<ref>Trains (Magazine) February 2009 p9</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 21:55, 29 March 2024

A railroad car float in the Upper New York Bay, 1919. A tugboat (towboat) stack is visible behind the middle car.
1912 PRR map showing the Greenville Terminal and its car float operations, also the current crossing

A railroad car float or rail barge is a specialised form of lighter[1] with railway tracks mounted on its deck used to move rolling stock across water obstacles, or to locations they could not otherwise go. An unpowered barge, it is towed by a tugboat or pushed by a towboat.

This is distinguished from a train ferry, which is self-powered.

Historical operations

[edit]

U.S. East Coast

[edit]

During the Civil War, Union general Herman Haupt, a civil engineer, used huge barges fitted with tracks to enable military trains to cross the Rappahannock River in support of the Army of the Potomac.[2]

Beginning in the 1830s, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) operated a car float across the Potomac River, just south of Washington, D.C., between Shepherds Landing on the east shore, and Alexandria, Virginia on the west. The ferry operation ended in 1906.[3] The B&O operated a car float across the Baltimore Inner Harbor until the mid-1890s. It connected trains from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., and points to the west. The operation ended after the opening of the Baltimore Belt Line in 1895.[3]

The Port of New York and New Jersey had many car float operations, which lost ground to the post-World War II expansion of trucking, but held out until the rise of containerization in the 1970s.[4]

These car floats operated between the Class 1 railroads terminals on the west bank of Hudson River in Hudson County, New Jersey and the numerous online and offline terminals located in Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, the Bronx, and Manhattan.[5][6] Class 1 railroads in the New York Harbor area providing car float services were:

As well as the offline terminal railroads:

Car float service was also provided to many pier stations and waterfront warehouse facilities (that did not engage in car floating service directly) by the above-mentioned railroads.

At their peak, the railroads had 3,400 employees operating small fleets totalling 323 car floats, plus 1,094 other barges, towed by 150 tugboats between New Jersey and New York City.

Abandoned float bridges are preserved as part of this history at:

Several other abandoned but unrestored float bridges exist in other locations around New York Harbor. A complete list is available at Surviving Float Bridges of New York Harbor

The Bay Coast Railroad formerly operated a 2-barge car float connecting Virginia's Eastern Shore with the city of Norfolk, Virginia across the Chesapeake Bay.

U.S. Midwest

[edit]
An Erie tugboat and barge on the Chicago River in 1917

Between 1912 and 1936, the Erie Railroad operated a car float service on the Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois.[33]

U.S. West Coast

[edit]

Canada

[edit]
Woodfibre, British Columbia
Car float in Howe Sound

Existing operations

[edit]

Alaska

[edit]

The Alaska Railroad provides the Alaska Rail Marine rail barge service from downtown Seattle to Whittier on the central Alaskan mainland.[38]', CN Rail provided the Aquatrain rail barge service from Prince Rupert, British Columbia to Whittier.[39] Service ended in April 2021.[34]

New York / New Jersey

[edit]
The car float docks at Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York.

The only remaining car float service in operation in the Port of New York and New Jersey is operated by New York New Jersey Rail. This company, operated by the bi-state government agency Port Authority of New York & New Jersey is the successor to the New York Cross Harbor Railroad. Car float service operates between 65th Street / Bay Ridge Yard in Brooklyn and Greenville Yard in Jersey City, New Jersey.[40] The service exists because freight cars do not run in the East River Tunnels nor the North River Tunnels (under the Hudson River), in part due to inadequate tunnel clearances of the New York Tunnel Extension.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lederer, Eugene H. (1945). Port Terminal Operation: Port Terminal Management, Stevedoring, Stowage, Lighterage and Harbor Boats. New York, NY: Cornell Maritime Press. pp. 291–292.
  2. ^ Wolmar, Christian (2012). Engines of War. London: Atlantic Books. p. 49. ISBN 9781848871731.
  3. ^ a b Harwood, Herbert H. Jr. (1979). Impossible Challenge: The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in Maryland. Baltimore, MD: Barnard, Roberts. ISBN 0-934118-17-5.
  4. ^ Cudahy, Brian J. (2006). Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World. New York, NY: Fordham University Press. pp. 45–47. ISBN 0-8232-2568-2.
  5. ^ Flagg, Thomas R. (2000). New York Harbor Railroads in Color, Volume 1. Scotch Plains, NJ: Morning Sun Books. ISBN 1-58248-082-6.
  6. ^ Flagg, Thomas R. (2002). New York Harbor Railroads in Color, Volume 2. Scotch Plains, NJ: Morning Sun Books. ISBN 1-58248-048-6.
  7. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 16–23.
  8. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 26–29.
  9. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 24–33.
  10. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 38–39.
  11. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 34–45.
  12. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 40–51.
  13. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 46–55.
  14. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 52–57.
  15. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 56–61.
  16. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 58–63.
  17. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 62–65.
  18. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 64–67.
  19. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 66–83.
  20. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 68–93.
  21. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 84–91.
  22. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 94–97.
  23. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 92–101.
  24. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 98–109.
  25. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 110–116.
  26. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 118–125.
  27. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 120–127.
  28. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 126–127.
  29. ^ Flagg, 2002, p. 118.
  30. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 110–117.
  31. ^ Flagg, 2002, p. 119.
  32. ^ a b Flagg, 2002, p. 117.
  33. ^ Sennstrom, Bernard H. (1992). "Erie Railroad's Chicago River Service". The Diamond. 7 (1): 4–10.
  34. ^ a b "The Last AquaTrain". 2021.
  35. ^ The Pere Marquette Marine Fleet, Pere Marquette Historical Society, 10-MAY-2011, accessed July 16, 2012
  36. ^ "car float". Archived from the original on 2021-04-26. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
  37. ^ Greg George
  38. ^ Alaska Rail Marine [dead link] Archived December 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ "Aqua train". Archived from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
  40. ^ "Route Map". New York New Jersey Rail, LLC. Retrieved 2017-06-03.
[edit]
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