Dumbbell Nebula: Difference between revisions

Dumbbell Nebula
Emission nebula
Planetary nebula
	Dumbbell Nebula (Messier 27) in Vulpecula
Observation data: J2000 epoch
Right ascension	19h 59m 36.319s
Declination	+22° 43′ 16.312″
Distance	389+15; −6 pc
Apparent magnitude (V)	7.4
Apparent dimensions (V)	8.0′ × 5.6′
Constellation	Vulpecula
Physical characteristics
Radius	1.44+0.21; −0.16[a] ly
Absolute magnitude (V)	−0.6+0.4; −0.3[d]
Notable features	Central star radius is among the largest; known for a white dwarf.
Designations	NGC 6853, M 27,; Diabolo Nebula,; Dumb-Bell Nebula,
	See also: Lists of nebulae

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The Dumbbell Nebula (also known as the Apple Core Nebula, Messier 27, and NGC 6853) is a planetary nebula (nebulosity surrounding a white dwarf) in the constellation Vulpecula, at a distance of about 1360 light-years.^[1] It was the first such nebula to be discovered, by Charles Messier in 1764. At its brightness of visual magnitude 7.5 and diameter of about 8 arcminutes, it is easily visible in binoculars^[4] and is a popular observing target in amateur telescopes.

Shape and size

The Dumbbell Nebula appears shaped like a prolate spheroid and is viewed from our perspective along the plane of its equator. In 1992, Moreno-Corral et al. computed that its rate of expansion angularly was, viewed from our distance, no more than 2.3 arcseconds (″) per century. From this, an upper limit to the age of 14,600 years may be determined. In 1970, Bohuski, Smith, and Weedman found an expansion velocity of 31 km/s. Given its semi-minor axis radius of 1.01 ly, this implies that the kinematic age of the nebula is 9,800 years.^[3]^[5]

Structure

Like many nearby planetary nebulae, the Dumbbell contains knots. Its central region is marked by a pattern of dark and bright cusped knots and their associated dark tails (see picture). The knots vary in appearance from symmetric objects with tails to rather irregular tail-less objects. Similarly to the Helix Nebula and the Eskimo Nebula, the heads of the knots have bright cusps which are local photoionization fronts.^[5]

Central star

The central star, a white dwarf progenitor, is estimated to have a radius which is 0.055±0.02 R_☉ (0.13 light seconds) which gives it a size larger than most other known white dwarfs.^[6] Its mass was estimated in 1999 by Napiwotzki to be 0.56±0.01 M_☉.^[6]

Appearance

Located in the faint constellation Vulpecula, within the Summer Triangle.
It can be located in the sky a few degrees north of γ Sagittae, near the star 14 Vulpeculae.

The Dumbbell nebula can be easily seen in binoculars in a dark sky, just above the small constellation of Sagitta.

Dumbbell Nebula, north is diagonal left-up
Dumbbell Nebula (Messier 27) imaged by the Very Large Telescope
Blend of UHC and RGB exposures of M27 taken with moderate level amateur equipment in the center of a capital city
M27 with 5.5" telescope from city suburbs
Skywatcher 120mm ED APO

Notes

^{^} Radius = distance × sin(angular size / 2) = 1240+180
−140^[7] * sin(8′.0 / 2) = 1.44+0.21
−0.16 ly
^{^} Semi minor axis = distance × sin(minor axis size / 2) = 1240+180
−140^[7] × sin(5′.6 / 2) = 1.01+0.15
−0.11 ly
^{^} Kinematic age = semi-minor axis / expansion rate = 1.01+0.15
−0.11^[b] ly / 31 km/s = 9.56+1.42
−1.04×10¹² km / 31^[3] km/s = 3.08+0.46
−0.34×10¹¹ s = 9800+1500
−1100 yr
^{^} 7.5 apparent magnitude - 5 × (log₁₀(420+50
−70 pc distance) - 1) = −0.6+0.4
−0.3 absolute magnitude

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "M 27". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
^ "Messier 27". SEDS Messier Catalog. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c O'Dell, C. R.; Balick, B.; Hajian, A. R.; Henney, W. J.; et al. (2002). "Knots in Nearby Planetary Nebulae". Astronomical Journal. 123 (6): 3329–3347. Bibcode:2002AJ....123.3329O. doi:10.1086/340726.
^ "M 27". 2016-10-15.
^ ^a ^b O'dell, C. R.; Balick, B.; Hajian, A. R.; Henney, W. J.; et al. (2003). "Knots in Planetary Nebulae". Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Serie de Conferencias. 15: 29–33. Bibcode:2003RMxAC..15...29O.
^ ^a ^b Benedict, G. Fritz; McArthur, B. E.; Fredrick, L. W.; Harrison, T. E.; et al. (2003). "Astrometry with The Hubble Space Telescope: A Parallax of the Central Star of the Planetary Nebula NGC 6853". Astronomical Journal. 126 (5): 2549–2556. arXiv:astro-ph/0307449. Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2549B. doi:10.1086/378603. S2CID 8562211.
^ ^a ^b Harris, Hugh C.; Dahn, Conard C.; Canzian, Blaise; Guetter, Harry H.; et al. (2007). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae". Astronomical Journal. 133 (2): 631–638. arXiv:astro-ph/0611543. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..631H. doi:10.1086/510348. S2CID 18261027.

External links

SEDS: Messier Object 27
The Dumbbell Nebula on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images
M27 on astro-pics.com
Szymanek, Nik; Merrifield, Michael. "M27 – Dumbbell Nebula". Deep Sky Videos. Brady Haran.
M27

[simbad-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "M 27". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2023-12-31.

[2] "Messier 27". SEDS Messier Catalog. Retrieved 21 July 2024.

[ODelletal2002-3] O'Dell, C. R.; Balick, B.; Hajian, A. R.; Henney, W. J.; et al. (2002). "Knots in Nearby Planetary Nebulae". Astronomical Journal. 123 (6): 3329–3347. Bibcode:2002AJ....123.3329O. doi:10.1086/340726.

[4] "M 27". 2016-10-15.

[ODelletal2003-5] O'dell, C. R.; Balick, B.; Hajian, A. R.; Henney, W. J.; et al. (2003). "Knots in Planetary Nebulae". Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Serie de Conferencias. 15: 29–33. Bibcode:2003RMxAC..15...29O.

[Benedictetal2003-6] Benedict, G. Fritz; McArthur, B. E.; Fredrick, L. W.; Harrison, T. E.; et al. (2003). "Astrometry with The Hubble Space Telescope: A Parallax of the Central Star of the Planetary Nebula NGC 6853". Astronomical Journal. 126 (5): 2549–2556. arXiv:astro-ph/0307449. Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2549B. doi:10.1086/378603. S2CID 8562211.

[Harrisetal2007-7] Harris, Hugh C.; Dahn, Conard C.; Canzian, Blaise; Guetter, Harry H.; et al. (2007). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae". Astronomical Journal. 133 (2): 631–638. arXiv:astro-ph/0611543. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..631H. doi:10.1086/510348. S2CID 18261027.

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[2]

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[6]

[7]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Planetary nebula in the constellation Vulpecula}}
 {{Infobox Planetary nebula
-| image   = [[File:M27-Mazur.jpg|300 px]]
+| image   = [[File:M27 - Noao-m27.jpg|300 px]]
 | caption = Dumbbell Nebula (Messier 27) in Vulpecula
 | name    = Dumbbell Nebula
 | epoch   = [[J2000]]
-| ra      = {{RA|19|59|36.340}}<ref name="simbad">
+| ra      = {{RA|19|59|36.319}}<ref name="simbad">
 {{cite simbad
  | title=M 27
- | access-date=2007-01-03
+ | access-date=2023-12-31
 }}</ref>
 | type    = Planetary
-| dec     = {{DEC|+22|43|16.09}}<ref name="simbad"/>
+| dec     = {{DEC|+22|43|16.312}}<ref name="simbad"/>
-| dist_pc = {{val|417|+49|-65|ul=pc}}<ref name="Benedictetal2003"/><ref name="Harrisetal2007" /><BR>{{val|376.3|6.2}}<ref name=simbad/>
+| dist_pc = {{val|389|+15|-6}}<ref name=simbad/>
+| appmag_v = 7.4<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.messier.seds.org/m/m027.html |title=Messier 27 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=SEDS Messier Catalog}}</ref>
-| appmag_v = 7.5<ref name="simbad"/>
 | size_v   = 8.0′ × 5.6′<ref name="ODelletal2002" />
 | constellation  = [[Vulpecula]]
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 | names     = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 6853,<ref name="simbad"/> [[Messier object|M]] 27,<ref name="simbad"/><br />Diabolo Nebula,<ref name="simbad"/><br />Dumb-Bell Nebula,<ref name="simbad"/>
 }}
-The '''Dumbbell Nebula''' (also known as the '''Apple Core Nebula''', '''Messier 27''', and '''NGC 6853''') is a [[planetary nebula]] (nebulosity surrounding a large star) in the [[constellation]] [[Vulpecula]], at a distance of about 1360 [[light-year]]s.<ref name=simbad/> It was the first such nebula to be discovered, by [[Charles Messier]] in 1764. At its brightness of [[visual magnitude]] 7.5 and diameter of about 8 [[arcminute]]s, it is easily visible in binoculars<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://messierobjects101.com/messier-object-m27-dumbbell-nebula/ | title=M 27| date=2016-10-15}}</ref> and is a popular observing target in [[amateur astronomy|amateur telescopes]].
+The '''Dumbbell Nebula''' (also known as the '''Apple Core Nebula''', '''Messier 27''', and '''NGC 6853''') is a [[planetary nebula]] (nebulosity surrounding a white dwarf) in the [[constellation]] [[Vulpecula]], at a distance of about 1360 [[light-year]]s.<ref name=simbad/> It was the first such nebula to be discovered, by [[Charles Messier]] in 1764. At its brightness of [[visual magnitude]] 7.5 and diameter of about 8 [[arcminute]]s, it is easily visible in binoculars<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://messierobjects101.com/messier-object-m27-dumbbell-nebula/ | title=M 27| date=2016-10-15}}</ref> and is a popular observing target in [[amateur astronomy|amateur telescopes]].
 == Shape and size ==
-The Dumbbell Nebula appears shaped like a [[prolate spheroid]] and is viewed from our perspective along the plane of its equator. In 1992, Moreno-Corral [[et al.]] computed that its rate of expansion angularly was, viewed from our distance, no more than {{val|2.3|ul=arcseconds}} (″) per century. From this, an upper limit to the age of 14,600 years may be determined. In 1970, Bohuski, Smith, and Weedman found an expansion velocity of {{val|31|ul=km/s}}.  Given its [[semi-minor axis]] radius of {{val|1.01|ul=ly}}, this implies that the kinematic age of the nebula is 9,800 years.<ref name="ODelletal2002">
+The Dumbbell Nebula appears shaped like a [[prolate spheroid]] and is viewed from our perspective along the plane of its equator. In 1992, Moreno-Corral [[et al.]] computed that its rate of expansion angularly was, viewed from our distance, no more than {{val|2.3|ul=arcseconds}} (″) per century. From this, an upper limit to the age of 14,600 years may be determined. In 1970, Bohuski, Smith, and Weedman found an expansion velocity of {{val|31|ul=km/s}}. Given its [[semi-minor axis]] radius of {{val|1.01|ul=ly}}, this implies that the kinematic age of the nebula is 9,800 years.<ref name="ODelletal2002">
 {{cite journal
  | author=O'Dell, C. R.
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 ==Structure==
-Like many nearby planetary nebulae, the Dumbbell contains knots. Its central region is marked by a pattern of dark and bright cusped knots and their associated dark tails (see picture).  The knots vary in appearance from symmetric objects with tails to rather irregular tail-less objects. Similarly to the [[Helix Nebula]] and the [[Eskimo Nebula]], the heads of the knots have bright cusps which are local [[photoionization]] fronts.<ref name="ODelletal2003" />
+Like many nearby planetary nebulae, the Dumbbell contains knots. Its central region is marked by a pattern of dark and bright cusped knots and their associated dark tails (see picture). The knots vary in appearance from symmetric objects with tails to rather irregular tail-less objects. Similarly to the [[Helix Nebula]] and the [[Eskimo Nebula]], the heads of the knots have bright cusps which are local [[photoionization]] fronts.<ref name="ODelletal2003" />
 ==Central star==
 The central star, a [[white dwarf]] progenitor, is estimated to have a radius which is {{val|0.055|0.02|ul=R_solar}} (0.13 light seconds) which gives it a size larger than most other known white dwarfs.<ref name="Benedictetal2003">
@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
  | bibcode=2003AJ....126.2549B
  | doi=10.1086/378603
-|arxiv = astro-ph/0307449 }}</ref>  Its mass was estimated in 1999 by Napiwotzki to be {{val|0.56|0.01|ul=M_solar}}.<ref name="Benedictetal2003" />
+|arxiv = astro-ph/0307449 | s2cid=8562211
+ }}</ref> Its mass was estimated in 1999 by Napiwotzki to be {{val|0.56|0.01|ul=M_solar}}.<ref name="Benedictetal2003" />
 == Appearance ==
@@ Line 97: / Line 98: @@
 <gallery>
 Dumbbell Nebula from NA.jpg|Dumbbell Nebula, north is diagonal left-up
 M27 - Dumbbell Nebula.jpg|Dumbbell Nebula (Messier 27) imaged by the [[Very Large Telescope]]
 File:M27 Bortle9+FMoon ASI2400 RC10 UHC+RGB.jpg|Blend of UHC and RGB exposures of M27 taken with moderate level amateur equipment in the center of a capital city
 File:M27 from Scottsdale AZ.jpg|M27 with 5.5" telescope from city suburbs
-[[File:Dumbell nebula in NH.jpg|thumb|Skywatcher 120mm ED APO]]
+File:Dumbell nebula in NH.jpg|Skywatcher 120mm ED APO
 </gallery>
@@ Line 136: / Line 138: @@
  | bibcode = 2007AJ....133..631H
  | doi = 10.1086/510348
-|arxiv = astro-ph/0611543 }}</ref> * sin(8′.0 / 2) = {{val|1.44|+0.21|-0.16}} ly</li>
+|arxiv = astro-ph/0611543 | s2cid = 18261027
+ }}</ref> * sin(8′.0 / 2) = {{val|1.44|+0.21|-0.16}} ly</li>
 <li>{{Note label|B|b|none}}Semi minor axis = distance × sin(minor axis size / 2) = {{val|1240|+180|-140}}<ref name="Harrisetal2007" /> × sin(5′.6 / 2) = {{val|1.01|+0.15|-0.11}} ly</li>
 <li>{{Note label|C|c|none}}Kinematic age = semi-minor axis / expansion rate = {{val|1.01|+0.15|-0.11}}{{Ref label|B|b|none}} ly / 31&nbsp;km/s = {{val|9.56|+1.42|-1.04|e=12|u=km}} / 31<ref name="ODelletal2002" /> km/s = {{val|3.08|+0.46|-0.34|e=11}} s = {{val|9800|+1500|-1100}} yr</li>
@@ Line 148: / Line 151: @@
 ==External links==
 {{commons category|Dumbbell Nebula}}
-* [http://messier.seds.org/m/m027.html SEDS: Messier Object 27]
+* [http://www.messier.seds.org/m/m027.html SEDS: Messier Object 27]
 * {{WikiSky|name=The Dumbbell Nebula}}
 * [http://www.astro-pics.com/27plm.htm M27 on astro-pics.com]
 * {{cite web|title=M27 – Dumbbell Nebula|url=http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M27_planetary_nebula.html|work=Deep Sky Videos|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|author=Szymanek, Nik|author-link=Nik Szymanek|author2=Merrifield, Michael}}
 * [http://www.dsi-astronomie.de/M27AO8.html M27]
-* [http://www.constellation-guide.com/dumbbell-nebula-messier-27/ Dumbbell Nebula (M27) at Constellation Guide]
-{{Sky|19|59|36.340||22|43|16.09|1360}}
 {{Messier objects}}
 {{Ngc70}}
 {{Vulpecula}}
+{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}
+{{Sky|19|59|36.340||22|43|16.09|1360}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 169: / Line 172: @@
 [[Category:Orion–Cygnus Arm]]
 [[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1764|17640712]]
+[[Category:Discoveries by Charles Messier]]

v t e Messier objects
List	M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 M19 M20 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25 M26 M27 M28 M29 M30 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35 M36 M37 M38 M39 M40 M41 M42 M43 M44 M45 M46 M47 M48 M49 M50 M51 M52 M53 M54 M55 M56 M57 M58 M59 M60 M61 M62 M63 M64 M65 M66 M67 M68 M69 M70 M71 M72 M73 M74 M75 M76 M77 M78 M79 M80 M81 M82 M83 M84 M85 M86 M87 M88 M89 M90 M91 M92 M93 M94 M95 M96 M97 M98 M99 M100 M101 M102 M103 Added M104 M105 M106 M107 M108 M109 M110
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