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==Specialty training==
==Specialty training==
Dental graduates have the option of pursuing specialty training.
Dental graduates have the option of pursuing specialty training.
Currently, the American Dental Association formally recognizes 12<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ada.org/en/ncrdscb/dental-specialties|title = Recognized Dental Specialties}}</ref> specialties:
Currently, the American Dental Association formally recognizes 12<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ada.org/en/ncrdscb/dental-specialties|title=Recognized Dental Specialties|access-date=2020-09-04|archive-date=2022-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716125125/https://www.ada.org/en/ncrdscb/dental-specialties|url-status=dead}}</ref> specialties:


*[[Dental Anesthesiology]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2019-archive/march/anesthesiology-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty |title=Anesthesiology recognized as a dental specialty |access-date=2020-09-04 |archive-date=2019-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921061215/https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2019-archive/march/anesthesiology-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Dental Anesthesiology]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2019-archive/march/anesthesiology-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty |title=Anesthesiology recognized as a dental specialty |access-date=2020-09-04 |archive-date=2019-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921061215/https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2019-archive/march/anesthesiology-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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*[[Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery]]
*[[Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery]]
*[[Oral Medicine]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2020-archive/march/oral-medicine-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty |title=Oral medicine recognized as a dental specialty |access-date=2020-09-04 |archive-date=2020-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930105240/https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2020-archive/march/oral-medicine-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Oral Medicine]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2020-archive/march/oral-medicine-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty |title=Oral medicine recognized as a dental specialty |access-date=2020-09-04 |archive-date=2020-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930105240/https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2020-archive/march/oral-medicine-recognized-as-a-dental-specialty |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Orofacial Pain]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dentistrytoday.com/news/todays-dental-news/item/6518-ada-recognizes-orofacial-pain-as-dentistry-s-twelfth-specialty|title = ADA Recognizes Orofacial Pain as Dentistry's Twelfth Specialty|date = June 2020}}</ref>
*[[Orofacial Pain]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.dentistrytoday.com/news/todays-dental-news/item/6518-ada-recognizes-orofacial-pain-as-dentistry-s-twelfth-specialty|title = ADA Recognizes Orofacial Pain as Dentistry's Twelfth Specialty|date = June 2020|access-date = 2020-09-04|archive-date = 2021-04-12|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210412155649/https://www.dentistrytoday.com/news/todays-dental-news/item/6518-ada-recognizes-orofacial-pain-as-dentistry-s-twelfth-specialty|url-status = dead}}</ref>
*[[Orthodontics]]
*[[Orthodontics]]


==Dental economics==
==Dental economics==
Until the late 20th century, most of dentistry was paid directly by patients. Today, funding for dentistry includes: self-payment, private insurance, employer-sponsored insurance, [[Medicaid]], and [[SCHIP]].{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
Until the late 20th century, most of dentistry was paid directly by patients. Today, funding for dentistry includes: self-payment, private insurance, employer-sponsored insurance, [[Medicaid]], and [[SCHIP]].


The median annual earnings of salaried dentists in the United States was $136,960 in May 2006, indicating a high degree of scarcity for qualified personnel. The opinions and thoughts of dentists, much like those of other professionals, are sought after by their organizations and clients. The dentist creates a diagnosis, consults the patient, and conceptualizes a treatment.<ref name="Income and nature of work of dentists">{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos097.htm#earnings|title=Income and nature of work of dentists|access-date=September 13, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923000547/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos097.htm|archive-date=September 23, 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, [[Dental assistant]]s made roughly $14.40 an hour, about $32,000 annually. Unlike dentists, dental assistants do not have much influence over the treatment of patients.<ref name="Income and nature of work of dental assistants">{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos163.htm|title=Income and nature of work of dental assistants|access-date=January 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105224937/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos163.htm|archive-date=January 5, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> They carry out routine procedures and follow the [[dentist|dentists']] instructions.
== Dental fraud, waste and abuse in the United States of America==
{{See also|Medicare fraud|Welfare fraud|Unnecessary health care|Quackery}}

Healthcare professionals contribute to the preserve good health in the societies where they operate, except in the cases where the professionals used their position to commit fraud such as [[overdiagnosis]], false diagnostics that are false or the realization of [[Unnecessary health care|unnecessary procedures]] in insured or uninsured patients.

With the implementation of [[Social Security Administration]] in 1935, the surge of private insurances and the creation in 1965 of [[Medicaid]] (A government program that provides health insurance for adults and children with limited income and resources) and Medicare (A government program that provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older, but also for some younger people with disability status)

Among the clinics that committed fraud in the United States can be named the following; [[All Smiles Dental Centers]], [[Kool Smiles]], [[Smile Starters]], [[Small Smiles Dental Centers]],
[[ReachOut Healthcare America]], [[Aspen Dental]], etc.

In order to detect and prevent fraud (including [[Medicare fraud]], [[medical malpractice]]s, etc.), abuse and waste in the healthcare industry, the US government created the [[Medicare Fraud Strike Force]] and implemented the following regulations:
* [[Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act]]: To prevent the access to medical and personal information of patients and providers.
* [[False Claims Act]] (FCA), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729 - 3733: It is a federal statute originally enacted in 1863 in response to defense contractor fraud during the American Civil War. It was created as a way to report when false claims are issued by fraudulent clinics and providers.


== Criticisms ==
== Criticisms ==
Since 1977, evidence has shown that seeing a dentist every six months, as is standard in the United States, is not associated with improved dental or oral health.<ref name="SBM">{{cite web |title=The Six Month Dental Recall – Science or Legend? |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/six-month-dental-recall/ |website=sciencebasedmedicine.org |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carroll |first1=Aaron E. |title=Surprisingly Little Evidence for the Accepted Wisdom About Teeth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/upshot/surprisingly-little-evidence-for-the-usual-wisdom-about-teeth.html |access-date=19 April 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=29 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fee|first1=Patrick A.|last2=Riley|first2=Philip|last3=Worthington|first3=Helen V.|last4=Clarkson|first4=Janet E.|last5=Boyers|first5=Dwayne|last6=Beirne|first6=Paul V.|date=October 14, 2020|title=Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2020|issue=10|pages=CD004346|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004346.pub5|issn=1469-493X|pmid=33053198|pmc=8256238}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sheiham |first1=A. |title=Is there a scientific basis for six-monthly dental examinations? |journal=Lancet |date=27 August 1977 |volume=2 |issue=8035 |pages=442–444 |issn=0140-6736|pmid=70653 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90620-1 |s2cid=26573870 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients |url=https://ebd.ada.org/en/evidence/evidence-by-topic/8056/recall-intervals-for-oral-health-in-primary-care-patients |website=ebd.ada.org |access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref>
Since 1977, evidence has shown that seeing a dentist every six months, as is standard in the United States, is not associated with improved dental or oral health.<ref name="SBM">{{cite web |title=The Six Month Dental Recall – Science or Legend? |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/six-month-dental-recall/ |website=sciencebasedmedicine.org |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carroll |first1=Aaron E. |title=Surprisingly Little Evidence for the Accepted Wisdom About Teeth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/upshot/surprisingly-little-evidence-for-the-usual-wisdom-about-teeth.html |access-date=19 April 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=29 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fee|first1=Patrick A.|last2=Riley|first2=Philip|last3=Worthington|first3=Helen V.|last4=Clarkson|first4=Janet E.|last5=Boyers|first5=Dwayne|last6=Beirne|first6=Paul V.|date=October 14, 2020|title=Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2020|issue=10|pages=CD004346|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004346.pub5|issn=1469-493X|pmid=33053198|pmc=8256238}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sheiham |first1=A. |title=Is there a scientific basis for six-monthly dental examinations? |journal=Lancet |date=27 August 1977 |volume=2 |issue=8035 |pages=442–444 |issn=0140-6736|pmid=70653 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90620-1 |s2cid=26573870 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients |url=https://ebd.ada.org/en/evidence/evidence-by-topic/8056/recall-intervals-for-oral-health-in-primary-care-patients |website=ebd.ada.org |access-date=19 April 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419004432/https://ebd.ada.org/en/evidence/evidence-by-topic/8056/recall-intervals-for-oral-health-in-primary-care-patients |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Some of the largest dentistry companies in the United States have been subject to class-action lawsuits for their fraudulent practices.<ref>{{cite web |title=IMPACT: 'Dentists' probe leads to new Texas law |url=https://publicintegrity.org/health/impact-dentists-probe-leads-to-new-texas-law/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |date=26 June 2013 |access-date=19 April 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Texas tries to crack down on dental chains that put profits ahead of patients |url=https://publicintegrity.org/health/texas-tries-to-crack-down-on-dental-chains-that-put-profits-ahead-of-patients/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |date=7 January 2013 |access-date=19 April 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aspen Dental faces class action suit |url=https://publicintegrity.org/health/aspen-dental-faces-class-action-suit/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |date=19 October 2012 |access-date=19 April 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref>
Some of the largest dentistry companies in the United States have been subject to class-action lawsuits for their fraudulent practices.<ref>{{cite web |title=IMPACT: 'Dentists' probe leads to new Texas law |url=https://publicintegrity.org/health/impact-dentists-probe-leads-to-new-texas-law/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |date=26 June 2013 |access-date=19 April 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Texas tries to crack down on dental chains that put profits ahead of patients |url=https://publicintegrity.org/health/texas-tries-to-crack-down-on-dental-chains-that-put-profits-ahead-of-patients/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |date=7 January 2013 |access-date=19 April 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aspen Dental faces class action suit |url=https://publicintegrity.org/health/aspen-dental-faces-class-action-suit/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |date=19 October 2012 |access-date=19 April 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref>

Revision as of 22:29, 29 May 2024

The practice of dentistry in the United States is overseen by several agencies, including the American Dental Association, the Commission on Dental Accreditation, and the regional boards. Ultimate licensure is the responsibility of individual states. There are roughly 190,000 practicing dentists in the United States.[1]

Dental education

In order to be accepted to an American dental school, most candidates must possess at least a bachelor's degree, which requires the successful completion of all appropriate pre-requisite courses.

The first 2 years of dental school consist mostly of didactic education, in addition to simulation courses[clarification needed]. The last two years generally involve direct patient care under supervision. There tends to be much overlap in most schools' curricula; the didactic years may have some clinical components, while the last two years still have significant didactic coursework.

During dental school, students must take and successfully pass Part I and Part II of the National Board Dental Examination (also known as "the Boards"), which are administered by the ADA. Part I is usually taken after the second year of dental school, while Part II is usually taken sometime in the fourth year.

The cost of attending a dental school is high; most newly graduated dentists have borrowed US$200,000 or more in student loans and other debts to pay for their education.[2]

Licensure

Accredited programs

Main article: List of dental schools in the United States

The first step in practicing dentistry in the United States is graduating from an accredited dental degree program in the United States and Canada.[3] The graduates of Australian dental schools cannot be licensed in the United States. The reciprocity agreement between CDAC (Canada) and Australia does not extend to the United States and its Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA). The reciprocity agreement that CODA has with CDAC only covers Canadian programs. CODA does have policies and procedures in place for accrediting established international predoctoral education programs.[citation needed]

Regional boards

Most states require candidates to pass a regional board exam. Regional boards are agencies which are contracted to test graduating dental students on clinical skills for a specific region of the country. These exams usually have several components, both written and clinical, and the latter is performed on live patients. The different boards include the Northeast Regional Board of Dental Examiners (usually referred to as the "NERB"), the Western Regional Examining Board (usually referred to as the "WREB"), the Central Regional Dental Testing Service (CRDTS), and the Southern Regional Testing Agency (SRTA). California, Colorado, Connecticut, and Minnesota are states which allow candidates to complete a 1-year General Practice Residency (GPR), or an Advanced Education in General Dentistry (AEGD) in lieu of a regional board exam. As of 2007, New York no longer accepted the NERB, and has since required all graduates to complete a GPR or AEGD.[citation needed]

Specialty training

Dental graduates have the option of pursuing specialty training. Currently, the American Dental Association formally recognizes 12[4] specialties:

Dental economics

Until the late 20th century, most of dentistry was paid directly by patients. Today, funding for dentistry includes: self-payment, private insurance, employer-sponsored insurance, Medicaid, and SCHIP.

The median annual earnings of salaried dentists in the United States was $136,960 in May 2006, indicating a high degree of scarcity for qualified personnel. The opinions and thoughts of dentists, much like those of other professionals, are sought after by their organizations and clients. The dentist creates a diagnosis, consults the patient, and conceptualizes a treatment.[8] In 2009, Dental assistants made roughly $14.40 an hour, about $32,000 annually. Unlike dentists, dental assistants do not have much influence over the treatment of patients.[9] They carry out routine procedures and follow the dentists' instructions.

Criticisms

Since 1977, evidence has shown that seeing a dentist every six months, as is standard in the United States, is not associated with improved dental or oral health.[10][11][12][13][14]

Some of the largest dentistry companies in the United States have been subject to class-action lawsuits for their fraudulent practices.[15][16][17]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Health, United States, 2012" (PDF). United States Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  2. ^ Jabr, Ferris (May 2019). "The Truth About Dentistry". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  3. ^ "Dental Licensing, Certification, and Education in the United States". For You Dental. 13 June 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  4. ^ "Recognized Dental Specialties". Archived from the original on 2022-07-16. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  5. ^ "Anesthesiology recognized as a dental specialty". Archived from the original on 2019-09-21. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  6. ^ "Oral medicine recognized as a dental specialty". Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  7. ^ "ADA Recognizes Orofacial Pain as Dentistry's Twelfth Specialty". June 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  8. ^ "Income and nature of work of dentists". Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2006.
  9. ^ "Income and nature of work of dental assistants". Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  10. ^ "The Six Month Dental Recall – Science or Legend?". sciencebasedmedicine.org. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  11. ^ Carroll, Aaron E. (29 August 2016). "Surprisingly Little Evidence for the Accepted Wisdom About Teeth". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  12. ^ Fee, Patrick A.; Riley, Philip; Worthington, Helen V.; Clarkson, Janet E.; Boyers, Dwayne; Beirne, Paul V. (October 14, 2020). "Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (10): CD004346. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004346.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8256238. PMID 33053198.
  13. ^ Sheiham, A. (27 August 1977). "Is there a scientific basis for six-monthly dental examinations?". Lancet. 2 (8035): 442–444. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90620-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 70653. S2CID 26573870.
  14. ^ "Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients". ebd.ada.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  15. ^ "IMPACT: 'Dentists' probe leads to new Texas law". Center for Public Integrity. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  16. ^ "Texas tries to crack down on dental chains that put profits ahead of patients". Center for Public Integrity. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  17. ^ "Aspen Dental faces class action suit". Center for Public Integrity. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
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