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The practice of dentistry in the United States is overseen by several agencies, including the American Dental Association, the Commission on Dental Accreditation, and the regional boards. Ultimate licensure is the responsibility of individual states. There are roughly 190,000 practicing dentists in the United States.^[1]

Dental education

In order to be accepted to an American dental school, most candidates must possess at least a bachelor's degree, which requires the successful completion of all appropriate pre-requisite courses.

The first 2 years of dental school consist mostly of didactic education, in addition to simulation courses^{[clarification needed]}. The last two years generally involve direct patient care under supervision. There tends to be much overlap in most schools' curricula; the didactic years may have some clinical components, while the last two years still have significant didactic coursework.

During dental school, students must take and successfully pass Part I and Part II of the National Board Dental Examination (also known as "the Boards"), which are administered by the ADA. Part I is usually taken after the second year of dental school, while Part II is usually taken sometime in the fourth year.

The cost of attending a dental school is high; most newly graduated dentists have borrowed US$200,000 or more in student loans and other debts to pay for their education.^[2]

Licensure

Accredited programs

The first step in practicing dentistry in the United States is graduating from an accredited dental degree program in the United States and Canada.^[3] The graduates of Australian dental schools cannot be licensed in the United States. The reciprocity agreement between CDAC (Canada) and Australia does not extend to the United States and its Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA). The reciprocity agreement that CODA has with CDAC only covers Canadian programs. CODA does have policies and procedures in place for accrediting established international predoctoral education programs.^{[citation needed]}

Regional boards

Most states require candidates to pass a regional board exam. Regional boards are agencies which are contracted to test graduating dental students on clinical skills for a specific region of the country. These exams usually have several components, both written and clinical, and the latter is performed on live patients. The different boards include the Northeast Regional Board of Dental Examiners (usually referred to as the "NERB"), the Western Regional Examining Board (usually referred to as the "WREB"), the Central Regional Dental Testing Service (CRDTS), and the Southern Regional Testing Agency (SRTA). California, Colorado, Connecticut, and Minnesota are states which allow candidates to complete a 1-year General Practice Residency (GPR), or an Advanced Education in General Dentistry (AEGD) in lieu of a regional board exam. As of 2007, New York no longer accepted the NERB, and has since required all graduates to complete a GPR or AEGD.^{[citation needed]}

Specialty training

Dental graduates have the option of pursuing specialty training. Currently, the American Dental Association formally recognizes 12^[4] specialties:

Dental economics

Until the late 20th century, most of dentistry was paid directly by patients. Today, funding for dentistry includes: self-payment, private insurance, employer-sponsored insurance, Medicaid, and SCHIP.

The median annual earnings of salaried dentists in the United States was $136,960 in May 2006, indicating a high degree of scarcity for qualified personnel. The opinions and thoughts of dentists, much like those of other professionals, are sought after by their organizations and clients. The dentist creates a diagnosis, consults the patient, and conceptualizes a treatment.^[8] In 2009, Dental assistants made roughly $14.40 an hour, about $32,000 annually. Unlike dentists, dental assistants do not have much influence over the treatment of patients.^[9] They carry out routine procedures and follow the dentists' instructions.

Criticisms

Since 1977, evidence has shown that seeing a dentist every six months, as is standard in the United States, is not associated with improved dental or oral health.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Some of the largest dentistry companies in the United States have been subject to class-action lawsuits for their fraudulent practices.^[15]^[16]^[17]

References

^ "Health, United States, 2012" (PDF). United States Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
^ Jabr, Ferris (May 2019). "The Truth About Dentistry". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
^ "Dental Licensing, Certification, and Education in the United States". For You Dental. 13 June 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
^ "Recognized Dental Specialties". Archived from the original on 2022-07-16. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
^ "Anesthesiology recognized as a dental specialty". Archived from the original on 2019-09-21. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
^ "Oral medicine recognized as a dental specialty". Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
^ "ADA Recognizes Orofacial Pain as Dentistry's Twelfth Specialty". June 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
^ "Income and nature of work of dentists". Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2006.
^ "Income and nature of work of dental assistants". Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
^ "The Six Month Dental Recall – Science or Legend?". sciencebasedmedicine.org. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
^ Carroll, Aaron E. (29 August 2016). "Surprisingly Little Evidence for the Accepted Wisdom About Teeth". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
^ Fee, Patrick A.; Riley, Philip; Worthington, Helen V.; Clarkson, Janet E.; Boyers, Dwayne; Beirne, Paul V. (October 14, 2020). "Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (10): CD004346. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004346.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8256238. PMID 33053198.
^ Sheiham, A. (27 August 1977). "Is there a scientific basis for six-monthly dental examinations?". Lancet. 2 (8035): 442–444. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90620-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 70653. S2CID 26573870.
^ "Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients". ebd.ada.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
^ "IMPACT: 'Dentists' probe leads to new Texas law". Center for Public Integrity. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
^ "Texas tries to crack down on dental chains that put profits ahead of patients". Center for Public Integrity. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
^ "Aspen Dental faces class action suit". Center for Public Integrity. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2019.

[1] "Health, United States, 2012" (PDF). United States Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 14 June 2014.

[:0-2] Jabr, Ferris (May 2019). "The Truth About Dentistry". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 April 2019.

[3] "Dental Licensing, Certification, and Education in the United States". For You Dental. 13 June 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.

[4] "Recognized Dental Specialties". Archived from the original on 2022-07-16. Retrieved 2020-09-04.

[5] "Anesthesiology recognized as a dental specialty". Archived from the original on 2019-09-21. Retrieved 2020-09-04.

[6] "Oral medicine recognized as a dental specialty". Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-09-04.

[7] "ADA Recognizes Orofacial Pain as Dentistry's Twelfth Specialty". June 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-09-04.

[Income_and_nature_of_work_of_dentists-8] "Income and nature of work of dentists". Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2006.

[Income_and_nature_of_work_of_dental_assistants-9] "Income and nature of work of dental assistants". Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.

[SBM-10] "The Six Month Dental Recall – Science or Legend?". sciencebasedmedicine.org. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.

[11] Carroll, Aaron E. (29 August 2016). "Surprisingly Little Evidence for the Accepted Wisdom About Teeth". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2019.

[12] Fee, Patrick A.; Riley, Philip; Worthington, Helen V.; Clarkson, Janet E.; Boyers, Dwayne; Beirne, Paul V. (October 14, 2020). "Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (10): CD004346. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004346.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8256238. PMID 33053198.

[13] Sheiham, A. (27 August 1977). "Is there a scientific basis for six-monthly dental examinations?". Lancet. 2 (8035): 442–444. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90620-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 70653. S2CID 26573870.

[14] "Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients". ebd.ada.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.

[15] "IMPACT: 'Dentists' probe leads to new Texas law". Center for Public Integrity. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2019.

[16] "Texas tries to crack down on dental chains that put profits ahead of patients". Center for Public Integrity. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2019.

[17] "Aspen Dental faces class action suit". Center for Public Integrity. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2019.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The practice of '''dentistry in the United States''' is overseen by several agencies including the [[American Dental Association]], the Commission on Dental Accreditation and the regional boards. Ultimate licensure is the responsibility of individual states. There are roughly 190,000 practicing dentists in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus12.pdf | title=Health, United States, 2012 | publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services | accessdate=14 June 2014}}</ref>
+The practice of '''dentistry in the United States''' is overseen by several agencies, including the [[American Dental Association]], the Commission on Dental Accreditation, and the regional boards. Ultimate licensure is the responsibility of individual states. There are roughly 190,000 practicing dentists in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus12.pdf | title=Health, United States, 2012 | publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services | access-date=14 June 2014}}</ref>
 ==Dental education==
-In  order to be accepted to an American dental school, most candidates must possess at least a bachelor's degree as well as the pre-requisite courses.
+In order to be accepted to an American [[dental school]], most candidates must possess at least a [[bachelor's degree]], which requires the successful completion of all appropriate pre-requisite courses.
-The first 2 years of dental school consist mostly of didactic education as well as simulation courses. The last two years generally involve direct patient care under supervision. There tends to be much overlap in most schools' curricula; the didactic years may have some clinical components, while the last two years still have significant didactic coursework.
+The first 2 years of dental school consist mostly of [[Didactic method|didactic]] education, in addition to simulation courses{{Clarify|reason=|date=November 2019}}. The last two years generally involve direct patient care under supervision. There tends to be much overlap in most schools' curricula; the didactic years may have some clinical components, while the last two years still have significant didactic coursework.
-During dental school, students must take and successfully pass Part I and Part II of the [[National Board Dental Examination]] (also known as "the Boards"), which are administered by the ADA. Part I is usually taken after the second year of dental school, while Part II is usually taken sometime in the fourth year.
+During dental school, students must take and successfully pass Part I and Part II of the [[National Board Dental Examination]] (also known as "the Boards"), which are administered by the [[American Dental Association|ADA]]. Part I is usually taken after the second year of dental school, while Part II is usually taken sometime in the fourth year.
-The cost of attending dental school is high.  Most newly graduated dentists have borrowed US$200,000 or more in [[student loan]]s and other debts to pay for their education.<ref name=":0" />
+The cost of attending a dental school is high; most newly graduated dentists have borrowed US$200,000 or more in [[student loan]]s and other debts to pay for their education.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/05/the-trouble-with-dentistry/586039/|title=The Truth About Dentistry|last1=Jabr|first1=Ferris|date=May 2019|website=The Atlantic|access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref>
 ==Licensure==
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 === Accredited programs ===
 {{Main|List of dental schools in the United States}}
-The first step in practicing dentistry in the United States is graduating from an accredited [[dental degree]] program in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://yourdentistindallas.com/dental-licensing-certification-education-united-states/ | title=Dental Licensing, Certification, and Education in the United States | publisher=For You Dental | date=13 June 2014 | accessdate=14 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621014130/http://yourdentistindallas.com/dental-licensing-certification-education-united-states/ | archive-date=21 June 2014 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> The graduates of Australian dental schools cannot be licensed in the United States.  The reciprocity agreement between CDAC (Canada) and Australia does not extend to the United States and the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA). The reciprocity agreement that CODA has with CDAC only covers Canadian programs. CODA does have policies and procedures in place for accrediting established international predoctoral education programs.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
+The first step in practicing dentistry in the United States is graduating from an accredited [[dental degree]] program in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://yourdentistindallas.com/dental-licensing-certification-education-united-states/ | title=Dental Licensing, Certification, and Education in the United States | publisher=For You Dental | date=13 June 2014 | access-date=14 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621014130/http://yourdentistindallas.com/dental-licensing-certification-education-united-states/ | archive-date=21 June 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The graduates of Australian dental schools cannot be licensed in the United States. The reciprocity agreement between CDAC (Canada) and Australia does not extend to the United States and its Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA). The reciprocity agreement that CODA has with CDAC only covers Canadian programs. CODA does have policies and procedures in place for accrediting established international predoctoral education programs.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
 === Regional boards ===
-Most states require candidates to pass a regional board exam. Regional boards are agencies which are contracted to test graduating dental students on clinical skills for a specific region of the country. These exams usually have several components, both written and clinical, and the latter is performed on live patients. The different boards include the [[Northeast Regional Board of Dental Examiners]] (usually referred to as the "NERB"), [[Western Regional Examining Board]] (usually referred to as the "WREB"), [[Central Regional Dental Testing Service]] (CRDTS) and the [[Southern Regional Testing Agency]] (SRTA). California, Connecticut and Minnesota are states which allow candidates to complete a 1-year General Practice Residency (GPR) or an Advanced Education in General Dentistry (AEGD) in lieu of a regional board exam. As of 2007, New York no longer accepted the NERB and has since required all graduates to complete a GPR or AEGD.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
+Most states require candidates to pass a regional board exam. Regional boards are agencies which are contracted to test graduating dental students on clinical skills for a specific region of the country. These exams usually have several components, both written and clinical, and the latter is performed on live patients. The different boards include the [[Northeast Regional Board of Dental Examiners]] (usually referred to as the "NERB"), the [[Western Regional Examining Board]] (usually referred to as the "WREB"), the [[Central Regional Dental Testing Service]] (CRDTS), and the [[Southern Regional Testing Agency]] (SRTA). California, Colorado, Connecticut, and Minnesota are states which allow candidates to complete a 1-year General Practice Residency (GPR), or an Advanced Education in General Dentistry (AEGD) in lieu of a regional board exam. As of 2007, New York no longer accepted the NERB, and has since required all graduates to complete a GPR or AEGD.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
 ==Specialty training==
 Dental graduates have the option of pursuing specialty training.
-Currently, the American Dental Association formally recognizes 9 specialties:
+Currently, the American Dental Association formally recognizes 12<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ada.org/en/ncrdscb/dental-specialties|title=Recognized Dental Specialties|access-date=2020-09-04|archive-date=2022-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716125125/https://www.ada.org/en/ncrdscb/dental-specialties|url-status=dead}}</ref> specialties:
+*[[Dental Anesthesiology]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2019-archive/march/anesthesiology-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty |title=Anesthesiology recognized as a dental specialty |access-date=2020-09-04 |archive-date=2019-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921061215/https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2019-archive/march/anesthesiology-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-*[[Dental public health]]
+*[[Dental Public Health]]
 *[[Endodontics]]
-*[[Pediatric dentistry]]
+*[[Pediatric Dentistry]]
 *[[Periodontics]]
 *[[Prosthodontics]]
-*[[Oral and maxillofacial pathology]]
+*[[Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology]]
-*[[Oral and maxillofacial radiology]]
+*[[Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology]]
-*[[Oral and maxillofacial surgery]]
+*[[Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery]]
+*[[Oral Medicine]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2020-archive/march/oral-medicine-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty |title=Oral medicine recognized as a dental specialty |access-date=2020-09-04 |archive-date=2020-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930105240/https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2020-archive/march/oral-medicine-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+*[[Orofacial Pain]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.dentistrytoday.com/news/todays-dental-news/item/6518-ada-recognizes-orofacial-pain-as-dentistry-s-twelfth-specialty|title = ADA Recognizes Orofacial Pain as Dentistry's Twelfth Specialty|date = June 2020|access-date = 2020-09-04|archive-date = 2021-04-12|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210412155649/https://www.dentistrytoday.com/news/todays-dental-news/item/6518-ada-recognizes-orofacial-pain-as-dentistry-s-twelfth-specialty|url-status = dead}}</ref>
 *[[Orthodontics]]
 ==Dental economics==
-Until the late 20th century, most of dentistry was paid directly by patients. Today funding for dentistry includes self-payment, private insurance, employer-sponsored insurance, [[Medicaid]] and [[SCHIP]].{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
+Until the late 20th century, most of dentistry was paid directly by patients. Today, funding for dentistry includes: self-payment, private insurance, employer-sponsored insurance, [[Medicaid]], and [[SCHIP]].
+The median annual earnings of salaried dentists in the United States was $136,960 in May 2006, indicating a high degree of scarcity for qualified personnel. The opinions and thoughts of dentists, much like those of other professionals, are sought after by their organizations and clients. The dentist creates a diagnosis, consults the patient, and conceptualizes a treatment.<ref name="Income and nature of work of dentists">{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos097.htm#earnings|title=Income and nature of work of dentists|access-date=September 13, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923000547/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos097.htm|archive-date=September 23, 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, [[Dental assistant]]s made roughly $14.40 an hour, about $32,000 annually. Unlike dentists, dental assistants do not have much influence over the treatment of patients.<ref name="Income and nature of work of dental assistants">{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos163.htm|title=Income and nature of work of dental assistants|access-date=January 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105224937/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos163.htm|archive-date=January 5, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> They carry out routine procedures and follow the [[dentist|dentists']] instructions.
-Four out of five dental practices in the US are for-profit [[small business]]es owned directly by the dentist.<ref name=":0" />  As preventive care and routine cleanings are not lucrative activities, paying off [[student debt]] and being financially successful is dependent upon the dentist performing a large number of invasive dental procedures.<ref name=":0" />
 == Criticisms ==
-Dentistry has been widely criticized for the lack of evidence or scientific principles behind its practices. Although medical schools are the center of medical research, many dental schools are not involved in research of any kind.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Field |first1=Marilyn J. |last2=Education |first2=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Future of Dental |title=The Mission of Research |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232260/ |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |accessdate=19 April 2019 |language=en |date=1995}}</ref> In areas where research has been done, common practice often runs counter to the scientific conclusion. Notably, evidence since 1977 has shown that seeing a dentist every six months, as is standard in the United States, is not associated with improved dental or oral health.<ref name="SBM">{{cite web |title=The Six Month Dental Recall – Science or Legend? |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/six-month-dental-recall/ |website=sciencebasedmedicine.org |accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carroll |first1=Aaron E. |title=Surprisingly Little Evidence for the Accepted Wisdom About Teeth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/upshot/surprisingly-little-evidence-for-the-usual-wisdom-about-teeth.html |accessdate=19 April 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=29 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Philip |last2=Worthington |first2=Helen V. |last3=Clarkson |first3=Jan E. |last4=Beirne |first4=Paul V. |title=Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=19 December 2013 |issue=12 |pages=CD004346 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004346.pub4 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353242 |accessdate=19 April 2019 |issn=1469-493X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sheiham |first1=A. |title=Is there a scientific basis for six-monthly dental examinations? |journal=Lancet |date=27 August 1977 |volume=2 |issue=8035 |pages=442–444 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/70653 |accessdate=19 April 2019 |issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients |url=https://ebd.ada.org/en/evidence/evidence-by-topic/8056/recall-intervals-for-oral-health-in-primary-care-patients |website=ebd.ada.org |accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref>
+Since 1977, evidence has shown that seeing a dentist every six months, as is standard in the United States, is not associated with improved dental or oral health.<ref name="SBM">{{cite web |title=The Six Month Dental Recall – Science or Legend? |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/six-month-dental-recall/ |website=sciencebasedmedicine.org |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carroll |first1=Aaron E. |title=Surprisingly Little Evidence for the Accepted Wisdom About Teeth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/upshot/surprisingly-little-evidence-for-the-usual-wisdom-about-teeth.html |access-date=19 April 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=29 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fee|first1=Patrick A.|last2=Riley|first2=Philip|last3=Worthington|first3=Helen V.|last4=Clarkson|first4=Janet E.|last5=Boyers|first5=Dwayne|last6=Beirne|first6=Paul V.|date=October 14, 2020|title=Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2020|issue=10|pages=CD004346|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004346.pub5|issn=1469-493X|pmid=33053198|pmc=8256238}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sheiham |first1=A. |title=Is there a scientific basis for six-monthly dental examinations? |journal=Lancet |date=27 August 1977 |volume=2 |issue=8035 |pages=442–444 |issn=0140-6736|pmid=70653 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90620-1 |s2cid=26573870 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients |url=https://ebd.ada.org/en/evidence/evidence-by-topic/8056/recall-intervals-for-oral-health-in-primary-care-patients |website=ebd.ada.org |access-date=19 April 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419004432/https://ebd.ada.org/en/evidence/evidence-by-topic/8056/recall-intervals-for-oral-health-in-primary-care-patients |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Compared to similar fields, there is a relative abundance of fraudulent dentistry practices.<ref name=":0" /> Patients often do not question information given them by a dentist or seek a second opinion, and, for centuries, dentists have taken advantage of this to treat patients with costly procedures that are either unneeded or ineffective.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the largest dentistry companies in the United States have been subject to class-action lawsuits for their fraudulent practices,<ref>{{cite web |title=IMPACT: 'Dentists' probe leads to new Texas law |url=https://publicintegrity.org/health/impact-dentists-probe-leads-to-new-texas-law/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |accessdate=19 April 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Texas tries to crack down on dental chains that put profits ahead of patients |url=https://publicintegrity.org/health/texas-tries-to-crack-down-on-dental-chains-that-put-profits-ahead-of-patients/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |accessdate=19 April 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aspen Dental faces class action suit |url=https://publicintegrity.org/health/aspen-dental-faces-class-action-suit/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |accessdate=19 April 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref>  Dentists operate with very little oversight, such as a colleague in the next room or a manager who might notice that a particular dentist billed for an unusually high number of procedures, which compounds this problem. While this is relevant today, fraud and [[overtreatment]] is not a new problem. Evidence of fraudulent dental treatments date back to the 18th century.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/05/the-trouble-with-dentistry/586039/|title=The Truth About Dentistry|last1=Jabr|first1=Ferris|date=May 2019|website=The Atlantic|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref>
+Some of the largest dentistry companies in the United States have been subject to class-action lawsuits for their fraudulent practices.<ref>{{cite web |title=IMPACT: 'Dentists' probe leads to new Texas law |url=https://publicintegrity.org/health/impact-dentists-probe-leads-to-new-texas-law/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |date=26 June 2013 |access-date=19 April 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Texas tries to crack down on dental chains that put profits ahead of patients |url=https://publicintegrity.org/health/texas-tries-to-crack-down-on-dental-chains-that-put-profits-ahead-of-patients/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |date=7 January 2013 |access-date=19 April 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aspen Dental faces class action suit |url=https://publicintegrity.org/health/aspen-dental-faces-class-action-suit/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |date=19 October 2012 |access-date=19 April 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 49: / Line 52: @@
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
-#[http://www.ada.org American Dental Association]
-#[http://www.bls.gov Bureau of Labor Statistics]
-#[http://www.nerb.org NERB]
-#[http://www.wreb.org WREB]
-#[http://www.crdts.org CRDTS]
-#[http://www.srta.org SRTA]
-#[http://www.dentalboard.state.mn.us Minnesota Board of Dentistry]
-#[http://www.dbc.ca.gov Dental Board of California]
-#[http://www.ct.gov/dph/site/default.asp Connecticut Department of Public Health]
-#[http://asdanet.org/licensuremap.aspx American Student Dental Association - Licensure by State]
-#[http://www.waynedental.com/wp-content/uploads/dental_schools_list.pdf Complete List of Dental Schools in USA]
 [[Category:Dentistry in the United States| ]]