Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb: Difference between revisions
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The '''Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb''', also known as the '''Choctaw-Apache |
The '''Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb''', also known as the '''Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb''', is a [[State-recognized tribes in the United States|state-recognized Native American tribe]] and [[nonprofit organization]] in [[Louisiana]].<ref name="ncsl">{{cite web |title=State Recognized Tribes |url=https://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staff/legislators/quad-caucus/list-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx#nc |website=National Conference of State Legislatures |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref> The tribe descends from [[Choctaw people]] and [[Lipan Apache]] people<ref name="Folk">{{Cite web| last = Lee| first = Dayna Bowker| title = Louisiana Indians In The 21st Century| work = Folklife in Louisiana: Louisiana's Living Traditions| accessdate = 2014-07-24| url = http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/nativeams.html}}</ref>{{sfn|Kniffen|1987|pp=303-305}} and is primarily based in the town of [[Zwolle, Louisiana]], with pow-wow grounds in [[Ebarb, Louisiana]], both of which are in [[Sabine Parish, Louisiana]], where the tribe has lived since the early 1700s.<ref name="Ebarb">{{cite web |title = Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb | work = Toledo-Bend.com | url=https://www.toledo-bend.com/sabinepar/community/ebarbtribe/ | access-date=21 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220208001144/https://www.toledo-bend.com/sabinepar/community/ebarbtribe/ | archive-date = 2020-08-04 | url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Folk" /> |
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The organization is primarily based in the town of [[Zwolle, Louisiana]], with powwow grounds in [[Ebarb, Louisiana]], both of which are in [[Sabine Parish, Louisiana]].<ref name="Folk" /> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb began in the early 1700s, after the Spanish founded [[Los Adaes|Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Los Adaes Presidio]], a fort in the area defended by [[Mestizo]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish]] soldiers. They married or had unions with local [[Caddo]], [[Adai people|Adai]], and formerly enslaved [[Lipan Apache people|Lipan Apache]] women living in the area. {{sfn|Kniffen|1987|pp=303-305}}<ref name="Ebarb" /><ref name="Folk" />When the Spanish dissolved the fort in 1773 and ordered the soldiers to return to [[San Antonio]], many remained behind with their families. They settled in the area of Zwolle and Ebarb.<ref name="Folk" /><ref name="Ebarb" /><ref name="Texas">{{Cite web |
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| title = Legacy of Los Adaes |
| title = Legacy of Los Adaes |
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| work = Texas Beyond History |
| work = Texas Beyond History |
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Following the [[Louisiana Purchase]] by the United States in 1803, bands of [[Choctaw]] began moving into this area in search of new hunting grounds.<ref name="Folk" /> Additional Choctaw were moved into the area by US Indian Agent [[John Sibley (doctor)|John Sibley]],<ref name="Ourtown" />{{sfn|Kniffen|1987|pp=303-305}} who sought to protect them from the competing [[Muscogee|Creek]] and [[Chickasaw]] neighbors. Twenty-one Choctaw families were listed in the 1870 Census for the area,<ref name="Ourtown" /> and some of this classification likely included people of Apache descent, as they intermarried. |
Following the [[Louisiana Purchase]] by the United States in 1803, bands of [[Choctaw]] began moving into this area in search of new hunting grounds.<ref name="Ebarb" /><ref name="Folk" /> Additional Choctaw were moved into the area by US Indian Agent [[John Sibley (doctor)|John Sibley]],<ref name="Ourtown" />{{sfn|Kniffen|1987|pp=303-305}} who sought to protect them from the competing [[Muscogee|Creek]] and [[Chickasaw]] neighbors.<ref name="Ebarb" /> Twenty-one Choctaw families were listed in the 1870 Census for the area,<ref name="Ourtown" /> and some of this classification likely included people of Apache descent, as they intermarried. |
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In the 20th century, the people mostly worked in the timber and oil industries. They lived along the east bank of the [[Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)|Sabine River]] until the states of Texas and Louisiana created a project to dam it for flood control and power generation. The states claimed 180,000 acres of the ancestral land to create the [[Toledo Bend Reservoir]]. The tribe was forced to move.<ref name="Displaced">{{Cite web| last = Teal| first = Rolonda| title = Displaced Residents of the Sabine River| work = Stephen F. Austin State University| accessdate = 21 June 2022| date = October 2011| url = https://www.sfasu.edu/heritagecenter/3588.asp| archive-date = 11 January 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220111054317/https://www.sfasu.edu/heritagecenter/3588.asp| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Nursing">{{Cite web| last = Hendrix| first = Lindsey| title = Advancing A 'Strong Healing Heritage' In Nursing Education| work = Texas A&M Today| accessdate = 21 June 2022| date = 24 November 2020| url = https://today.tamu.edu/2020/11/24/advancing-a-strong-healing-heritage-in-nursing-education/ | archive-date = 6 April 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220406062137/https://today.tamu.edu/2020/11/24/advancing-a-strong-healing-heritage-in-nursing-education/| url-status = live}}</ref> |
In the 20th century, the people mostly worked in the timber and oil industries. They lived along the east bank of the [[Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)|Sabine River]] until the states of Texas and Louisiana created a project to dam it for flood control and power generation. The states claimed 180,000 acres of the ancestral land to create the [[Toledo Bend Reservoir]]. The tribe was forced to move.<ref name="Ebarb" /><ref name="Displaced">{{Cite web| last = Teal| first = Rolonda| title = Displaced Residents of the Sabine River| work = Stephen F. Austin State University| accessdate = 21 June 2022| date = October 2011| url = https://www.sfasu.edu/heritagecenter/3588.asp| archive-date = 11 January 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220111054317/https://www.sfasu.edu/heritagecenter/3588.asp| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Nursing">{{Cite web| last = Hendrix| first = Lindsey| title = Advancing A 'Strong Healing Heritage' In Nursing Education| work = Texas A&M Today| accessdate = 21 June 2022| date = 24 November 2020| url = https://today.tamu.edu/2020/11/24/advancing-a-strong-healing-heritage-in-nursing-education/ | archive-date = 6 April 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220406062137/https://today.tamu.edu/2020/11/24/advancing-a-strong-healing-heritage-in-nursing-education/| url-status = live}}</ref> |
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==Language== |
==Language== |
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{{Main|Sabine River Spanish}} |
{{Main|Sabine River Spanish}} |
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The Ebarb community has traditionally spoken a dialect of Spanish dating from the establishment of Los Adaes.{{sfn|Lipski|2008|pp=216–217}} Due to the community's history, their dialect is derived from rural [[Mexican Spanish]] of the late 18th century, and bears little resemblance to [[Isleño Spanish]].{{sfn|Lipski|2008|p=216}} A similar dialect has been spoken around Moral, west of [[Nacogdoches, Texas|Nacogdoches]], on the other side of the [[Toledo Bend Reservoir]], which also derives from the Los Adaes settlement. This dialect is very endangered; as of the 1980s, there were no greater than 50 fluent speakers on either side of the [[Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)|Sabine River]].{{sfn|Lipski|2008|pp=214–215}} |
The Ebarb community has traditionally spoken a dialect of Spanish dating from the establishment of Los Adaes.<ref name="Ebarb" />{{sfn|Lipski|2008|pp=216–217}} Due to the community's history, their dialect is derived from rural [[Mexican Spanish]] of the late 18th century, and bears little resemblance to [[Isleño Spanish]].{{sfn|Lipski|2008|p=216}} A similar dialect has been spoken around Moral, west of [[Nacogdoches, Texas|Nacogdoches]], on the other side of the [[Toledo Bend Reservoir]], which also derives from the Los Adaes settlement. This dialect is very endangered; as of the 1980s, there were no greater than 50 fluent speakers on either side of the [[Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)|Sabine River]].{{sfn|Lipski|2008|pp=214–215}} |
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== Membership == |
== Membership == |
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== Activities == |
== Activities == |
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The Choctaw-Apache host an annual [[powwow]] in mid-April in [[Noble, Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Choctaw Apache Tribe of |
The Choctaw-Apache host an annual [[powwow]] in mid-April in [[Noble, Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Choctaw Apache Tribe of EBARB, 28th Annual Pow Wow |url=https://calendar.powwows.com/events/choctaw-apache-tribe-of-ebarb-28th-annual-pow-wow/ |website=Powwows.com |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref> |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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Revision as of 23:08, 28 July 2022
| Named after | Choctaw people, Apache people, Ebarb, Louisiana |
|---|---|
| Type | state-recognized tribe, nonprofit organization |
| EIN 72-0875349[1] | |
| Legal status | school, charity[1] |
| Purpose | B82: Scholarships, Student Financial Aid Services[1] |
| Location | |
Membership (2015) | 3,000 |
Chairman | Thomas Rivers[1] |
Revenue (2018) | $10,211[1] |
| Expenses (2018) | $14,001[1] |
| Funding | grants, contributions[1] |
Staff (2018) | 3[1] |
| Website | choctawapachetribeebarb |
The Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb, also known as the Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb, is a state-recognized Native American tribe and nonprofit organization in Louisiana.[2] The tribe descends from Choctaw people and Lipan Apache people[3][4] and is primarily based in the town of Zwolle, Louisiana, with pow-wow grounds in Ebarb, Louisiana, both of which are in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, where the tribe has lived since the early 1700s.[5][3]
History
The Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb began in the early 1700s, after the Spanish founded Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Los Adaes Presidio, a fort in the area defended by Mestizo and Spanish soldiers. They married or had unions with local Caddo, Adai, and formerly enslaved Lipan Apache women living in the area. [4][5][3]When the Spanish dissolved the fort in 1773 and ordered the soldiers to return to San Antonio, many remained behind with their families. They settled in the area of Zwolle and Ebarb.[3][5][6]
Following the Louisiana Purchase by the United States in 1803, bands of Choctaw began moving into this area in search of new hunting grounds.[5][3] Additional Choctaw were moved into the area by US Indian Agent John Sibley,[7][4] who sought to protect them from the competing Creek and Chickasaw neighbors.[5] Twenty-one Choctaw families were listed in the 1870 Census for the area,[7] and some of this classification likely included people of Apache descent, as they intermarried.
In the 20th century, the people mostly worked in the timber and oil industries. They lived along the east bank of the Sabine River until the states of Texas and Louisiana created a project to dam it for flood control and power generation. The states claimed 180,000 acres of the ancestral land to create the Toledo Bend Reservoir. The tribe was forced to move.[5][8][9]
Language
The Ebarb community has traditionally spoken a dialect of Spanish dating from the establishment of Los Adaes.[5][10] Due to the community's history, their dialect is derived from rural Mexican Spanish of the late 18th century, and bears little resemblance to Isleño Spanish.[11] A similar dialect has been spoken around Moral, west of Nacogdoches, on the other side of the Toledo Bend Reservoir, which also derives from the Los Adaes settlement. This dialect is very endangered; as of the 1980s, there were no greater than 50 fluent speakers on either side of the Sabine River.[12]
Membership
Their membership was estimated as being 3,000 in 2015.[7]
State-recognition
The Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb received recognition as a tribe by the state of Louisiana in 1978 by legislative action (also reported as 1977).[7][3]
Organization
The group formed a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in 1977, with the mission "to assist tribe members and obtain federal recognition. Continued to work on member documentation needed for federal recognition."[1]
Letter of intent to petition for federal recognition
In 1978, John W. Procell wrote the Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb's letter of intent to petition for federal recognition to the US Department of the Interior;[13] however, the organization has not yet submitted a completed petition for federal recognition.[14]
Activities
The Choctaw-Apache host an annual powwow in mid-April in Noble, Louisiana.[15]
Further reading
- Abernathy, Francis (1976). "The Spanish on the Moral". The Bicentennial Commemorative History of Nacogdoches. Nacogdoches: Nacogdoches Jaycees. pp. 21–33.
- Kniffen, Fred B.; Gregory, Hiram F.; Stokes, George A. (1987). The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 303–305. ISBN 978-0-8071-1963-1.
- Lipski, John M. (1987). "El dialecto español de Río Sabinas: vestigios del español mexicano en Luisiana y Texas". Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (in Spanish). 35 (1): 111–28. doi:10.24201/nrfh.v35i1.624. JSTOR 40298730.
- Lipski, John M. (2008). Varieties of Spanish in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 9781589012134.
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb". Cause IQ. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "State Recognized Tribes". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Lee, Dayna Bowker. "Louisiana Indians In The 21st Century". Folklife in Louisiana: Louisiana's Living Traditions. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
- ^ a b c Kniffen 1987, pp. 303–305.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb". Toledo-Bend.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 2022-02-08 suggested (help) - ^ "Legacy of Los Adaes". Texas Beyond History. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
- ^ a b c d Welborn, Vickie (15 December 2008). "Choctaw-Apache Tribe Growing". OurTown. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Teal, Rolonda (October 2011). "Displaced Residents of the Sabine River". Stephen F. Austin State University. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ Hendrix, Lindsey (24 November 2020). "Advancing A 'Strong Healing Heritage' In Nursing Education". Texas A&M Today. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ Lipski 2008, pp. 216–217.
- ^ Lipski 2008, p. 216.
- ^ Lipski 2008, pp. 214–215.
- ^ "List of Petitions by States (as of November 12, 2013)" (PDF). US Department of the Interior. p. 24. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Office of Federal Acknowledgment". U.S. Department of Indian Affairs. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Choctaw Apache Tribe of EBARB, 28th Annual Pow Wow". Powwows.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.