Charles Rudd: Difference between revisions

Charles D. Rudd
Charles D. Rudd
	Portrait photo of Rudd by an unknown photographer From the National Archives of Zimbabwe
Born	22 October 1844; Hanworth Hall, Norfolk
Died	16 November 1916 (aged 72) ; London
Resting place	Acharacle, Argyll
Known for	Rudd Concession; business associate of Cecil Rhodes

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Charles Dunell Rudd (22 October 1844 – 15 November 1916) was the main business associate of Cecil Rhodes.

Early life

He was born at Hamworth Hall, Norfolk, the son of Henry Rudd (1809–1884) and his first wife Mary Stanbridge.^[1]^[2]^: 32 His family had been in the shipbuilding and paint businesses.

Rudd studied at Harrow School (1857–1862)^[2]^: 32 and then entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1863,^[3] where he excelled in playing rackets. He left for Cape Colony in 1865 before completing his degree, according to himself under medical advice.^[1] There he hunted with the likes of John Dunn and endeavored in various business enterprises. In the early 1870s, he worked for his brother Thomas' (1831–1902) Port Elizabeth-based trading firm.

Partnership with Cecil Rhodes

In 1872/3 Rudd and Rhodes became friends and partners, working diamond claims in Kimberley, dealing in diamonds and operating pumping and ice-making machinery, amongst many other odds and ends.^[1] Between 1873 and 1881, while Rhodes intermittently attended college in England, Rudd managed their interests.^[1] By 1880 they had become rich and, with others, formed the De Beers Mining Company. Rudd was one of the directors and also held large interests in the main machinery supplier for the mining fields.^{[citation needed]}

The Rudd Concession

In 1887 Rudd's interests had shifted to gold, the previous year discovered at the Witwatersrand. With Rhodes and him as directors, and his brother Thomas as chairman, they registered Gold Fields of South Africa Ltd in early 1887. The company was structured to enormously favor Rudd and Rhodes, with its London board unaware of most of their activities in southern Africa. On 30 October 1888 Rudd secured an agreement to the mineral rights of Matabeleland and Mashonaland from Lobengula, the King of Matabeleland.^[4] The agreement became known as the Rudd Concession.^[5] Matabeleland and Mashonaland form the bulk of what is now known as Zimbabwe.

Rhodes and Rudd had duped the British government and the investing public into believing that the concession was vested in the public company and made millions of pounds when the British South Africa Company bought the concession. Rudd had disagreements with Rhodes, in 1895 proclaiming that he would no longer work with Rhodes, and perhaps was unaware of the Gold Fields' conspiracy which culminated in the disastrous Jameson raid. Still, Rudd remained a friend of Rhodes and a director of Gold Fields until 1902, after which he retired to Scotland, "enjoying the life of an Edwardian plutocrat". In 1896, he bought the Ardnamurchan estate in Argyll, where he built two "houses", one of which, Glenborrodale Castle, was just for his guests. He died in 1916 after an unsuccessful prostate operation in a nursing home in London.^[1]

Rudd took an interest in natural history, collected specimens and sponsored a collection exploration (the "Rudd exploration") of the south African region by Captain Claude H. B. Grant who named two birds after his sponsor, Rudd’s Lark and Rudd’s Apalis.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Family

In the late 1860s in South Africa, Rudd married his first wife, Frances Georgina "Fanny" Leighton Chiappini (born 1846).^[1] Her great aunt was Maria Stella, Lady Newborough who claimed that she was not a member of the Chiappini family but had been exchanged at birth for a boy who became King Louis Philippe. Rudd and Fanny had a daughter, Evelyn, and three sons: Henry Percy, known as Percy; Franklyn Martin; and Charles John Lockhart, known as Jack. Percy's son, Bevil Rudd was an Olympic champion 400-meter runner.^[13] Frances died in 1896 of influenza or tuberculosis, and in 1898 Rudd married 24-year-old Corrie Maria Wallace, the daughter of his partner in the machinery company in Kimberley, with whom he had three more children.^[1]

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Mary Amelia Rudd, Records of the Rudd Family, J.W. Arrowsmith Ltd., Bristol, 1920, pp. 218-220. Details of this 2-page bio were provided by Charles Rudd himself.
^ ^a ^b Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (1986). The Randlords. Internet Archive. New York : Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-689-11795-4.
^ "Rudd, Charles Dunell (RT863CD)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ Mlambo 2014, p. 39.
^ Truschel 2013, p. 1294–.
^ Thomas, Oldfield; Wroughton, R. C. (1908). "The Rudd Exploration of S. Africa.—X. List of Mammals collected by Mr. Grant near Tette, Zambesia". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 78 (3): 535–553. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1908.tb07390.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
^ Thomas, Oldfield; Wroughton, R. C. (September 1908). "The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—IX. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant on the Gorongoza Mountains, Portuguese S.E. Africa". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 78 (2): 161–173. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1908.tb01842.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
^ Thomas, Oldfield; Wroughton, R. C. (May 1907). "The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.‐VIII. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Beira". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 77 (4): 774–782. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06954.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
^ Thomas, Oldfield; Wroughton, R. C. (August 1907). "3. The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—VII. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Coguno, Inhambane". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 77 (2): 285–306. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01819.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
^ Thomas, Oldfield; Schwann, Harold (4 January 1906). "The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—IV.* List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Knysna". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 76 (1–2): 159–168. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1906.tb08427.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
^ Thomas, Oldfield; Sohwann, Harold (June 1905). "3. The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—II. List of Mammals from the Wakkerstroom District, South‐Eastern Transvaal". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 75 (1): 129–138. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1905.tb08370.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
^ Boulenger, G. A. (October 1905). "4. On a Collection of Batrachians and Reptiles made in South Africa by Mr. C. H. B. Grant, and presented to the British Museum by Mr. C. D. Rudd". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 75 (3): 248–255. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1905.tb08391.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
^ Records of the Rudd Family, page 213: Rudd of Hartley, Westmorland family tree.

Sources

"Rudd, Charles Dunell (1844–1916)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65577. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Rudd Concession – via Wikisource.
Mlambo, Alois S. (2014). A History of Zimbabwe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02170-9.
Truschel, Louis W. (2013). Kevin Shillington (ed.). Encyclopedia of African History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2.

[rrf-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Mary Amelia Rudd, Records of the Rudd Family, J.W. Arrowsmith Ltd., Bristol, 1920, pp. 218-220. Details of this 2-page bio were provided by Charles Rudd himself.

[Wh01-2] Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (1986). The Randlords. Internet Archive. New York : Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-689-11795-4.

[3] "Rudd, Charles Dunell (RT863CD)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.

[FOOTNOTEMlambo201439-4] Mlambo 2014, p. 39.

[FOOTNOTETruschel20131294–-5] Truschel 2013, p. 1294–.

[6] Thomas, Oldfield; Wroughton, R. C. (1908). "The Rudd Exploration of S. Africa.—X. List of Mammals collected by Mr. Grant near Tette, Zambesia". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 78 (3): 535–553. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1908.tb07390.x. ISSN 0370-2774.

[7] Thomas, Oldfield; Wroughton, R. C. (September 1908). "The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—IX. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant on the Gorongoza Mountains, Portuguese S.E. Africa". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 78 (2): 161–173. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1908.tb01842.x. ISSN 0370-2774.

[8] Thomas, Oldfield; Wroughton, R. C. (May 1907). "The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.‐VIII. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Beira". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 77 (4): 774–782. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06954.x. ISSN 0370-2774.

[9] Thomas, Oldfield; Wroughton, R. C. (August 1907). "3. The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—VII. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Coguno, Inhambane". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 77 (2): 285–306. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01819.x. ISSN 0370-2774.

[10] Thomas, Oldfield; Schwann, Harold (4 January 1906). "The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—IV.* List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Knysna". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 76 (1–2): 159–168. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1906.tb08427.x. ISSN 0370-2774.

[11] Thomas, Oldfield; Sohwann, Harold (June 1905). "3. The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—II. List of Mammals from the Wakkerstroom District, South‐Eastern Transvaal". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 75 (1): 129–138. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1905.tb08370.x. ISSN 0370-2774.

[12] Boulenger, G. A. (October 1905). "4. On a Collection of Batrachians and Reptiles made in South Africa by Mr. C. H. B. Grant, and presented to the British Museum by Mr. C. D. Rudd". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 75 (3): 248–255. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1905.tb08391.x. ISSN 0370-2774.

[13] Records of the Rudd Family, page 213: Rudd of Hartley, Westmorland family tree.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|British businessman (1844–1916)}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2012}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
 {{Use British English|date=June 2012}}
 {{Infobox person
@@ Line 7: / Line 8: @@
 | caption     = Portrait photo of Rudd by an unknown photographer <small>From the [[National Archives of Zimbabwe]]</small>
 | birth_name  = <!-- only use if different from name -->
-| birth_date  = {{Birth date |1844|10|22}} <!-- or {{Birth-date and age|birth date†}} -->
+| birth_date  = {{Birth date |df=yes|1844|10|22}}
+| birth_place =  [[Hanworth Hall]], [[Hanworth, Norfolk|Norfolk]]<ref name=rrf>Mary Amelia Rudd, [https://archive.org/stream/RecordsOfTheRuddFamilyByMaryAmeliaRudd/Records+of+the+Rudd+Family+by+Mary+Amelia+Rudd_djvu.txt Records of the Rudd Family], J.W. Arrowsmith Ltd., Bristol, 1920, pp. 218-220. Details of this 2-page bio were provided by Charles Rudd himself.</ref>
-| birth_place =
-| death_date  = {{Death date and age|1916|11|16|1844|10|22}}<!-- or {{Death-date and age|death date†|birth date†}} -->
+| death_date  = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1916|11|16|1844|10|22}} <ref name=rrf/>
-| death_place =
+| death_place = [[London]]
+| resting_place = [[Acharacle]], [[Argyll]]<ref name=rrf/>
 | nationality =
 | other_names =
 | occupation  =
-| known_for   = Business associate of [[Cecil Rhodes]]
+| known_for   = [[Rudd Concession]]; business associate of [[Cecil Rhodes]]
 }}
@@ Line 20: / Line 22: @@
 == Early life ==
-He was the son of Henry Rudd (1809-1884), a ‘South African merchant’ and his first wife Mary Stanbridge.
+He was born at Hamworth Hall, Norfolk, the son of Henry Rudd (1809–1884) and his first wife Mary Stanbridge.<ref name=rrf/><ref name=Wh01/>{{rp|32}} His family had been in the shipbuilding and paint businesses.
-Rudd studied at [[Harrow School]] and then entered [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1863,<ref>{{acad|id=RT863CD|name=Rudd, Charles Dunell}}</ref> where he excelled in playing [[Racquets (sport)|rackets]].  Before completing his degree, he left for [[Cape Colony]] in 1865, where he hunted with the likes of [[John Dunn (1834-1895)|John Dunn]] and endeavored in various business enterprises. In the early 1870s, he worked for his brother Thomas' (1831–1902) [[Port Elizabeth]]-based trading firm.
+Rudd studied at [[Harrow School]] (1857–1862)<ref name="Wh01">{{Cite book |last=Wheatcroft |first=Geoffrey |url=http://archive.org/details/randlords0000whea_l4s1 |title=The Randlords |date=1986 |publisher=New York : Atheneum |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-689-11795-4}}</ref>{{rp|32}} and then entered [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1863,<ref>{{acad|id=RT863CD|name=Rudd, Charles Dunell}}</ref> where he excelled in playing [[Racquets (sport)|rackets]]. He left for [[Cape Colony]] in 1865 before completing his degree, according to himself under medical advice.<ref name=rrf/> There he hunted with the likes of [[John Dunn (1834-1895)|John Dunn]] and endeavored in various business enterprises. In the early 1870s, he worked for his brother Thomas' (1831–1902) [[Port Elizabeth]]-based trading firm.
 == Partnership with Cecil Rhodes ==
-In 1872 Rudd and Rhodes became friends and partners, working diamond claims in [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]], dealing in diamonds and operating pumping and ice-making machinery, amongst many other odds and ends. Between 1873 and 1881, while Rhodes intermittently attended college in England, Rudd managed their interests. By 1880 they had become rich and, with others, formed the [[De Beers Mining Company]]. Rudd was one of the directors and also held large interests in the main machinery supplier for the mining fields.{{fact|date=September 2014}}
+In 1872/3 Rudd and Rhodes became friends and partners, working diamond claims in [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]], dealing in diamonds and operating pumping and ice-making machinery, amongst many other odds and ends.<ref name=rrf/> Between 1873 and 1881, while Rhodes intermittently attended college in England, Rudd managed their interests.<ref name=rrf/> By 1880 they had become rich and, with others, formed the [[De Beers Mining Company]]. Rudd was one of the directors and also held large interests in the main machinery supplier for the mining fields.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
 == The Rudd Concession ==
-In 1887 Rudd's interests had shifted to gold, the previous year discovered at the [[Witwatersrand]]. With Rhodes and him as directors, and his brother Thomas as chairman, they registered [[Gold Fields|Gold Fields of South Africa Ltd]] in early 1887. The company was structured to enormously favor Rudd and Rhodes, with its London board unaware of most of their activities in southern Africa. On 30 October 1888 Rudd secured an agreement to the mineral rights of [[Matabeleland]] and [[Mashonaland]] from [[Lobengula]] the King of Matabeleland.{{sfn|Mlambo|2014|p=39}} The agreement became known as the [[Rudd Concession]].{{sfn|Truschel|2013|p=1294–}} Matabeleland and Mashonaland form the bulk of what is now known as [[Zimbabwe]].
+In 1887 Rudd's interests had shifted to gold, the previous year discovered at the [[Witwatersrand]]. With Rhodes and him as directors, and his brother Thomas as chairman, they registered [[Gold Fields|Gold Fields of South Africa Ltd]] in early 1887. The company was structured to enormously favor Rudd and Rhodes, with its London board unaware of most of their activities in southern Africa. On 30 October 1888 Rudd secured an agreement to the mineral rights of [[Matabeleland]] and [[Mashonaland]] from [[Lobengula]], the King of Matabeleland.{{sfn|Mlambo|2014|p=39}} The agreement became known as the [[Rudd Concession]].{{sfn|Truschel|2013|p=1294–}} Matabeleland and Mashonaland form the bulk of what is now known as [[Zimbabwe]].
-Rhodes and Rudd had duped the British government and the investing public into believing that the concession was vested in the public company and made millions of pounds when the [[British South Africa Company]] bought the concession.  Rudd had disagreements with Rhodes, in 1895 proclaiming that he would no longer work with Rhodes, and perhaps was unaware of the Gold Fields' conspiracy which culminated in the disastrous [[Jameson raid]].  Still, Rudd remained a friend of Rhodes and a director of Gold Fields until 1902, after which he retired to Scotland, "enjoying the life of an Edwardian plutocrat". He bought the [[Ardnamurchan]] estate in [[Argyll]], where he built two "houses", one of which, [[Glenborrodale|Glenborrodale Castle]], just for his guests. He died in 1916 after an unsuccessful prostate operation in London.{{fact|date=September 2014}}
+Rhodes and Rudd had duped the British government and the investing public into believing that the concession was vested in the public company and made millions of pounds when the [[British South Africa Company]] bought the concession.  Rudd had disagreements with Rhodes, in 1895 proclaiming that he would no longer work with Rhodes, and perhaps was unaware of the Gold Fields' conspiracy which culminated in the disastrous [[Jameson raid]].  Still, Rudd remained a friend of Rhodes and a director of Gold Fields until 1902, after which he retired to Scotland, "enjoying the life of an Edwardian plutocrat". In 1896, he bought the [[Ardnamurchan]] estate in [[Argyll]], where he built two "houses", one of which, [[Glenborrodale Castle]], was just for his guests. He died in 1916 after an unsuccessful prostate operation in a nursing home in London.<ref name=rrf/>
+Rudd took an interest in natural history, collected specimens and sponsored a collection exploration (the "Rudd exploration") of the south African region by Captain [[Claude H. B. Grant]] who named two birds after his sponsor, [[Rudd's lark|Rudd’s Lark]] and [[Rudd's apalis|Rudd’s Apalis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Oldfield |last2=Wroughton |first2=R. C. |date=1908 |title=The Rudd Exploration of S. Africa.—X. List of Mammals collected by Mr. Grant near Tette, Zambesia |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1908.tb07390.x |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |language=en |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=535–553 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1908.tb07390.x |issn=0370-2774}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Oldfield |last2=Wroughton |first2=R. C. |date=September 1908 |title=The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—IX. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant on the Gorongoza Mountains, Portuguese S.E. Africa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1908.tb01842.x |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |language=en |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=161–173 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1908.tb01842.x |issn=0370-2774}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Oldfield |last2=Wroughton |first2=R. C. |date=May 1907 |title=The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.‐VIII. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Beira. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06954.x |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |language=en |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=774–782 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06954.x |issn=0370-2774}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Oldfield |last2=Wroughton |first2=R. C. |date=August 1907 |title=3. The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—VII. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Coguno, Inhambane. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01819.x |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |language=en |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=285–306 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01819.x |issn=0370-2774|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Oldfield |last2=Schwann |first2=Harold |date=1906-01-04 |title=The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—IV.* List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Knysna |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1906.tb08427.x |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1-2 |pages=159–168 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1906.tb08427.x |issn=0370-2774}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Oldfield |last2=Sohwann |first2=Harold |date=June 1905 |title=3. The Rudd Exploration of South Africa.—II. List of Mammals from the Wakkerstroom District, South‐Eastern Transvaal |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1905.tb08370.x |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |language=en |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=129–138 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1905.tb08370.x |issn=0370-2774}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boulenger |first=G. A. |date=October 1905 |title=4. On a Collection of Batrachians and Reptiles made in South Africa by Mr. C. H. B. Grant, and presented to the British Museum by Mr. C. D. Rudd |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1905.tb08391.x |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |language=en |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=248–255 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1905.tb08391.x |issn=0370-2774}}</ref>
 == Family ==
-Rudd's first wife, Frances Georgina Leighton Chiappini (born 1846) died in 1896 of influenza or tuberculosis. In 1898 he married Corrie Maria Wallace, 30 years his junior, and the daughter of his partner in the machinery company in Kimberley. Rudd and Frances had a daughter, Evelyn, and three sons: Henry Percy, known as Percy; Franklyn Martin; and [[Charles Rudd (cricketer)|Charles John Lockhart]], known as Jack. Percy’s son, [[Bevil Rudd]] was an olympic champion 400 metre runner.{{fact|date=September 2014}}
+In the late 1860s in South Africa, Rudd married his first wife, Frances Georgina "Fanny" Leighton Chiappini (born 1846).<ref name=rrf/> Her great aunt was [[Maria Stella, Lady Newborough]] who claimed that she was not a member of the Chiappini family but had been exchanged at birth for a boy who became King Louis Philippe. Rudd and Fanny had a daughter, Evelyn, and three sons: Henry Percy, known as Percy; Franklyn Martin; and [[Charles Rudd (cricketer)|Charles John Lockhart]], known as Jack. Percy's son, [[Bevil Rudd]] was an Olympic champion 400-meter runner.<ref>Records of the Rudd Family, page 213: ''Rudd of Hartley, Westmorland'' family tree.</ref> Frances died in 1896 of influenza or tuberculosis, and in 1898 Rudd married 24-year-old Corrie Maria Wallace, the daughter of his partner in the machinery company in Kimberley, with whom he had three more children.<ref name=rrf/>
-== Notes ==
+== References ==
+===Citations===
 {{Reflist}}
-== References ==
+===Sources===
 {{refbegin}}
 * {{Cite ODNB|id=65577|title=Rudd, Charles Dunell (1844–1916)}}
-* {{Cite Wikisource|Rudd Concession}}
+* {{cite wikisource |Rudd Concession}}
-* {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Mlambo|2014|p=}}|last=Mlambo|first=Alois S. |title=A History of Zimbabwe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kwHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|date=7 April 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02170-9}}
+* {{cite book|last=Mlambo|first=Alois S. |title=A History of Zimbabwe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kwHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02170-9}}
-* {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Truschel|2013|p=1294–}}|last=Truschel|first=Louis W.|editor=Kevin Shillington|title=Encyclopedia of African History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA1294|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45670-2}}
+* {{cite book|last=Truschel|first=Louis W.|editor=Kevin Shillington|title=Encyclopedia of African History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA1294|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45670-2}}
 {{refend}}
 {{Authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Rudd, Charles}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Rudd, Charles}}
 [[Category:1844 births]]
 [[Category:1916 deaths]]
 [[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
-[[Category:British businesspeople]]
 [[Category:Kimberley, Northern Cape]]
+[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
 [[Category:People from Kimberley, Northern Cape]]
+[[Category:19th-century British businesspeople]]

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