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Ordinary shipping containers require printing and [[label]]s to identify the contents, provide legal and regulatory information, and [[bar code]]s for routing. Boxes that are used for marketing, merchandising and point-of-sale often have high graphics to help communicate the contents. Some boxes are designed for the display of contents on the shelf known as "Retail Ready Packaging". Others are designed to help dispense the contents. Popular for their strength, durability, lightness, recyclability, and cost-effectiveness, corrugated boxes are used for the shipping of a variety of items. Due to the quality and safety of packaging items in corrugated boxes, they are used widely in the food industry. The boxes handle the pressure that comes with stacking, making them ideal for easy transporting.<ref name="appleltd1">{{cite web|url=http://www.appleltd.com/corrugated_boxes_manufacturing.aspx |title=Corrugated Box Manufacturing Process &#124; How Are Corrugated Boxes Made |publisher=Appleltd.com |date=2010-12-20 |access-date=2014-06-09}}</ref>
Ordinary shipping containers require printing and [[label]]s to identify the contents, provide legal and regulatory information, and [[bar code]]s for routing. Boxes that are used for marketing, merchandising and point-of-sale often have high graphics to help communicate the contents. Some boxes are designed for the display of contents on the shelf known as "Retail Ready Packaging". Others are designed to help dispense the contents. Popular for their strength, durability, lightness, recyclability, and cost-effectiveness, corrugated boxes are used for the shipping of a variety of items. Due to the quality and safety of packaging items in corrugated boxes, they are used widely in the food industry. The boxes handle the pressure that comes with stacking, making them ideal for easy transporting.<ref name="appleltd1">{{cite web|url=http://www.appleltd.com/corrugated_boxes_manufacturing.aspx |title=Corrugated Box Manufacturing Process &#124; How Are Corrugated Boxes Made |publisher=Appleltd.com |date=2010-12-20 |access-date=2014-06-09}}</ref>

Also, more elaborate and innovative box designs have emerged due to several reasons. [[Unboxing]] is one emerging trend that has challenged designers to create innovative new ways of opening boxes and lively product displays within those boxes. Another trend is the use of corrugated board for product displays. With the rigidity of corrugated board combined with the ability to print beautiful designs, corrugated board can be designed as a [[Point of sale|Point of Purchase]] display or "POP" display to showcase products in a fully branded display rather than the standard retail shelf.


More than 95% of all products in the United States are shipped in corrugated boxes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprintingdaddy.com/corrugated-box-with-double-lid-locks|title=Corrugated Boxes Design|last=Miji|first=Kuboc|website=theprintingdaddy.com|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> Corrugated paperboard accounts for more than half of all the paper recycled in the US.<ref name="appleltd1"/>
More than 95% of all products in the United States are shipped in corrugated boxes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprintingdaddy.com/corrugated-box-with-double-lid-locks|title=Corrugated Boxes Design|last=Miji|first=Kuboc|website=theprintingdaddy.com|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> Corrugated paperboard accounts for more than half of all the paper recycled in the US.<ref name="appleltd1"/>


===Stacking strength===
===Stacking strength===
One of the important functions of a corrugated box is to provide crush resistance (product protection) and adequate strength for stacking in warehouses.

A box can be designed by optimizing the grade of corrugated board, box design, flute direction, and inner supports. Support from the product also provides "load sharing" and can be an important factor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Koning |first=J |date=November 1966 |title=Slip Pad, Vertical Alignment Increase Stacking Strength 65%|journal=Boxboard Containers }}</ref> Box closures sometimes can have effects on box stacking strength.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheehan |first=R |title = Box and Closure: Partners in Performance |journal = J. Packaging Technology |volume = 2 |issue = 4 |publisher = Technical Publications Inc |date = August 1988 }}</ref>
A box can be designed by optimizing the grade of corrugated board, box design, flute direction, and inner supports. Support from the product also provides "load sharing" and can be an important factor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Koning |first=J |date=November 1966 |title=Slip Pad, Vertical Alignment Increase Stacking Strength 65%|journal=Boxboard Containers }}</ref> Box closures sometimes can have effects on box stacking strength.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheehan |first=R |title = Box and Closure: Partners in Performance |journal = J. Packaging Technology |volume = 2 |issue = 4 |publisher = Technical Publications Inc |date = August 1988 }}</ref>

If long-term storage of corrugated boxes in high humidity is expected, extra strength and moisture resistance is called for.

The method of loading boxes on pallets strongly affects stacking. Vertical columns provide the best box performance while interlocking patterns of boxes significantly reduce performance. The interaction of the boxes and pallets is also important.

[[Box compression test]]ing is a means of evaluating boxes, stacks of boxes, and [[unit load]]s under controlled conditions. Field conditions of stacking and dynamic compression do not have the same degree of control. Compression strength can be estimated based on container construction, size, and use parameters: actual [[package testing]] is often conducted to verify these estimates.

Many [[packaging engineer]]s find it beneficial to periodically audit [[warehouse]]s and visit customers' package receiving operations. When field performance is observed or documented to have problems, a new cycle of design and testing may be justified.

=== Estimating compression ===
Fiber Box Association has a method for estimating compression strength which includes the following factors:
* Time
* Moisture
* Palletizing type
* Pallet patterns
* Pallet type
* Handling


==Process==
==Process==
{{main|Corrugated fiberboard}}
{{main|Corrugated fiberboard}}
[[File:Package Drop tester.jpg|thumb|upright|Laboratory drop test to determine ability to withstand rough handling]]
[[File:Package Drop tester.jpg|thumb|upright|Laboratory drop test to determine ability to withstand rough handling]]
[[Packaging engineer]]s design corrugated boxes to meet the particular needs of the product being shipped, the hazards of the shipping environment, (shock, vibration, compression, moisture, etc.), and the needs of retailers and consumers

Engineers and designers start with the needs of the particular project: cost constraints, machinery capabilities, product characteristics, logistics needs, applicable regulations, consumer needs, etc. Often designs are made with [[Computer Aided Design]] programs connected to automated sample making tables. Several design and construction options might be considered.

Samples are often submitted to [[package testing]] based on [[ASTM]] or other [[Technical standard|standard]] test protocols such as the International Safe Transit Association. Structural design is matched with [[graphic design]]. For consumer based designs, marketing personnel sometimes use [[Focus group]]s or more quantitative means of assessing acceptance. [[Test market]]s are employed for major programs.

The process starts by making corrugated board on a corrugating line, a long series of linked machines which may be the size of an (American) [[Yard lines|football field]]. A finished piece of singlewall corrugated board is a single corrugated layer sandwiched between two liners.<ref name="appleltd1"/>
The process starts by making corrugated board on a corrugating line, a long series of linked machines which may be the size of an (American) [[Yard lines|football field]]. A finished piece of singlewall corrugated board is a single corrugated layer sandwiched between two liners.<ref name="appleltd1"/>


Line 62: Line 35:
[[File:Blank RSC.svg|thumb|Box blank for an RSC showing score lines, slots, and manufacturer's joint]]
[[File:Blank RSC.svg|thumb|Box blank for an RSC showing score lines, slots, and manufacturer's joint]]
The most common box style is the Regular Slotted Container (RSC). All flaps are the same length from score to edge. Typically the major flaps meet in the middle and the minor flaps do not, unless the width is equal to the length. Box styles in Europe are typically specified by a 4-digit code provided by the European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers (FEFCO); an RSC is coded 0201.<ref>{{Citation| title = International Fibreboard Case Code| publisher = FEFCO| date = 2007| url = http://www.fefco.org/technical-information/fefco-code}}</ref>
The most common box style is the Regular Slotted Container (RSC). All flaps are the same length from score to edge. Typically the major flaps meet in the middle and the minor flaps do not, unless the width is equal to the length. Box styles in Europe are typically specified by a 4-digit code provided by the European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers (FEFCO); an RSC is coded 0201.<ref>{{Citation| title = International Fibreboard Case Code| publisher = FEFCO| date = 2007| url = http://www.fefco.org/technical-information/fefco-code}}</ref>

The manufacturer's joint is most often joined with adhesive but may also be taped or stitched. The box is shipped flat (knocked down) to the packager who sets up the box, fills it, and closes it for shipment. Box closure may be by tape, adhesive, staples, [[strapping]], etc.

Many other styles of corrugated boxes and structures are available:
* FOL (Full Overlap): A Full Overlap Box is similar to an RSC except the major flaps fully overlap. Full-overlap flaps provide extra stacking strength and edge protection.
* HSC (Half Slotted Container): Half-Slotted Containers (HSC) are similar to an RSC, but with only one set of flaps. They are useful when an open-top container is desired. HSCs can be used to create a telescope box.
* A Full Telescope Box has two fully telescoping sections. The sections may be formed by staples, die-cut locks, adhesive, etc.
* A Partial Telescope Box has two sections. The top telescopes partially over the bottom. Commonly used for holding printing paper.
* A corrugated tray is often used for display purposes or used with a [[shrink wrap]]
* Corrugated corner pads can be used for product support and [[cushioning]]
* Special die-cut shapes have almost endless designs and uses.
* etc.

The size of a box can be measured for either internal (for product fit) or external (for handling machinery or palletizing) dimensions. Boxes are usually specified and ordered by the internal dimensions.

<gallery mode=packed>
File:BJs Wholesale Club VA.jpg|Wholesale outlet using full pallet loads
File:Bag-in-box.jpg|[[Bag-In-Box]] containing liquids to dispense
File:Clementines.jpg|alt=Fruit Packaging Boxes|Box used for fruit packaging is open to allow respiration and access to [[cold chain]]. Tabs interlock when stacked on a pallet.
File:Harry Potter 7 boxes.JPG|Boxes of books, with [[security tape]] used as a closure
File:Bananenkiste.jpg|Telescope box with hand holes and ventilation holes ([[banana box]])
File:Die-cut folder, faucet.jpg|Die-cut folder for a faucet
File:Eco-Products 2010 (5345091717).jpg|Corner cut carton for beverage cans<ref>{{cite press release |title=Kirin's Corner Cut Carton to be exhibited at MoMA |url=http://www.kirinholdings.co.jp/english/ir/news_release051007.html |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801093931/http://www.kirinholdings.co.jp/english/ir/news_release051007.html |website=Kirin Holdings|archive-date=1 August 2014 |date=7 October 2005}}</ref>
File:Packaging for Hard Drive.jpg|Corrugated box, inner corrugated support, and cushioning for hard drive
File:Pizza Toscana in box.JPG|Take-out pizza in a die-cut folder
File:Sun Tropics guava juice.JPG|Display boxes for bottles of juice
</gallery>


==Retail display==
==Retail display==
Line 94: Line 40:
Retailers often ask for merchandise to be delivered to them in shipping containers which allow the easy stocking of full caseloads. The goal is to put the case directly onto shelves and stocking locations without individually handling the unit packs or primary packages. Retailers often require products to come in shelf-ready packaging to reduce stocking costs and save labor expenses.
Retailers often ask for merchandise to be delivered to them in shipping containers which allow the easy stocking of full caseloads. The goal is to put the case directly onto shelves and stocking locations without individually handling the unit packs or primary packages. Retailers often require products to come in shelf-ready packaging to reduce stocking costs and save labor expenses.
Several specialized box designs are available.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=6073833|title=Shelf ready shipping container|pubdate=2000-06-13|assign1=[[McNeil_Consumer_Healthcare|McNeil-PPC Inc.]]|inventor1-last=Desrosiers|inventor1-first=Marc|inventor2-last=Jette|inventor2-first=Luc|inventor3-last=Tremblay|inventor3-first=Jean-Pierre|inventor4=Ullrich Flatmann;Christine Sanchez}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=5881884|title=Shipping and display carton and blank therefor|pubdate=1999-03-16|assign1=[[Avery Dennison Corp.]]|inventor1-last=Podosek|inventor1-first=Edward}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=8342335|title=Shelf-ready shipper display system|pubdate=2013-01-01|assign1=[[RockTenn|Rock-Tenn Shared Services LLC]]|inventor1-last=Couture|inventor1-first=David G.}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=20050184139|status=application|title=Display-ready case|pubdate=2005-08-25|assign1=Georgia Pacific Corp.|inventor1-last=Gasior|inventor1-first=Wayne }}, since abandoned.</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=6523692|title=Fold-in-half shipping/display box|pubdate=2003-02-25|assign1=Fort James Corp.|inventor1-last=Gregory|inventor1-first=James W.}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=5372299|title=Combined product shipping and display box|pubdate=1994-12-13|assign1=[[BASF|BASF Corp.]]|inventor1-last=Edgerton, Jr.|inventor1-first=Eric|inventor2-last=Jannone|inventor2-first=John D.|inventor3-last=Whelan|inventor3-first=Kenneth|inventor4-last=Bauer|inventor4-first=William C.}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=5657872|title=Shipping/display container|pubdate=1997-08-19|assign1=[[The Procter and Gamble Company]]|assign2=[[Stone Container Corp.]]|inventor1-last=Leftwich|inventor1-first=Robert Blake|inventor2-last=Matthews|inventor2-first=Linda Susan|inventor3-last=Burda|inventor3-first=Timothy Paul}}</ref>
Several specialized box designs are available.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=6073833|title=Shelf ready shipping container|pubdate=2000-06-13|assign1=[[McNeil_Consumer_Healthcare|McNeil-PPC Inc.]]|inventor1-last=Desrosiers|inventor1-first=Marc|inventor2-last=Jette|inventor2-first=Luc|inventor3-last=Tremblay|inventor3-first=Jean-Pierre|inventor4=Ullrich Flatmann;Christine Sanchez}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=5881884|title=Shipping and display carton and blank therefor|pubdate=1999-03-16|assign1=[[Avery Dennison Corp.]]|inventor1-last=Podosek|inventor1-first=Edward}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=8342335|title=Shelf-ready shipper display system|pubdate=2013-01-01|assign1=[[RockTenn|Rock-Tenn Shared Services LLC]]|inventor1-last=Couture|inventor1-first=David G.}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=20050184139|status=application|title=Display-ready case|pubdate=2005-08-25|assign1=Georgia Pacific Corp.|inventor1-last=Gasior|inventor1-first=Wayne }}, since abandoned.</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=6523692|title=Fold-in-half shipping/display box|pubdate=2003-02-25|assign1=Fort James Corp.|inventor1-last=Gregory|inventor1-first=James W.}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=5372299|title=Combined product shipping and display box|pubdate=1994-12-13|assign1=[[BASF|BASF Corp.]]|inventor1-last=Edgerton, Jr.|inventor1-first=Eric|inventor2-last=Jannone|inventor2-first=John D.|inventor3-last=Whelan|inventor3-first=Kenneth|inventor4-last=Bauer|inventor4-first=William C.}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=5657872|title=Shipping/display container|pubdate=1997-08-19|assign1=[[The Procter and Gamble Company]]|assign2=[[Stone Container Corp.]]|inventor1-last=Leftwich|inventor1-first=Robert Blake|inventor2-last=Matthews|inventor2-first=Linda Susan|inventor3-last=Burda|inventor3-first=Timothy Paul}}</ref>

==Individual mixed shipments==
[[Image:Distribution differences.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Box construction needs to be matched to its [[logistics]] system. Packages designed for controlled shipments of uniform [[pallet]] loads may not be suited to mixed shipments with [[express mail|express]] carriers.]]

Many items are shipped individually (in part or entirely) by express carrier, mail, or other mixed [[logistics]] systems. The demands of multiple manual handlings, automated sortation, and uncontrolled stacking in trucks or air containers put severe stress on boxes, box closures, and the contents. Boxes designed for [[unit load]] handling and storage may not be suited to mixed logistics systems.

[[Less than truckload shipping]] puts more stress on corrugated shipping containers than shipment by uniform pallet loads in trucks or intermodal containers. Boxes sometimes need to be heavier construction to match the needs of the distribution system.


==Government, military, and export==
==Government, military, and export==
Many items being supplied to governments are handled very well: boxes are unitized, shipped on covered trucks or [[intermodal container]]s, and storage is in [[warehouse]]s. Normal "domestic boxes" and commercial packaging are acceptable.<ref>ASTM Standard D3951 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging</ref>
Many items being supplied to governments are handled very well: boxes are unitized, shipped on covered trucks or [[intermodal container]]s, and storage is in [[warehouse]]s. Normal "domestic boxes" and commercial packaging are acceptable.<ref>ASTM Standard D3951 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging</ref>

Military [[materiel]], field supplies, and humanitarian aid often encounter severe handling and uncontrolled storage. Special box [[specification]]s for government shipments are often applicable. Weather-resistant fiberboards, box construction, box closure, and unitizing are needed.

<gallery mode=packed>
File:JTF Rita.jpg|RSCs of [[MRE]]s in water-resistant boxes closed with [[strapping]]
File:US Navy 090522-N-3946H-079 Supply Department personnel sort boxes of mail and supplies during a carrier onboard delivery in the hangar bay of the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN 68).jpg|Mail and supplies on an aircraft carrier
File:US Navy 050905-N-5526M-008 Crew members of a U.S. Navy MH-53E Sea Dragon helicopter, assigned to Helicopter Mine Countermeasure Squadron Fourteen (HM-14), unload boxes of bottled water in New Orleans for victims of Hurricane Ka.jpg|Bottled water in half slotted containers with hand-holes
File:US Navy 080811-N-2821G-133 Culinary Specialist 2nd Class Paul Thomas, assigned to Commander, Task Force (CTF) 43, labels a box of Project Handclasp humanitarian aid supplies before storing it in the CTF-43 warehouse.jpg|Humanitarian aid in [[bulk box]]es or bins
</gallery>

===Export===
Many international shipments are handled very well: boxes are unitized, shipped on covered trucks or [[intermodal container]]s, and storage is in [[warehouse]]s. Normal "domestic boxes" are commonly used.

[[Break bulk cargo]] needs to be water-resistant and heavy-duty. Even shipments initially sent via [[intermodal freight transport]] may have subsequent logistics operations that are extreme and uncontrolled. The specific conditions in the destination port and the country of use need to be considered for the design of export boxes.

==Dangerous and hazardous goods==
[[File:Corrugated box - haz mat.jpg|thumb|Doublewall box with dividers for shipping four bottles of corrosive liquid]]
Shipment of [[dangerous goods]] or hazardous materials are highly regulated. Based on the [[UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods]] model regulations, each country has coordinated design and performance requirements for shipment. For example, in the US, the Department of Transportation has jurisdiction and published requirements in [[Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations]]. Corrugated boxes are described in 4G requirements. Performance (severe drop test, etc.) needs to be certified for the box and contents.

Some carriers have additional requirements.

==Box closure==
The means of closing a box is an important aspect of design. It is affected by the types of equipment available to production lines, the measured laboratory performance, the field performance, and the ability of end-users to easily and safely open the box.

Box closures include:
* [[Adhesive]], water-based or [[hot-melt adhesive]] - Adhesives are applied manually or by machine. Starch-based adhesives are the choice of a corrugator as it is economic. Starch works as a medium for molds, lichens, and fungus, so to prevent it, antifungals are added in it before use.
* [[Staple (fastener)|Staples]] - staples are used to attach the box flaps. Small (nominally {{frac|1|2}} inch crown) staples can be applied to a box with a post stapler. Wider crown (nominally {{frac|1|1|4}} inch) staples can be applied with a blind clincher
* [[Box sealing tape]], pressure-sensitive-tapes are available in various widths i.e. 36, 48, and 72&nbsp;mm widths and several thicknesses. BOPP and PET are used as a backing. Taping is done either manually or by semi-automatic [[Case sealer]].
* [[Filament tape]], reinforced pressure-sensitive tape used to close boxes.
* Gummed paper tape - consists of a heavy paper in which adhesive is activated by water and bonds the tape to the box.
* Reinforced water activated gummed tape. Two plies of paper with reinforcing filaments embedded between them.
* [[Strapping]] - straps are generally used for unitizing, made up of plastic (PP, PE, PET, PVC), metal (SS steel) etc. and are available in various widths.
* [[Shrink wrap]] - it is a thin film of LLDPE, LDPE, etc. which shrinks with the application of heat resulting in wrapping a box from all sides. Shrink wrapping is generally more expensive as it needs a hot tunnel and requires more material than the alternatives. However, the packed box will be better protected from the environment as the wrap works as a barrier.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 10:08, 7 May 2023

Partial overlap box with interlocking slots to temporarily close box

Corrugated box design is the process of matching design factors for corrugated fiberboard boxes with the functional physical, processing and end-use requirements. Packaging engineers work to meet the performance requirements of a box while controlling total costs throughout the system.

In addition to the structural design discussed in this article, printed bar codes, labels, and graphic design are also vital.

Functions

Microflute box with circular security tape seal
Partially open; showing tuck flap and locking tab (tongue)

Corrugated boxes are used frequently as shipping containers. Boxes need to contain the product from manufacturing through distribution to sale and sometimes end-use. Boxes provide some measure of product protection by themselves but often require inner components such as cushioning, bracing and blocking to help protect fragile contents. The shipping hazards depend largely upon the particular logistics system being employed. For example, boxes unitized into a unit load on a pallet do not encounter individual handling while boxes sorted and shipped through part of their distribution cycle as mixed loads or express carriers can receive severe shocks, kicks, and so forth.[1][2][3]

Ordinary shipping containers require printing and labels to identify the contents, provide legal and regulatory information, and bar codes for routing. Boxes that are used for marketing, merchandising and point-of-sale often have high graphics to help communicate the contents. Some boxes are designed for the display of contents on the shelf known as "Retail Ready Packaging". Others are designed to help dispense the contents. Popular for their strength, durability, lightness, recyclability, and cost-effectiveness, corrugated boxes are used for the shipping of a variety of items. Due to the quality and safety of packaging items in corrugated boxes, they are used widely in the food industry. The boxes handle the pressure that comes with stacking, making them ideal for easy transporting.[4]

More than 95% of all products in the United States are shipped in corrugated boxes.[5] Corrugated paperboard accounts for more than half of all the paper recycled in the US.[4]

Stacking strength

A box can be designed by optimizing the grade of corrugated board, box design, flute direction, and inner supports. Support from the product also provides "load sharing" and can be an important factor.[6] Box closures sometimes can have effects on box stacking strength.[7]

Process

Main article: Corrugated fiberboard
Laboratory drop test to determine ability to withstand rough handling

The process starts by making corrugated board on a corrugating line, a long series of linked machines which may be the size of an (American) football field. A finished piece of singlewall corrugated board is a single corrugated layer sandwiched between two liners.[4]

Skilled workers prepare job tickets for each stack of box blanks and route the blanks to fabrication machines. Printing dies and patterns are prepared on large, flexible, rubber or tin sheets. They are loaded onto rollers and the box blanks are fed through it, where each is trimmed, printed, cut, scored, folded, and glued to form a box. Finished boxes are then stacked and sent to a banding machine to be wrapped and shipped.[4]

Design

Regular Slotted Container (RSC)
Box blank for an RSC showing score lines, slots, and manufacturer's joint

The most common box style is the Regular Slotted Container (RSC). All flaps are the same length from score to edge. Typically the major flaps meet in the middle and the minor flaps do not, unless the width is equal to the length. Box styles in Europe are typically specified by a 4-digit code provided by the European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers (FEFCO); an RSC is coded 0201.[8]

Retail display

Main article: Shelf-ready packaging

Retailers often ask for merchandise to be delivered to them in shipping containers which allow the easy stocking of full caseloads. The goal is to put the case directly onto shelves and stocking locations without individually handling the unit packs or primary packages. Retailers often require products to come in shelf-ready packaging to reduce stocking costs and save labor expenses. Several specialized box designs are available.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

Government, military, and export

Many items being supplied to governments are handled very well: boxes are unitized, shipped on covered trucks or intermodal containers, and storage is in warehouses. Normal "domestic boxes" and commercial packaging are acceptable.[16]

References

  1. ^ Singh, S. P.; Burgess (November 2001). "Package Specifications for Corrugated Boxes with Heavy Flowable Products in Single Parcel Shipments". Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 29 (6): 570. doi:10.1520/JTE12403J.
  2. ^ Han, Jongkoo; Park, Jong Min (January 2007). "Finite element analysis of vent/hand hole designs for corrugated fibreboard boxes". Packaging Technology and Science. 20 (1): 39–47. doi:10.1002/pts.741. S2CID 135760649.
  3. ^ Lee, Myung Hoon (September 2004). "Flexural stiffness of selected corrugated structures". Packaging Technology and Science. 17 (5): 235–294. doi:10.1002/pts.663. S2CID 137700468.
  4. ^ a b c d "Corrugated Box Manufacturing Process | How Are Corrugated Boxes Made". Appleltd.com. 2010-12-20. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  5. ^ Miji, Kuboc. "Corrugated Boxes Design". theprintingdaddy.com. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
  6. ^ Koning, J (November 1966). "Slip Pad, Vertical Alignment Increase Stacking Strength 65%". Boxboard Containers.
  7. ^ Sheehan, R (August 1988). "Box and Closure: Partners in Performance". J. Packaging Technology. 2 (4). Technical Publications Inc.
  8. ^ International Fibreboard Case Code, FEFCO, 2007
  9. ^ US 6073833, Desrosiers, Marc; Jette, Luc & Tremblay, Jean-Pierre et al., "Shelf ready shipping container", published 2000-06-13, assigned to McNeil-PPC Inc. 
  10. ^ US 5881884, Podosek, Edward, "Shipping and display carton and blank therefor", published 1999-03-16, assigned to Avery Dennison Corp. 
  11. ^ US 8342335, Couture, David G., "Shelf-ready shipper display system", published 2013-01-01, assigned to Rock-Tenn Shared Services LLC 
  12. ^ US application 20050184139, Gasior, Wayne, "Display-ready case", published 2005-08-25, assigned to Georgia Pacific Corp. , since abandoned.
  13. ^ US 6523692, Gregory, James W., "Fold-in-half shipping/display box", published 2003-02-25, assigned to Fort James Corp. 
  14. ^ US 5372299, Edgerton, Jr., Eric; Jannone, John D. & Whelan, Kenneth et al., "Combined product shipping and display box", published 1994-12-13, assigned to BASF Corp. 
  15. ^ US 5657872, Leftwich, Robert Blake; Matthews, Linda Susan & Burda, Timothy Paul, "Shipping/display container", published 1997-08-19, assigned to The Procter and Gamble Company and Stone Container Corp. 
  16. ^ ASTM Standard D3951 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging

Books, general references

ASTM standards

  • D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit Loads.
  • D1974 Standard Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing and Reinforcing Fiberboard Boxes
  • D4577 Test Method for Compression Resistance of a Container Under Constant Load
  • D5118 Standard Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping Boxes
  • D5168 Standard Practice for Fabrication and Closure of Triple-Wall Corrugated Fiberboard Containers
  • D5639 Standard Practice for Selection of Corrugated Fiberboard Materials and Box Construction Based on Performance Requirements
  • D6804 Standard Guide for Hand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes
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