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{{Short description|Italian prelate of the Catholic Church}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
{{Infobox Christian leader
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| name = Carlo Caffarra
| name = Carlo Caffarra
| honorific-suffix =
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], Archbishop emeritus of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bologna|Bologna]]
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bologna|Bologna]]
| image = Carlo Caffarra.jpg
| image = Carlo Caffarra.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
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| birth_name = Carlo Caffarra
| birth_name = Carlo Caffarra
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|6|1|df=yes}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|6|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Busseto]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
| birth_place = [[Busseto|Samboseto di Busseto]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|9|6|1938|6|1|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|9|6|1938|6|1|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bologna]], [[Italy]]
| death_place = [[Bologna]], [[Italy]]
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| residence =
| residence =
| parents =
| parents =
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ferrara-Comacchio|Archbishop of Ferrara-Comacchio]] (1995–2003)}}
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ferrara-Comacchio|Archbishop of Ferrara-Comacchio]] (1995–2003)|President of the [[Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family]] (1981–1995)}}
| alma_mater =
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}}
'''Carlo Caffarra''' (1 June 1938 – 6 September 2017) was an Italian [[cardinal (catholicism)|cardinal]] and Roman Catholic Archbishop of [[Archdiocese of Bologna|Bologna]]. He was educated at the Episcopal Seminary of Fidenza and the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in Rome, graduating with a doctorate in [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon law]] and has a diploma of specialization in moral [[theology]]. He was created [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] in the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of 24 March 2006 by Pope [[Benedict XVI]].

{{Infobox cardinalstyles |
{{Infobox cardinalstyles |
cardinal name=Carlo Caffarra |
cardinal name=Carlo Caffarra |
dipstyle=[[His Eminence]] |
dipstyle=[[His Eminence]] |
offstyle=Your Eminence |
offstyle=Your Eminence |
See=Bologna (emeritus) |
See=Bologna |
image = Coat of arms of Carlo Caffarra.svg |
image = Coat of arms of Carlo Caffarra.svg |
image_size = 200px |}}
image_size = 200px |}}
'''Carlo Caffarra''' (1 June 1938 – 6 September 2017) was an [[Catholic Church in Italy|Italian Catholic]] prelate who served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bologna|Archbishop of Bologna]] from 2003 until 2015,. His previous positions included President of the [[Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family]] from 1981 to 1995 and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ferrara-Comacchio|Archbishop of Ferrara-Comacchio]] from 1995 to 2003. He was created a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] on 24 March 2006 by [[Pope Benedict XVI]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Caffarra was born on 1 June 1938 in [[Busseto|Samboseto di Busseto]] ([[province of Parma]]), [[Emilia Romagna]]. He was educated at the Episcopal Seminary of Fidenza and the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in Rome, where he completed a doctorate in [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon law]].<ref name=stampaobit>{{cite news|last1=Agasso Jr.|first1=Domenico|title=È morto Caffarra. Dichiarò: "Io contro il Papa? Preferirei si dicesse che ho un'amante"|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2017/09/06/vaticaninsider/ita/vaticano/morto-caffarra-arcivescovo-di-bologna-per-anni-hnEoHxfC12tEbVFoNznenN/pagina.html|accessdate=7 September 2017|work=La Stampa|date=6 September 2017}}</ref> He was ordained a priest on 2 July 1961 in Rome.<ref name=ncrobit>{{cite news| last1=Arocho Esteves|first1=Junno|title=Cardinal Caffarra, outspoken defender of marriage, family, dead at 79| url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/cardinal-caffarra-outspoken-defender-marriage-family-dead-79 |accessdate=7 September 2017| work=National Catholic Reporter|agency=Catholic News Service|date=6 September 2017}}</ref>
Caffarra was born in [[Busseto|Samboseto di Busseto]] ([[province of Parma]]), [[Emilia Romagna]].


He was ordained priest on 2 July 1961 in Rome. He then returned to his Diocese of [[Fidenza]] in 1965, where he taught moral theology in the seminaries of Fidenza and Parma; and later, at the ''Studio Teologico Accademico Bolognese''; at the [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore|Università Cattolica]] in Milan; and at the Theological Faculty of Northern Italy, specialising in the moral doctrine of marriage and the bioethics of human procreation.
Beginning in 1965, he taught moral theology in the seminaries of Fidenza and Parma and later at the ''Studio Teologico Accademico Bolognese'', the [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore|Università Cattolica]] in Milan, and at the Theological Faculty of Northern Italy. His academic specialty was the moral doctrine of marriage and the bioethics of human procreation. He also taught medical ethics in the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery at the Università Cattolica's campus in Rome.


He taught medical ethics in the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery at the Università Cattolica's campus in Rome. He was a Member of the [[International Theological Commission]] from 1974–1984; he also held the position of Consultor of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]. He was the President of the [[Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family]] in 1980 and founded sections of the same institute in the [[John Paul II Institute|United States]], Spain and [[Mexico]].
[[Pope Paul VI]] named him a member of the [[International Theological Commission]] where he served from 1974 to 1984.<ref name=ncrobit/> In 1980, [[Pope John Paul II]] named him an expert advisor to the Synod of Bishops on Marriage and the Family.<ref name=stampaobit/> He was the first President of the [[Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family]] from its establishment in 1980<ref name=bologna/> until 1995 and founded sections of the same institute in the [[John Paul II Institute|United States]], Spain and Mexico.<ref name=stampaobit/><ref name=ncrobit/> John Paul II appointed him a consultor to the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] in 1983.<ref name=ncrobit/> He was an advisor to John Paul II on sexual issues.<ref name="use">{{Cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1989/11/14/issue.html | title = Vatican AIDS Meeting Hears O'Connor Assail Condom Use | date = 14 November 1989 | newspaper = The New York Times | accessdate = 8 May 2020 | page = 10}}</ref>


==Episcopate==
==Bishop==
Caffarra was named Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ferrara-Comacchio|Ferrara-Comacchio]] on 8 September 1995, and consecrated on 21 October 1995 in the Cathedral of Fidenza by [[Giacomo Biffi]], Archbishop of Bologna. He was installed on 4 November.<ref name=stampaobit/>


Caffarra was named Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ferrara-Comacchio|Ferrara-Comacchio]] on 8 September 1995, and consecrated on 21 October 1995, in the Cathedral of Fidenza by [[Giacomo Biffi]], Archbishop of [[Bologna]], assisted by [[Giovanni Battista Re]], then an official in the [[Roman Curia]], and Carlo Poggi, Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Fidenza|Fidenza]]. Caffarra was appointed Archbishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bologna|Bologna]] on 16 December 2003, and installed there on 15 February 2004.
Caffarra was appointed Archbishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bologna|Bologna]] on 16 December 2003<ref name=bologna>{{cite news|title=Successor Named Cardinal Biffi in Bologna|url=https://zenit.org/articles/successor-named-cardinal-biffi-in-bologna/|accessdate=7 September 2017|work=Zenit|date=16 December 2003}}</ref> and installed there on 15 February 2004.<ref name=stampaobit/>


Caffarra was a noted opponent of [[contraception]]. In 1988, Caffarra weighed the sin of condom use against acquiring the AIDS virus: "Even the smallest moral wrong is so much greater than any physical wrong. I know this is hard for some to accept when the dangers are great, but the church is here to combat moral wrongs."<ref>{{cite news | accessdate =23 November 2016 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/29/world/vatican-and-the-aids-fight-amid-worry-papal-reticence.html?pagewanted=2 | work = New York Times | title = Vatican and the AIDS Fight: Amid Worry, Papal Reticence | date = 29 January 1988 | first= Roberto | last = Suro}}</ref> The next year, Caffarra argued condom campaigns further exposed society to AIDS because "the means of protection are far from reliable".<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/14/world/vatican-aids-meeting-hears-o-connor-assail-condom-use.html | title= Vatican AIDS Meeting Hears O'Connor Assail Condom Use | accessdate = 23 November 2016 | date = 14 November 1980 | work = New York Times | agency = Associated Press}}</ref>
Caffarra was a noted opponent of [[contraception]]. In 1988, Caffarra weighed the sin of condom use against acquiring the AIDS virus: "Even the smallest moral wrong is so much greater than any physical wrong. I know this is hard for some to accept when the dangers are great, but the Church is here to combat moral wrongs."<ref>{{cite news | accessdate =23 November 2016 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/29/world/vatican-and-the-aids-fight-amid-worry-papal-reticence.html?pagewanted=2 | work = New York Times | title = Vatican and the AIDS Fight: Amid Worry, Papal Reticence | date = 29 January 1988 | first= Roberto | last = Suro}}</ref> The next year, Caffarra argued condom campaigns further exposed society to AIDS because "the means of protection are far from reliable".<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/14/world/vatican-aids-meeting-hears-o-connor-assail-condom-use.html | title= Vatican AIDS Meeting Hears O'Connor Assail Condom Use | accessdate = 23 November 2016 | date = 14 November 1980 | work = New York Times | agency = Associated Press}}</ref>


On 24 August 2005 Caffarra held the central intervention "Freedom as liberation" at the annual [[ Rimini Meeting]] of [[Communion and Liberation]].<ref>
==Cardinalate==
[http://www.caffarra.it/relazione240805.php ''Libertà come liberazione'']</ref> Subsequently, he and [[Marcello Pera]] presented the [[Joseph Ratzinger|Ratzinger]]'s book ''L'Europa di Benedetto nella crisi delle culture''.<ref>[http://www.caffarra.it/presentazione160106.php ''Presentation of the book "L'Europa di Benedetto nella crisi delle culture"'']</ref>
Caffarra was created cardinal by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of 24 March 2006, becoming the [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[San Giovanni dei Fiorentini|S. Ioannis Baptistae Florentinorum]]. On 6 May 2006 Pope Benedict XVI appointed him a member of the executive committee of the [[Pontifical Council for the Family]] .<ref>[http://www.zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=88640 'New Cardinals Get Curial Assignments'] Zenit News Service, 7 May 2006</ref>


==Cardinal==
⚫
In a note Caffarra published on 14 February 2010, he wrote "public officials who openly support same-sex marriage cannot consider themselves to be Catholic". He said: "It is impossible for the Catholic faith and support for putting homosexual unions on equal footing with marriage to coexist in one's conscience – the two contradict each other."<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2010/politicians-who-support-gay-marriage-are-not-catholic-says-cardinal.cfm | accessdate = 7 September 2017 | date = 16 February 2010 | first = Carol | last = Glatz | agency = Catholic News Service | title = Politicians who support gay marriage are not Catholic, says cardinal}}</ref>
In the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of 24 March 2006, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] named Caffarra [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[San Giovanni dei Fiorentini]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Roman Churches Assigned to New Cardinals|url=https://zenit.org/articles/roman-churches-assigned-to-new-cardinals/|accessdate=7 September 2017|work=Zenit|date=24 March 2006|archive-date=7 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907213124/https://zenit.org/articles/roman-churches-assigned-to-new-cardinals/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 7 May 2006 he was made a member of the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]] and the Executive Committee of the [[Pontifical Council for the Family]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New Cardinals Get Curial Assignments|url=https://zenit.org/articles/new-cardinals-get-curial-assignments/|accessdate=7 September 2017|work=Zenit|date=7 May 2006|archive-date=7 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907213736/https://zenit.org/articles/new-cardinals-get-curial-assignments/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was identified at the time as "a strong conservative" voice for the opposition of the Catholic Church to the modern world<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allen Jr.|first1=John L.|title=Tettamanzi and the challenge of being Catholic on the left|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/tettamanzi-and-challenge-being-catholic-left|accessdate=7 September 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter| date=21 October 2006}}</ref> and one of Benedict XVI's less centrist appointments to the [[College of Cardinals]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allen Jr.|first1=John L.|title=Papal appointments have been moderates and pastors|url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/all-things-catholic/papal-appointments-have-been-moderates-and-pastors|accessdate=7 September 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=3 November 2006}}</ref>


⚫
In a note Caffarra published on 14 February 2010, he wrote "public officials who openly support same-sex marriage cannot consider themselves to be Catholic". He said: "It is impossible for the Catholic faith and support for putting homosexual unions on equal footing with marriage to coexist in one's conscience – the two contradict each other."<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2010/politicians-who-support-gay-marriage-are-not-catholic-says-cardinal.cfm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170206170635/http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2010/politicians-who-support-gay-marriage-are-not-catholic-says-cardinal.cfm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 6 February 2017 | accessdate = 7 September 2017 | date = 16 February 2010 | first = Carol | last = Glatz | agency = Catholic News Service | title = Politicians who support gay marriage are not Catholic, says cardinal}}</ref>
⚫
He participated as a [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2013|cardinal elector]] in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 papal conclave]] which selected [[Pope Francis]].


⚫
He participated as a [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 2013|cardinal elector]] in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 papal conclave]] that elected [[Pope Francis]].<ref>{{cite news| work=Zenit| accessdate=8 September 2017| date= 12 March 2013| title= List of Cardinal Electors | url= https://zenit.org/articles/list-of-cardinal-electors/}}</ref>
In September 2015, Pope Francis appointed Cardinal Caffarra to a five-year term as a member of the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2015/09/26/0722/01562.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=26 September 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927175450/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2015/09/26/0722/01562.html |archivedate=27 September 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=IE8Activity&a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fit%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2015%2F09%2F26%2F0722%2F01562.html</ref> His resignation as archbishop was accepted on 27 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news | accessdate = 27 October 2015 | date= 27 October 2014 | work = Crux | url= http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2015/10/27/francis-pastoral-revolution-rolls-on-with-two-big-picks-in-italy/ | title = Francis’ Pastoral Revolution rolls on with two big picks in Italy | first = John | last = Allen Jr. }}</ref>


Pope Francis named him to participate in the Synod on the Family in October 2014, in advance of which Caffarra authored an essay that argued that Catholics who divorce and remarry must be denied access to the Eucharist because their situation "is in objective contradiction with that bond of love that unites Christ and the Church, which is signified and actualized by the Eucharist". Allowing them access would mean the Church recognize their extramarital sexual relations as legitimate and contradict Church doctrine on the indissolubility of marriage.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rocca|first1=Francis X.|title=Doctrinal wars? Both sides fire over Communion for divorced, remarried|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/doctrinal-wars-both-sides-fire-over-communion-divorced-remarried| accessdate=7 September 2017|work=National Catholic Reporter|date=18 September 2014}}</ref> When accused of opposing Pope Francis with that essay, he called the statement a "slander" and said he would rather be charged with taking a lover than harboring views not shared by the pope.<ref name=stampaobit/>
===''Amoris laetitia''===
Caffarra, along with three other cardinals, issued a request to Pope Francis, entitled "Seeking Clarity: A Plea to Untie the Knots in ''Amoris laetitia''", seeking clarification on various points of doctrine in the Pope's apostolic exhortation, ''[[Amoris laetitia]]''. The cardinals had previously submitted ''dubia'' in private, but since he did not respond to these, the cardinals followed instructions in the Gospel of Matthew<ref>http://wdtprs.com/blog/2016/11/bombshell-the-four-cardinals-letter-to-pope-francis-seeking-clarity/</ref> and issued this public letter. The first ''dubium'' is regarding reception of the sacraments by the divorced and remarried. The other four ask about fundamental issues of the Christian life and reference [[Pope John Paul II]]'s encyclical ''[[Veritatis splendor]]''.<ref>http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/four-cardinals-formally-ask-pope-for-clarity-on-amoris-laetitia</ref>


On 26 September 2015, Pope Francis appointed Caffarra to a five-year term as a member of the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]].<ref>{{cite news| work=Zenit | accessdate=8 September 2017| date= 26 September 2015 | title= Cardinals Caffarra, Burke Named to Congregation for Saints' Causes | url = https://zenit.org/articles/cardinals-caffarra-burke-named-to-congregation-for-saints-causes/}}</ref>
In June 2017, after seven months of not receiving a response from Pope Francis to their request the pope clarify highly disputed parts in his apostolic exhortation ''Amoris laetitia'' (The Joy of Love), the four cardinals asked the Holy Father for an audience in April 2018. In an 25 April 2017, letter hand-delivered to the Holy Father on 6 May 2017, Cardinals Caffarra, [[Walter Brandmüller]], [[Raymond Leo Burke|Raymond Burke]] and [[Joachim Meisner]] wrote to Francis asking for the audience, having not yet received a reply to the dubia they sent him in September 2016.<ref>[http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/dubia-cardinals-seek-papal-audience]</ref> Meisner died in his sleep in July 2017.


His resignation as archbishop was accepted on 27 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news | accessdate = 27 October 2015 | date = 27 October 2014 | work = CRUX | url = http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2015/10/27/francis-pastoral-revolution-rolls-on-with-two-big-picks-in-italy/ | title = Francis' Pastoral Revolution rolls on with two big picks in Italy | first = John | last = Allen Jr. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233232/https://cruxnow.com/church/2015/10/27/francis-pastoral-revolution-rolls-on-with-two-big-picks-in-italy/ | archive-date = 9 September 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Caffarra died on 6 September 2017.<ref>{{cite news | work = Catholic Herald | date = 6 September 2017 | accessdate = 6 September 2017 | url = http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2017/09/06/cardinal-caffarra-one-of-the-dubia-cardinals-has-died-aged-79/ | title = Cardinal Caffarra, one of the ‘dubia’ cardinals, has died aged 79 }}</ref>

In September 2016, Caffarra and three other cardinals publicly asked Pope Francis to clarify five points of doctrine in the Pope's apostolic exhortation, ''[[Amoris laetitia]]''. They issued this public letter after the Pope did not reply to the same query made privately.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/four-cardinals-formally-ask-pope-for-clarity-on-amoris-laetitia |work=National Catholic Register| accessdate=7 September 2017| first=Edward | last=Pentin | date= 14 November 2016 | title=Four Cardinals Formally Ask Pope for Clarity on 'Amoris Laetitia'}}</ref> In June 2017, Caffarra wrote on behalf of the four asking Francis for an audience to discuss their questions.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/dubia-cardinals-seek-papal-audience |title=Dubia Cardinals Seek Papal Audience | date= 19 June 2017| accessdate=7 September 2017|work=National Catholic Register| first=Edward | last=Pentin}}</ref> He said that varying interpretations were producing inconsistency: "What is sin in Poland is good in Germany, that what is prohibited in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia is permitted in Malta."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pentin| first1=Edward| title=Full Text of Dubia Cardinals' Letter Asking Pope for an Audience|url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/full-text-of-dubia-cardinals-letter-asking-pope-for-an-audience|accessdate=7 September 2017|work=National Catholic Register|date=19 June 2017}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060827031748/http://catholic-pages.com/hierarchy/cardinals_bio.asp?ref=242 Carlo Caffarra] at the Catholic Pages
*[http://www.caffarra.it/index_eng.php unofficial collection of Cardinal Caffarra's speeches]
*[http://www.caffarra.it/index_eng.php unofficial collection of Cardinal Caffarra's speeches]
{{s-start}}
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{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family|President of the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family]]|years=1981 – 1995}}
{{S-aft|after = [[Angelo Scola]]}}
{{s-bef|before=(Bishop) [[Luigi Maverna]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ferrara-Comacchio|Archbishop of Ferrara-Comacchio]]|years=8 September 1995 – 16 December 2003}}
{{S-aft|after = [[Paolo Rabitti]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Giacomo Biffi]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Giacomo Biffi]]}}

{{s-ttl|title=[[Archdiocese of Bologna|Archbishop of Bologna]]|years=16 December 2003 – 27 October 2015}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Archdiocese of Bologna|Archbishop of Bologna]]|years=16 December 2003 – 27 October 2015}}
{{S-aft|after = [[Matteo Zuppi]]}}
{{S-aft|after = [[Matteo Zuppi]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
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[[Category:Italian cardinals]]
[[Category:21st-century Italian cardinals]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:21st-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops]]
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[[Category:Pontifical Council for the Family]]
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Revision as of 17:58, 20 June 2024

His Eminence

Carlo Caffarra
Cardinal, Archbishop of Bologna
Cardinal Carlo Caffarra in 2012.
ProvinceBologna
SeeBologna
Appointed16 December 2003
Installed15 February 2004
Term ended27 October 2015
PredecessorGiacomo Biffi
SuccessorMatteo Zuppi
Other post(s)Cardinal-Priest of S. Giovanni Battista dei Fiorentini
Previous post(s)
Orders
Ordination2 July 1961
by Guglielmo Bosetti
Consecration21 October 1995
by Giacomo Biffi
Created cardinal24 March 2006
by Pope Benedict XVI
RankCardinal-Priest
Personal details
Born
Carlo Caffarra

(1938-06-01)1 June 1938
Samboseto di Busseto, Italy
Died6 September 2017(2017-09-06) (aged 79)
Bologna, Italy
NationalityItalian
DenominationRoman Catholic
Coat of armsCarlo Caffarra's coat of arms
Styles of
Carlo Caffarra
Reference styleHis Eminence
Spoken styleYour Eminence
Informal styleCardinal
SeeBologna

Carlo Caffarra (1 June 1938 – 6 September 2017) was an Italian Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Bologna from 2003 until 2015,. His previous positions included President of the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family from 1981 to 1995 and Archbishop of Ferrara-Comacchio from 1995 to 2003. He was created a cardinal on 24 March 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI.

Early life

Caffarra was born on 1 June 1938 in Samboseto di Busseto (province of Parma), Emilia Romagna. He was educated at the Episcopal Seminary of Fidenza and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he completed a doctorate in Canon law.[1] He was ordained a priest on 2 July 1961 in Rome.[2]

Beginning in 1965, he taught moral theology in the seminaries of Fidenza and Parma and later at the Studio Teologico Accademico Bolognese, the Università Cattolica in Milan, and at the Theological Faculty of Northern Italy. His academic specialty was the moral doctrine of marriage and the bioethics of human procreation. He also taught medical ethics in the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery at the Università Cattolica's campus in Rome.

Pope Paul VI named him a member of the International Theological Commission where he served from 1974 to 1984.[2] In 1980, Pope John Paul II named him an expert advisor to the Synod of Bishops on Marriage and the Family.[1] He was the first President of the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family from its establishment in 1980[3] until 1995 and founded sections of the same institute in the United States, Spain and Mexico.[1][2] John Paul II appointed him a consultor to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in 1983.[2] He was an advisor to John Paul II on sexual issues.[4]

Bishop

Caffarra was named Archbishop of Ferrara-Comacchio on 8 September 1995, and consecrated on 21 October 1995 in the Cathedral of Fidenza by Giacomo Biffi, Archbishop of Bologna. He was installed on 4 November.[1]

Caffarra was appointed Archbishop of the Bologna on 16 December 2003[3] and installed there on 15 February 2004.[1]

Caffarra was a noted opponent of contraception. In 1988, Caffarra weighed the sin of condom use against acquiring the AIDS virus: "Even the smallest moral wrong is so much greater than any physical wrong. I know this is hard for some to accept when the dangers are great, but the Church is here to combat moral wrongs."[5] The next year, Caffarra argued condom campaigns further exposed society to AIDS because "the means of protection are far from reliable".[6]

On 24 August 2005 Caffarra held the central intervention "Freedom as liberation" at the annual Rimini Meeting of Communion and Liberation.[7] Subsequently, he and Marcello Pera presented the Ratzinger's book L'Europa di Benedetto nella crisi delle culture.[8]

Cardinal

In the consistory of 24 March 2006, Pope Benedict XVI named Caffarra Cardinal-Priest of San Giovanni dei Fiorentini.[9] On 7 May 2006 he was made a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and the Executive Committee of the Pontifical Council for the Family.[10] He was identified at the time as "a strong conservative" voice for the opposition of the Catholic Church to the modern world[11] and one of Benedict XVI's less centrist appointments to the College of Cardinals.[12]

In a note Caffarra published on 14 February 2010, he wrote "public officials who openly support same-sex marriage cannot consider themselves to be Catholic". He said: "It is impossible for the Catholic faith and support for putting homosexual unions on equal footing with marriage to coexist in one's conscience – the two contradict each other."[13]

He participated as a cardinal elector in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.[14]

Pope Francis named him to participate in the Synod on the Family in October 2014, in advance of which Caffarra authored an essay that argued that Catholics who divorce and remarry must be denied access to the Eucharist because their situation "is in objective contradiction with that bond of love that unites Christ and the Church, which is signified and actualized by the Eucharist". Allowing them access would mean the Church recognize their extramarital sexual relations as legitimate and contradict Church doctrine on the indissolubility of marriage.[15] When accused of opposing Pope Francis with that essay, he called the statement a "slander" and said he would rather be charged with taking a lover than harboring views not shared by the pope.[1]

On 26 September 2015, Pope Francis appointed Caffarra to a five-year term as a member of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.[16]

His resignation as archbishop was accepted on 27 October 2015.[17]

In September 2016, Caffarra and three other cardinals publicly asked Pope Francis to clarify five points of doctrine in the Pope's apostolic exhortation, Amoris laetitia. They issued this public letter after the Pope did not reply to the same query made privately.[18] In June 2017, Caffarra wrote on behalf of the four asking Francis for an audience to discuss their questions.[19] He said that varying interpretations were producing inconsistency: "What is sin in Poland is good in Germany, that what is prohibited in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia is permitted in Malta."[20]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Agasso Jr., Domenico (6 September 2017). "È morto Caffarra. Dichiarò: "Io contro il Papa? Preferirei si dicesse che ho un'amante"". La Stampa. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d Arocho Esteves, Junno (6 September 2017). "Cardinal Caffarra, outspoken defender of marriage, family, dead at 79". National Catholic Reporter. Catholic News Service. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Successor Named Cardinal Biffi in Bologna". Zenit. 16 December 2003. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  4. ^ "Vatican AIDS Meeting Hears O'Connor Assail Condom Use". The New York Times. 14 November 1989. p. 10. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  5. ^ Suro, Roberto (29 January 1988). "Vatican and the AIDS Fight: Amid Worry, Papal Reticence". New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  6. ^ "Vatican AIDS Meeting Hears O'Connor Assail Condom Use". New York Times. Associated Press. 14 November 1980. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  7. ^ Libertà come liberazione
  8. ^ Presentation of the book "L'Europa di Benedetto nella crisi delle culture"
  9. ^ "Roman Churches Assigned to New Cardinals". Zenit. 24 March 2006. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  10. ^ "New Cardinals Get Curial Assignments". Zenit. 7 May 2006. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  11. ^ Allen Jr., John L. (21 October 2006). "Tettamanzi and the challenge of being Catholic on the left". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  12. ^ Allen Jr., John L. (3 November 2006). "Papal appointments have been moderates and pastors". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  13. ^ Glatz, Carol (16 February 2010). "Politicians who support gay marriage are not Catholic, says cardinal". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  14. ^ "List of Cardinal Electors". Zenit. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  15. ^ Rocca, Francis X. (18 September 2014). "Doctrinal wars? Both sides fire over Communion for divorced, remarried". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  16. ^ "Cardinals Caffarra, Burke Named to Congregation for Saints' Causes". Zenit. 26 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  17. ^ Allen Jr., John (27 October 2014). "Francis' Pastoral Revolution rolls on with two big picks in Italy". CRUX. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  18. ^ Pentin, Edward (14 November 2016). "Four Cardinals Formally Ask Pope for Clarity on 'Amoris Laetitia'". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  19. ^ Pentin, Edward (19 June 2017). "Dubia Cardinals Seek Papal Audience". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  20. ^ Pentin, Edward (19 June 2017). "Full Text of Dubia Cardinals' Letter Asking Pope for an Audience". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Catholic Church titles
New title President of the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family
1981 – 1995 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
(Bishop) Luigi Maverna
 Archbishop of Ferrara-Comacchio
8 September 1995 – 16 December 2003 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Archbishop of Bologna
16 December 2003 – 27 October 2015 		Succeeded by
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