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=== U.S. East Coast ===
=== U.S. East Coast ===


During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] [[Herman Haupt]] used huge barges fitted with tracks to enable military trains to cross the [[Rappahannock River]] in support of the Army of the Potomac.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolmar|first1=Christian|title=Engines of War|date=2012|publisher=Atlantic Books|location=London|isbn=9781848871731|page=49}}</ref>
During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], [[Herman Haupt]] used huge barges fitted with tracks to enable military trains to cross the [[Rappahannock River]] in support of the [[Army of the Potomac]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolmar|first1=Christian|title=Engines of War|date=2012|publisher=Atlantic Books|location=London|isbn=9781848871731|page=49}}</ref>


Beginning in the 1870s, the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B&O) operated a car float across the [[Potomac River]], just south of [[Washington, D.C.]], between Shepherds Landing on the east shore, and [[Alexandria, Virginia]] on the west. The ferry operation ended in 1906.<ref name="Harwood">{{cite book |title= Impossible Challenge: The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in Maryland |last= Harwood, Jr. |first= Herbert H. |authorlink= |year=1979 |publisher= Barnard, Roberts |location= Baltimore, MD |isbn=0-934118-17-5 |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> (''See'' [[Capital Subdivision]].)
Beginning in the 1870s, the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B&O) operated [[Capital Subdivision#Alexandria Division|a car float]] across the [[Potomac River]], just south of [[Washington, D.C.]], between Shepherds Landing on the east shore, and [[Alexandria, Virginia]] on the west. The ferry operation ended in 1906.<ref name="Harwood">{{cite book |title= Impossible Challenge: The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in Maryland |last= Harwood, Jr. |first= Herbert H. |authorlink= |year=1979 |publisher= Barnard, Roberts |location= Baltimore, MD |isbn=0-934118-17-5 |url= |accessdate=}}</ref>
The B&O operated a car float across the [[Baltimore]] [[Inner Harbor]] until the mid-1890s. It connected trains from [[Philadelphia]] to Washington, D.C. and points to the west. The operation ended after the opening of the [[Baltimore Belt Line]] in 1895.<ref name="Harwood" />


The [[Port of New York and New Jersey]] had many car float operations, which lost ground to the post-[[World War II]] [[Trucking industry in the United States#History|expansion of trucking]], but held out until and the rise of [[containerization]] in the 1970s.<ref name="Cudahy">{{cite book |title= Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World |last= Cudahy |first= Brian J. |authorlink= |year= 2006 |publisher= Fordham University Press |location= New York, NY |isbn= 0-8232-2568-2 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/boxboats00bria/page/45 45–47] |accessdate= |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/boxboats00bria/page/45 }}</ref>
The B&O operated a car float across the [[Baltimore]] [[Inner Harbor]] until the mid-1890s. It connected trains from [[Philadelphia]] to [[Washington, D.C.]] and points to the west. The operation ended after the opening of the [[Baltimore Belt Line]] in 1895.<ref name="Harwood" />


These car floats operated between the [[Class 1 railroad]]s termini on the west bank of [[North River (Hudson River)|Hudson River]] in [[Hudson County, New Jersey]] and the numerous online and offline terminals located in [[Brooklyn]], [[Queens]], [[Staten Island]], [[the Bronx]], and [[Manhattan]].<ref name="Flagg1">{{cite book |title= New York Harbor Railroads in Color, Volume 1 |last= Flagg |first= Thomas R. |authorlink= |year=2000 |publisher= Morning Sun Books |location= Scotch Plains, NJ |isbn=1-58248-082-6 |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="Flagg2">{{cite book |title=New York Harbor Railroads in Color, Volume 2 |last= Flagg |first= Thomas R. |authorlink= |year=2002 |publisher= Morning Sun Books |location= Scotch Plains, NJ |isbn=1-58248-048-6 |accessdate=}}</ref> Class 1 railroads in the [[New York Harbor]] area providing car float services were:
The [[Port of New York and New Jersey]] had many car float operations, which lost ground to the post-World War II [[Trucking industry in the United States#History|expansion of trucking]], but held out until and the rise of [[containerization]] in the 1970s.<ref name="Cudahy">{{cite book |title= Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World |last= Cudahy |first= Brian J. |authorlink= |year= 2006 |publisher= Fordham University Press |location= New York, NY |isbn= 0-8232-2568-2 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/boxboats00bria/page/45 45–47] |accessdate= |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/boxboats00bria/page/45 }}</ref>

These car floats operated between the Class 1 railroads termini on the west bank of [[North River (Hudson River)|Hudson River]] in [[Hudson County, New Jersey]] and the numerous online and offline terminals located in Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, Bronx & Manhattan.
<ref name="Flagg1">{{cite book |title= New York Harbor Railroads in Color, Volume 1 |last= Flagg |first= Thomas R. |authorlink= |year=2000 |publisher= Morning Sun Books |location= Scotch Plains, NJ |isbn=1-58248-082-6 |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="Flagg2">{{cite book |title=New York Harbor Railroads in Color, Volume 2 |last= Flagg |first= Thomas R. |authorlink= |year=2002 |publisher= Morning Sun Books |location= Scotch Plains, NJ |isbn=1-58248-048-6 |accessdate=}}</ref> Class 1 railroads in the New York Harbor area providing car float services were:
<!-- None of the following articles mention actual car float termini -->
<!-- None of the following articles mention actual car float termini -->
* [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 16–23.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 26–29.</ref>
* [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2000, pp. 16–23.</ref><ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 26–29.</ref>
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* [[Reading Company|Reading Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 30–37.</ref>
* [[Reading Company|Reading Railroad]]<ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 30–37.</ref>


as well as the offline [[Switching and terminal railroad|terminal railroads]]
As well as the offline [[Switching and terminal railroad|terminal railroads]]:


* [[Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal]]<ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 110–116.</ref>
* [[Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal]]<ref>Flagg, 2002, pp. 110–116.</ref>
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Car float service was also provided to many pier stations and waterfront warehouse facilities (that did not engage in car floating service personally) by the above-mentioned railroads.
Car float service was also provided to many pier stations and waterfront warehouse facilities (that did not engage in car floating service personally) by the above-mentioned railroads.


At their peak, the railroads had 3,400 employees operating small fleets totalling 323 car floats, plus 1,094 other barges, towed by 150 [[tugboats]] between [[New Jersey]] and [[New York City]].
At their peak, the railroads had 3,400 employees operating small fleets totalling 323 car floats, plus 1,094 other [[barge]]s, towed by 150 [[tugboats]] between [[New Jersey]] and [[New York City]].


Abandoned float bridges are preserved as part of this history at:
Abandoned float bridges are preserved as part of this history at:
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*[[North River Piers|North River Pier]] 66a, and [[69th Street Transfer Bridge]] (former New York Central)
*[[North River Piers|North River Pier]] 66a, and [[69th Street Transfer Bridge]] (former New York Central)


Several other abandoned but unrestored float bridges exist in other locations around New York Harbor. A complete list is available at
Several other abandoned but unrestored [[pontoon bridge|float bridge]]s exist in other locations around New York Harbor. A complete list is available at
[http://www.trainweb.org/bedt/IndustrialLocos.html#Surviving Surviving Float Bridges of New York Harbor]
[http://www.trainweb.org/bedt/IndustrialLocos.html#Surviving Surviving Float Bridges of New York Harbor]


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=== U.S. Midwest ===
=== U.S. Midwest ===
[[File:Tug and Barge at Erie Street.png|thumb|right|An Erie tugboat and barge on the Chicago River in 1917]]
[[File:Tug and Barge at Erie Street.png|thumb|right|An Erie tugboat and barge on the Chicago River in 1917]]
Between 1912–1936, the [[Erie Railroad]] operated a car float service on the [[Chicago River]] in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Erie Railroad's Chicago River Service | author=Sennstrom, Bernard H. | journal=The Diamond | year=1992 | volume=7 | issue=1 | pages=4–10}}</ref>
Between 1912–1936, the Erie Railroad operated a car float service on the [[Chicago River]] in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Erie Railroad's Chicago River Service | author=Sennstrom, Bernard H. | journal=The Diamond | year=1992 | volume=7 | issue=1 | pages=4–10}}</ref>


=== U.S. West Coast ===
=== U.S. West Coast ===


* [[Santa Fe Railroad Tugboats|Santa Fe Railroad]]: [[San Francisco]]
* [[Santa Fe Railroad Tugboats|Santa Fe Railroad]]: [[San Francisco]]
* [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific Railroad]] (?)
* [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific Railroad]]: (?)
* [[Union Pacific Railroad]] (?)
* [[Union Pacific Railroad]]: (?)
* [[Western Pacific Railroad]]: [[San Francisco]]
* [[Western Pacific Railroad]]: San Francisco
* [[Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad]]: [[Seattle, Washington]], [[Tacoma, Washington]], [[Bellingham, Washington]], [[Port Townsend, Washington]]
* [[Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad]]: [[Seattle]]; [[Tacoma, Washington]]; [[Bellingham, Washington]]; [[Port Townsend, Washington]]
* [[Seattle and North Coast Railroad]]: [[Seattle, Washington]], [[Port Townsend, Washington]]
* [[Seattle and North Coast Railroad]]: Seattle; Port Townsend, Washington


=== Canada ===
=== Canada ===
[[File:Woodf3a.jpg|right|thumb|[[Woodfibre, British Columbia]]]]
[[File:Woodf3a.jpg|right|thumb|[[Woodfibre, British Columbia]]]]
* Various inland lakes of [[British Columbia]] ([[Okanagan Lake|Okanagan]], [[Arrow Lakes|Arrow]], [[Kootenay Lake|Kootenay]]) (CN and CPR)
* Various inland lakes of [[British Columbia]] ([[Okanagan Lake|Okanagan]], [[Arrow Lakes|Arrow]], [[Kootenay Lake|Kootenay]]) ([[Canadian National Railway]] and [[Canadian Pacific Railway|CPR]])
* [[Port Maitland, Ontario]] – [[Erie, Pennsylvania]] (TH&B Railway)
* [[Port Maitland, Ontario]] – [[Erie, Pennsylvania]] ([[Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway|TH&B Railway]])
* [[Port Burwell, Ontario]] – [[Ashtabula, Ohio]] (CN)
* [[Port Burwell, Ontario]] – [[Ashtabula, Ohio]] (CN)
* [[Cobourg, Ontario]] – [[Rochester, New York]] (Ontario Car Company)
* [[Cobourg, Ontario]] – [[Rochester, New York]] ([[Ontario Car Company]])
* [[Sarnia, Ontario]] – [[Port Huron, Michigan]] – rail-barge – (CN, until the opening of the [[Paul Tellier Tunnel]]). The [[Train ferry|rail ferries]] ''[[Pere Marquette Railroad|Pere Marquette 12'']] and ''Pere Marquette 10'' were converted to barges (''PM 10'' in 1974, ''PM 12'' in the 1980s) and used until 1995 to carry dangerous cargoes and oversize cars.<ref>[http://www.pmhistsoc.org/ferries.shtml#lakemich The Pere Marquette Marine Fleet], Pere Marquette Historical Society, 10-MAY-2011, accessed July 16, 2012</ref>
* [[Sarnia, Ontario]] – [[Port Huron, Michigan]] – rail-barge – (CN, until the opening of the [[Paul Tellier Tunnel]]). The [[Train ferry|rail ferries]] ''[[Pere Marquette Railroad|Pere Marquette 12]]'' and ''Pere Marquette 10'' were converted to barges (''PM 10'' in 1974, ''PM 12'' in the 1980s) and used until 1995 to carry dangerous cargoes and oversize cars.<ref>[http://www.pmhistsoc.org/ferries.shtml#lakemich The Pere Marquette Marine Fleet], Pere Marquette Historical Society, 10-MAY-2011, accessed July 16, 2012</ref>
* [[Windsor, Ontario]] – [[Detroit, Michigan]] (Grand Trunk, CN, CPR, Michigan Central, Wabash, until the 1980s){{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
* [[Windsor, Ontario]] – [[Detroit, Michigan]] ([[Grand Trank Railway|Grand Trunk]], CN, CPR, [[Michigan Central Railroad|Michigan Central]], [[Wabash Railroad|Wabash]], until the 1980s){{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
* [[BC Rail]]. until 1955 railcars were barged from [[North Vancouver (city)|North Vancouver]] to [[Squamish, British Columbia|Squamish]].
* [[BC Rail]]. until 1955 railcars were barged from [[North Vancouver (city)|North Vancouver]] to [[Squamish, British Columbia|Squamish]].
* A large number of isolated BC [[pulp mill]]s had [[Chemical substance|chemicals]] and freight moved by car floats.
* A large number of isolated BC [[pulp mill]]s had [[Chemical substance|chemicals]] and freight moved by car floats.
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=== Alaska ===
=== Alaska ===


The [[Alaska Railroad]] provides the [[Alaska Rail Marine]] rail barge service from downtown [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] to [[Whittier, Alaska|Whittier]] on the central [[Alaska]]n mainland.<ref>[http://www.alaskarailroad.com/corporate/Corporate/FreightServices/AlaskaRailMarine/tabid/394/Default.aspx Alaska Rail Marine] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221081655/http://www.alaskarailroad.com/corporate/Corporate/FreightServices/AlaskaRailMarine/tabid/394/Default.aspx |date=December 21, 2013 }}</ref> Additionally, [[CN Rail]] provides the [[Aquatrain]] rail barge service from [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia|Prince Rupert]], [[British Columbia]] to Whittier.<ref>[http://www.cn.ca/en/shipping-north-america-alaska-aquatrain-cnworldwide.htm Aqua train]</ref>
The [[Alaska Railroad]] provides the [[Alaska Rail Marine]] rail barge service from downtown Seattle to [[Whittier, Alaska|Whittier]] on the central [[Alaska]]n mainland.<ref>[http://www.alaskarailroad.com/corporate/Corporate/FreightServices/AlaskaRailMarine/tabid/394/Default.aspx Alaska Rail Marine] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221081655/http://www.alaskarailroad.com/corporate/Corporate/FreightServices/AlaskaRailMarine/tabid/394/Default.aspx |date=December 21, 2013 }}</ref> Additionally, CN Rail provides the ''[[Aquatrain]]'' rail barge service from [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia]] to Whittier.<ref>[http://www.cn.ca/en/shipping-north-america-alaska-aquatrain-cnworldwide.htm Aqua train]</ref>


=== New York / New Jersey ===
=== New York / New Jersey ===


[[Image:Bay Ridge Float Dock jeh.JPG|thumb|The car float docks at [[Bay Ridge]], [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]].]]
[[Image:Bay Ridge Float Dock jeh.JPG|thumb|The car float docks at [[Bay Ridge]], [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]].]]
The only remaining car float service in operation in the [[Port of New York and New Jersey]] is operated by [[New York New Jersey Rail]]. This company, operated by the bi-state government agency [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]] is the successor to the New York Cross Harbor Railroad. Car float service operates between 65th Street / Bay Ridge Yard in [[Brooklyn, New York]] and [[Greenville Yard]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nynjr.com/route-map/|title=Route Map|website=New York New Jersey Rail, LLC|accessdate=2017-06-03}}</ref>
The only remaining car float service in operation in the [[Port of New York and New Jersey]] is operated by [[New York New Jersey Rail]]. This company, operated by the bi-state government agency [[Port Authority of New York & New Jersey]] is the successor to the New York Cross Harbor Railroad. Car float service operates between 65th Street / Bay Ridge Yard in [[Brooklyn]] and [[Greenville Yard]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nynjr.com/route-map/|title=Route Map|website=New York New Jersey Rail, LLC|accessdate=2017-06-03}}</ref>


=== Canada ===
=== Canada ===


* [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia|Prince Rupert]] – [[Whittier, Alaska|Whittier]] ([[Aquatrain]])
* [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia]] – [[Whittier, Alaska]] (''[[Aquatrain]]'')
* [[Delta, British Columbia|Delta]] – [[Nanaimo]], [[British Columbia]] ([[E and N Railway]])
* [[Delta, British Columbia]] – [[Nanaimo]] ([[E and N Railway]])
* [[Matane]], [[Quebec]] – [[Baie-Comeau]], [[Quebec]] ([[Compagnie de gestion de Matane|COGEMA]]) <ref>Trains (Magazine) February 2009 p9</ref>
* [[Matane]] – [[Baie-Comeau]] ([[Compagnie de gestion de Matane|COGEMA]]) <ref>Trains (Magazine) February 2009 p9</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 00:51, 15 July 2020

A railroad car float in the Upper New York Bay, 1919. A tugboat (towboat) stack is visible behind the middle car.
1912 PRR map showing the Greenville Terminal and its car float operations, also the current crossing

A railroad car float or rail barge is an unpowered barge with rail tracks mounted on its deck. It is used to move railroad cars across water obstacles, or to locations they could not otherwise go, and is towed by a tugboat or pushed by a towboat. As such, the car float is a specialised form of the lighter,[1] as opposed to a train ferry, which is self-powered.

Historical operations

U.S. East Coast

During the Civil War, Herman Haupt used huge barges fitted with tracks to enable military trains to cross the Rappahannock River in support of the Army of the Potomac.[2]

Beginning in the 1870s, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) operated a car float across the Potomac River, just south of Washington, D.C., between Shepherds Landing on the east shore, and Alexandria, Virginia on the west. The ferry operation ended in 1906.[3] The B&O operated a car float across the Baltimore Inner Harbor until the mid-1890s. It connected trains from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C. and points to the west. The operation ended after the opening of the Baltimore Belt Line in 1895.[3]

The Port of New York and New Jersey had many car float operations, which lost ground to the post-World War II expansion of trucking, but held out until and the rise of containerization in the 1970s.[4]

These car floats operated between the Class 1 railroads termini on the west bank of Hudson River in Hudson County, New Jersey and the numerous online and offline terminals located in Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, the Bronx, and Manhattan.[5][6] Class 1 railroads in the New York Harbor area providing car float services were:

As well as the offline terminal railroads:

Car float service was also provided to many pier stations and waterfront warehouse facilities (that did not engage in car floating service personally) by the above-mentioned railroads.

At their peak, the railroads had 3,400 employees operating small fleets totalling 323 car floats, plus 1,094 other barges, towed by 150 tugboats between New Jersey and New York City.

Abandoned float bridges are preserved as part of this history at:

Several other abandoned but unrestored float bridges exist in other locations around New York Harbor. A complete list is available at Surviving Float Bridges of New York Harbor

Freight cars do not run in the East River Tunnels nor the North River Tunnels (under the Hudson River), in part due to inadequate tunnel clearances of the New York Tunnel Extension.

The Bay Coast Railroad formerly operated a 2-barge car float connecting Virginia's Eastern Shore with the city of Norfolk, Virginia across the Chesapeake Bay.

U.S. Midwest

An Erie tugboat and barge on the Chicago River in 1917

Between 1912–1936, the Erie Railroad operated a car float service on the Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois.[34]

U.S. West Coast

Canada

Woodfibre, British Columbia

Existing operations

Alaska

The Alaska Railroad provides the Alaska Rail Marine rail barge service from downtown Seattle to Whittier on the central Alaskan mainland.[36] Additionally, CN Rail provides the Aquatrain rail barge service from Prince Rupert, British Columbia to Whittier.[37]

New York / New Jersey

The car float docks at Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York.

The only remaining car float service in operation in the Port of New York and New Jersey is operated by New York New Jersey Rail. This company, operated by the bi-state government agency Port Authority of New York & New Jersey is the successor to the New York Cross Harbor Railroad. Car float service operates between 65th Street / Bay Ridge Yard in Brooklyn and Greenville Yard in Jersey City, New Jersey.[38]

Canada

See also

References

  1. ^ Lederer, Eugene H. (1945). Port Terminal Operation: Port Terminal Management, Stevedoring, Stowage, Lighterage and Harbor Boats. New York, NY: Cornell Maritime Press. pp. 291–292.
  2. ^ Wolmar, Christian (2012). Engines of War. London: Atlantic Books. p. 49. ISBN 9781848871731.
  3. ^ a b Harwood, Jr., Herbert H. (1979). Impossible Challenge: The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in Maryland. Baltimore, MD: Barnard, Roberts. ISBN 0-934118-17-5.
  4. ^ Cudahy, Brian J. (2006). Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World. New York, NY: Fordham University Press. pp. 45–47. ISBN 0-8232-2568-2.
  5. ^ Flagg, Thomas R. (2000). New York Harbor Railroads in Color, Volume 1. Scotch Plains, NJ: Morning Sun Books. ISBN 1-58248-082-6.
  6. ^ Flagg, Thomas R. (2002). New York Harbor Railroads in Color, Volume 2. Scotch Plains, NJ: Morning Sun Books. ISBN 1-58248-048-6.
  7. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 16–23.
  8. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 26–29.
  9. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 24–33.
  10. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 38–39.
  11. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 34–45.
  12. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 40–51.
  13. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 46–55.
  14. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 52–57.
  15. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 56–61.
  16. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 58–63.
  17. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 62–65.
  18. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 64–67.
  19. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 66–83.
  20. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 68–93.
  21. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 84–91.
  22. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 94–97.
  23. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 92–101.
  24. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 98–109.
  25. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 30–37.
  26. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 110–116.
  27. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 118–125.
  28. ^ Flagg, 2002, pp. 120–127.
  29. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 126–127.
  30. ^ Flagg, 2002, p. 118.
  31. ^ Flagg, 2000, pp. 110–117.
  32. ^ Flagg, 2002, p. 119.
  33. ^ a b Flagg, 2002, p. 117.
  34. ^ Sennstrom, Bernard H. (1992). "Erie Railroad's Chicago River Service". The Diamond. 7 (1): 4–10.
  35. ^ The Pere Marquette Marine Fleet, Pere Marquette Historical Society, 10-MAY-2011, accessed July 16, 2012
  36. ^ Alaska Rail Marine Archived December 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ Aqua train
  38. ^ "Route Map". New York New Jersey Rail, LLC. Retrieved 2017-06-03.
  39. ^ Trains (Magazine) February 2009 p9