Dewar benzene: Difference between revisions

Dewar benzene
	; The conjoined cyclobutene rings of Dewar benzene form an obtuse angle.
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene
Identifiers
CAS Number	5649-95-6 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	89242 ;
PubChem CID	98808;
UNII	885QNL8RTB ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID00205033 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C6H6/c1-2-6-4-3-5(1)6/h1-6H Key: CTLSARLLLBZBRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C6H6/c1-2-6-4-3-5(1)6/h1-6H Key: CTLSARLLLBZBRV-UHFFFAOYAO;
	SMILES C\1=C\C2/C=C\C/12;
Properties
Chemical formula	C6H6
Molar mass	78.1 g·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

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Dewar benzene (also spelled dewarbenzene) or bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene is a bicyclic isomer of benzene with the molecular formula C₆H₆. The compound is named after James Dewar who included this structure in a list of possible C₆H₆ structures in 1869.^[1] However, he did not propose it as the structure of benzene, and in fact he supported the correct structure previously proposed by August Kekulé in 1865.^[2]

Structure and properties

Unlike benzene, Dewar benzene is not flat because the carbons where the rings join are bonded to four atoms rather than three. These carbons tend toward tetrahedral geometry, and the two cyclobutene rings make an angle where they are cis-fused to each other. The compound has nevertheless considerable strain energy and reverts to benzene with a chemical half-life of two days. This thermal conversion is relatively slow because it is symmetry forbidden based on orbital symmetry arguments.^[3]

Synthesis

The compound itself was first synthesized in 1962 as a tert-butyl derivative^[4] and then as the unsubstituted compound by Eugene van Tamelen in 1963 by photolysis of the cis-1,2-dihydro derivative of phthalic anhydride followed by oxidation with lead tetraacetate.^[5]^[6]

"Dewar benzene" and benzene

Seven possible isomers proposed by Dewar, with "Dewar benzene" in second row, right.

It is sometimes incorrectly claimed that Dewar proposed his structure as the true structure of benzene. In fact, Dewar merely wrote the structure as one of seven possible isomers^[1] and believed that his experiments on benzene supported the (correct) structure that had been proposed by Kekulé.^[2]

After the development of valence bond theory in 1928, benzene was described primarily using its two major resonance contributors, the two Kekulé structures. The three possible Dewar structures were considered as minor resonance contributors in the overall description of benzene, alongside other classic structures such as the isomers prismane, benzvalene and Claus' benzene. Prismane and benzvalene were synthesized in the 1970s; Claus' benzene is impossible to synthesize.^[7]

Hexamethyl Dewar benzene

Hexamethyl Dewar benzene has been prepared by bicyclotrimerization of dimethylacetylene with aluminium chloride.^[8] It undergoes a rearrangement reaction with hydrohalic acids to which the appropriate salt can be added to form the organometallic pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium dichloride^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iridium dichloride dimers;^[13] consequently, it can be used as a starting material for synthesising some pentamethylcyclopentadienyl organometallic compounds^[14]^[15] including [Cp*Rh(CO)₂].^[16] Attempting a similar reaction with potassium tetrachloroplatinate results in the formation of a pentamethylcyclopentadiene complex, [(η⁴-Cp*H)PtCl₂], indicating that the rhodium and iridium metal centres are necessary for the step in which the aromatic anion is formed.^[12]

One of the alkenes can be epoxidized using mCPBA,^[17] peroxybenzoic acid,^[18] or dimethyldioxirane (DMDO).^[19] Using a peracid (mCPBA or peroxybenzoic acid), the epoxy product quickly rearranges, catalyzed by the acid byproduct of the epoxidation.^[17]

Using DMDO gives the epoxide as a stable product—the byproduct of the epoxidation is neutral acetone. By varying the amount of DMDO, either the mono- or diepoxide can be formed, with the oxygen atoms exo on the bicyclic carbon framework.^[19]

In 1973, the dication of hexamethylbenzene, C
₆(CH
₃)²⁺
₆, was produced by Hepke Hogeveen and Peter Kwant.^[20] This can be done by dissolving the hexamethyl Dewar benzene monoepoxide in magic acid, which removes the oxygen as an anion.^[21] NMR had previously hinted at a pentagonal pyramidal structure in a related cation^[22] as had spectral data on the Hogeveen and Kwant dication.^[23]^[24] The pyramidal structure having an apex carbon bonding to six other carbon atoms was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the hexafluoroantimonate salt published in 2016.^[21]

Left: Structure of C
₆(CH
₃)²⁺
₆, as drawn by Steven Bachrach^[25]
Right: Three-dimensional representation of the dication's rearranged pentagonal-pyramid framework, from the crystal structure^[21]

Computational organic chemist Steven Bachrach discussed the dication, noting that the weak bonds forming the upright edges of the pyramid, shown as dashed lines in the structure he drew, have a Wiberg bond order of about 0.54; it follows that the total bond order for the apical carbon is 5 × 0.54 + 1 = 3.7 < 4, and thus the species is not hypervalent, but it is hypercoordinate.^[25] From the perspective of organometallic chemistry, the species can be viewed as having a carbon(IV) centre (C⁴⁺
) bound to an aromatic η⁵–pentamethylcyclopentadienyl anion (six-electron donor) and a methyl anion (two-electron donor), thereby satisfying the octet rule^[26] and being analogous to the gas-phase organozinc monomer [(η⁵
–C
₅(CH
₃)
₅)Zn(CH
₃)], which has the same ligands bound to a zinc(II) centre (Zn²⁺
) and satisfies the 18 electron rule on the metal.^[27]^[28] Thus, while unprecedented,^[21] and having attracted comment in Chemical & Engineering News,^[29] New Scientist,^[30] Science News,^[31] and ZME Science,^[32] the structure is consistent with the usual bonding rules of chemistry. Moritz Malischewski, who carried out the work with Konrad Seppelt,^[21] commented that one the motivations for undertaking the work was to illustrate "the possibility to astonish chemists about what can be possible."^[30]

References

^ ^a ^b Dewar, James (1869). "On the Oxidation af Phenyl Alcohol, and a Mechanical Arrangement adapted to illustrate Structure in the Non-saturated Hydrocarbons". Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 6: 82–86. doi:10.1017/S0370164600045387.
^ ^a ^b Baker, Wilson; Rouvray, Dennis H. (1978). "Para-Bond or "Dewar" Benzene?". J. Chem. Educ. 55 (10): 645. Bibcode:1978JChEd..55..645B. doi:10.1021/ed055p645.
^ Jensen, James O. (2004). "Vibrational Frequencies and Structural Determination of Dewar Benzene". J. Mol. Struct.:THEOCHEM. 680 (1–3): 227–236. doi:10.1016/j.theochem.2004.03.042.
^ van Tamelen, Eugene E.; Pappas, S. P. (1962). "Chemistry of Dewar Benzene. 1,2,5-Tri-t-Butylbicyclo[2.2.0]Hexa-2,5-Diene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84 (19): 3789–3791. doi:10.1021/ja00878a054.
^ ^a ^b van Tamelen, Eugene E.; Pappas, S. P. (1963). "Bicyclo [2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85 (20): 3297–3298. doi:10.1021/ja00903a056.
^ van Tamelen, Eugene E.; Pappas, S. P.; Kirk, K. L. (1971). "Valence Bond Isomers of Aromatic Systems. Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-dienes (Dewar benzenes)". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93 (23): 6092–6101. doi:10.1021/ja00752a021.
^ Hoffmann, Roald; Hopf, Henning (2008). "Learning from Molecules in Distress". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (24): 4474–4481. doi:10.1002/anie.200705775. PMID 18418829.
^ Shama, Sami A.; Wamser, Carl C. (1990). "Hexamethyl Dewar Benzene". Organic Syntheses. 61: 62. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.061.0062; Collected Volumes, vol. 7, p. 256.
^ Paquette, Leo A.; Krow, Grant R. (1968). "Electrophilic Additions to Hexamethyldewarbenzene". Tetrahedron Lett. 9 (17): 2139–2142. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)89761-0.
^ Criegee, Rudolf; Grüner, H. (1968). "Acid-catalyzed Rearrangements of Hexamethyl-prismane and Hexamethyl-Dewar-benzene". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 7 (6): 467–468. doi:10.1002/anie.196804672.
^ Herrmann, Wolfgang A.; Zybill, Christian (1996). "Bis{(μ-chloro)[chloro(η-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium]} — {Rh(μ-Cl)Cl[η-C₅(CH₃)₅]}₂". In Herrmann, Wolfgang A.; Salzer, Albrecht (eds.). Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: Literature, Laboratory Techniques, and Common Starting Materials. Georg Thieme Verlag. pp. 148–149. ISBN 9783131791610.
^ ^a ^b Heck, Richard F. (1974). "Reactions of Dienes Trienes and Tetraenes with Transition Metal Compounds". Organotransition Metal Chemistry: A Mechanistic Approach. Academic Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9780323154703.
^ Kang, Jung W.; Moseley, K.; Maitlis, Peter M. (1969). "Pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium and -iridium halides. I. Synthesis and properties". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (22): 5970–5977. doi:10.1021/ja01050a008.
^ Kang, J. W.; Mosley, K.; Maitlis, Peter M. (1968). "Mechanisms of Reactions of Dewar Hexamethylbenzene with Rhodium and Iridium Chlorides". Chem. Commun. (21): 1304–1305. doi:10.1039/C19680001304.
^ Kang, J. W.; Maitlis, Peter M. (1968). "Conversion of Dewar Hexamethylbenzene to Pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium(III) Chloride". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (12): 3259–3261. doi:10.1021/ja01014a063.
^ Herrmann, Wolfgang A.; Zybill, Christian (1996). "Dicarbonyl(η-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium — Rh[η-C₅(CH₃)₅](CO)₂". In Herrmann, Wolfgang A.; Salzer, Albrecht (eds.). Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: Literature, Laboratory Techniques, and Common Starting Materials. Georg Thieme Verlag. pp. 147–148. ISBN 9783131791610.
^ ^a ^b King, R. B.; Douglas, W. M.; Efraty, A. (1977). "5-Acetyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene". Organic Syntheses. 56: 1. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.056.0001; Collected Volumes, vol. 6, p. 39.
^ Junker, Hans-Nikolaus; Schäfer, Wolfgang; Niedenbrück, Hans (1967). "Oxydationsreaktionen mit Hexamethyl-bicyclo[2.2.0]-hexadien-(2.5) (= Hexamethyl-Dewar-Benzol)" [Oxidation reactions with hexamethylbicyclo[2.2.0]-hexa-2,5-diene (= Hexamethyl Dewar Benzene)]. Chem. Ber. (in German). 100 (8): 2508–2514. doi:10.1002/cber.19671000807.
^ ^a ^b Asouti, Amalia; Hadjiarapoglou, Lazaros P. (2000). "Regioselective and diastereoselective dimethyldioxirane epoxidation of substituted norbornenes and hexamethyl Dewar benzene". Tetrahedron Lett. 41 (4): 539–542. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(99)02113-9.
^ Hogeveen, Hepke; Kwant, Peter W. (1973). "Direct observation of a remarkably stable dication of unusual structure: (CCH₃)₆^2⊕". Tetrahedron Lett. 14 (19): 1665–1670. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)96023-X.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Malischewski, Moritz; Seppelt, Konrad (2016). "Crystal Structure Determination of the Pentagonal-Pyramidal Hexamethylbenzene Dication C₆(CH₃)₆²⁺". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56 (1): 368–370. doi:10.1002/anie.201608795. PMID 27885766.
^ Paquette, Leo A.; Krow, Grant R.; Bollinger, J. Martin; Olah, George A. (1968). "Protonation of hexamethyl Dewar benzene and hexamethylprismane in fluorosulfuric acid – antimony pentafluoride – sulfur dioxide". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (25): 7147–7149. doi:10.1021/ja01027a060.
^ Hogeveen, Hepke; Kwant, Peter W.; Postma, J.; van Duynen, P. Th. (1974). "Electronic spectra of pyramidal dications, (CCH₃)₆²⁺ and (CCH)₆²⁺". Tetrahedron Lett. 15 (49–50): 4351–4354. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)92161-6.
^ Hogeveen, Hepke; Kwant, Peter W. (1974). "Chemistry and spectroscopy in strongly acidic solutions. XL. (CCH₃)₆²⁺, an unusual dication". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96 (7): 2208–2214. doi:10.1021/ja00814a034.
^ ^a ^b Bachrach, Steven M. (January 17, 2017). "A six-coordinate carbon atom". comporgchem.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
^ Hogeveen, Hepke; Kwant, Peter W. (1975). "Pyramidal mono- and dications. Bridge between organic and organometallic chemistry". Acc. Chem. Res. 8 (12): 413–420. doi:10.1021/ar50096a004.
^ Haaland, Arne; Samdal, Svein; Seip, Ragnhild (1978). "The molecular structure of monomeric methyl(cyclopentadienyl)zinc, (CH₃)Zn(η-C₅H₅), determined by gas phase electron diffraction". J. Organomet. Chem. 153 (2): 187–192. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)85041-X.
^ Elschenbroich, Christoph (2006). "Organometallic Compounds of Groups 2 and 12". Organometallics (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 59–85. ISBN 9783527805143.
^ Ritter, Stephen K. (December 19, 2016). "Six bonds to carbon: Confirmed". Chem. Eng. News. 94 (49): 13. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Boyle, Rebecca (January 14, 2017). "Carbon seen bonding with six other atoms for the first time". New Scientist (3108). Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
^ Hamers, Laurel (December 24, 2016). "Carbon can exceed four-bond limit". Science News. 190 (13): 17. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017.
^ Puiu, Tibi (January 5, 2017). "Exotic carbon molecule has six bonds, breaking the four-bond limit". zmescience.com. ZME Science. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.

[Dewar-1] Dewar, James (1869). "On the Oxidation af Phenyl Alcohol, and a Mechanical Arrangement adapted to illustrate Structure in the Non-saturated Hydrocarbons". Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 6: 82–86. doi:10.1017/S0370164600045387.

[Baker-2] Baker, Wilson; Rouvray, Dennis H. (1978). "Para-Bond or "Dewar" Benzene?". J. Chem. Educ. 55 (10): 645. Bibcode:1978JChEd..55..645B. doi:10.1021/ed055p645.

[3] Jensen, James O. (2004). "Vibrational Frequencies and Structural Determination of Dewar Benzene". J. Mol. Struct.:THEOCHEM. 680 (1–3): 227–236. doi:10.1016/j.theochem.2004.03.042.

[4] van Tamelen, Eugene E.; Pappas, S. P. (1962). "Chemistry of Dewar Benzene. 1,2,5-Tri-t-Butylbicyclo[2.2.0]Hexa-2,5-Diene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84 (19): 3789–3791. doi:10.1021/ja00878a054.

[vanTamelenPappasSynthesis-5] van Tamelen, Eugene E.; Pappas, S. P. (1963). "Bicyclo [2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85 (20): 3297–3298. doi:10.1021/ja00903a056.

[6] van Tamelen, Eugene E.; Pappas, S. P.; Kirk, K. L. (1971). "Valence Bond Isomers of Aromatic Systems. Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-dienes (Dewar benzenes)". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93 (23): 6092–6101. doi:10.1021/ja00752a021.

[7] Hoffmann, Roald; Hopf, Henning (2008). "Learning from Molecules in Distress". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (24): 4474–4481. doi:10.1002/anie.200705775. PMID 18418829.

[8] Shama, Sami A.; Wamser, Carl C. (1990). "Hexamethyl Dewar Benzene". Organic Syntheses. 61: 62. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.061.0062; Collected Volumes, vol. 7, p. 256.

[9] Paquette, Leo A.; Krow, Grant R. (1968). "Electrophilic Additions to Hexamethyldewarbenzene". Tetrahedron Lett. 9 (17): 2139–2142. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)89761-0.

[10] Criegee, Rudolf; Grüner, H. (1968). "Acid-catalyzed Rearrangements of Hexamethyl-prismane and Hexamethyl-Dewar-benzene". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 7 (6): 467–468. doi:10.1002/anie.196804672.

[11] Herrmann, Wolfgang A.; Zybill, Christian (1996). "Bis{(μ-chloro)[chloro(η-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium]} — {Rh(μ-Cl)Cl[η-C₅(CH₃)₅]}₂". In Herrmann, Wolfgang A.; Salzer, Albrecht (eds.). Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: Literature, Laboratory Techniques, and Common Starting Materials. Georg Thieme Verlag. pp. 148–149. ISBN 9783131791610.

[Heck-12] Heck, Richard F. (1974). "Reactions of Dienes Trienes and Tetraenes with Transition Metal Compounds". Organotransition Metal Chemistry: A Mechanistic Approach. Academic Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9780323154703.

[13] Kang, Jung W.; Moseley, K.; Maitlis, Peter M. (1969). "Pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium and -iridium halides. I. Synthesis and properties". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (22): 5970–5977. doi:10.1021/ja01050a008.

[14] Kang, J. W.; Mosley, K.; Maitlis, Peter M. (1968). "Mechanisms of Reactions of Dewar Hexamethylbenzene with Rhodium and Iridium Chlorides". Chem. Commun. (21): 1304–1305. doi:10.1039/C19680001304.

[15] Kang, J. W.; Maitlis, Peter M. (1968). "Conversion of Dewar Hexamethylbenzene to Pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium(III) Chloride". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (12): 3259–3261. doi:10.1021/ja01014a063.

[16] Herrmann, Wolfgang A.; Zybill, Christian (1996). "Dicarbonyl(η-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium — Rh[η-C₅(CH₃)₅](CO)₂". In Herrmann, Wolfgang A.; Salzer, Albrecht (eds.). Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: Literature, Laboratory Techniques, and Common Starting Materials. Georg Thieme Verlag. pp. 147–148. ISBN 9783131791610.

[OSEpoxidation-17] King, R. B.; Douglas, W. M.; Efraty, A. (1977). "5-Acetyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene". Organic Syntheses. 56: 1. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.056.0001; Collected Volumes, vol. 6, p. 39.

[ChemBerEpoxidation-18] Junker, Hans-Nikolaus; Schäfer, Wolfgang; Niedenbrück, Hans (1967). "Oxydationsreaktionen mit Hexamethyl-bicyclo[2.2.0]-hexadien-(2.5) (= Hexamethyl-Dewar-Benzol)" [Oxidation reactions with hexamethylbicyclo[2.2.0]-hexa-2,5-diene (= Hexamethyl Dewar Benzene)]. Chem. Ber. (in German). 100 (8): 2508–2514. doi:10.1002/cber.19671000807.

[DMDOEpoxidation-19] Asouti, Amalia; Hadjiarapoglou, Lazaros P. (2000). "Regioselective and diastereoselective dimethyldioxirane epoxidation of substituted norbornenes and hexamethyl Dewar benzene". Tetrahedron Lett. 41 (4): 539–542. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(99)02113-9.

[HMBcatObs1-20] Hogeveen, Hepke; Kwant, Peter W. (1973). "Direct observation of a remarkably stable dication of unusual structure: (CCH₃)₆^2⊕". Tetrahedron Lett. 14 (19): 1665–1670. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)96023-X.

[HMB-21] Malischewski, Moritz; Seppelt, Konrad (2016). "Crystal Structure Determination of the Pentagonal-Pyramidal Hexamethylbenzene Dication C₆(CH₃)₆²⁺". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56 (1): 368–370. doi:10.1002/anie.201608795. PMID 27885766.

[22] Paquette, Leo A.; Krow, Grant R.; Bollinger, J. Martin; Olah, George A. (1968). "Protonation of hexamethyl Dewar benzene and hexamethylprismane in fluorosulfuric acid – antimony pentafluoride – sulfur dioxide". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (25): 7147–7149. doi:10.1021/ja01027a060.

[HMBcatObs2-23] Hogeveen, Hepke; Kwant, Peter W.; Postma, J.; van Duynen, P. Th. (1974). "Electronic spectra of pyramidal dications, (CCH₃)₆²⁺ and (CCH)₆²⁺". Tetrahedron Lett. 15 (49–50): 4351–4354. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)92161-6.

[HMBcatObs3-24] Hogeveen, Hepke; Kwant, Peter W. (1974). "Chemistry and spectroscopy in strongly acidic solutions. XL. (CCH₃)₆²⁺, an unusual dication". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96 (7): 2208–2214. doi:10.1021/ja00814a034.

[Bachrach-25] Bachrach, Steven M. (January 17, 2017). "A six-coordinate carbon atom". comporgchem.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.

[HMBviaOMetChem-26] Hogeveen, Hepke; Kwant, Peter W. (1975). "Pyramidal mono- and dications. Bridge between organic and organometallic chemistry". Acc. Chem. Res. 8 (12): 413–420. doi:10.1021/ar50096a004.

[Cp*ZnMe-27] Haaland, Arne; Samdal, Svein; Seip, Ragnhild (1978). "The molecular structure of monomeric methyl(cyclopentadienyl)zinc, (CH₃)Zn(η-C₅H₅), determined by gas phase electron diffraction". J. Organomet. Chem. 153 (2): 187–192. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)85041-X.

[28] Elschenbroich, Christoph (2006). "Organometallic Compounds of Groups 2 and 12". Organometallics (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 59–85. ISBN 9783527805143.

[PyramidalC&ENews-29] Ritter, Stephen K. (December 19, 2016). "Six bonds to carbon: Confirmed". Chem. Eng. News. 94 (49): 13. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017.

[PyramidalNewSci-30] Boyle, Rebecca (January 14, 2017). "Carbon seen bonding with six other atoms for the first time". New Scientist (3108). Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.

[PyramidalSciNews-31] Hamers, Laurel (December 24, 2016). "Carbon can exceed four-bond limit". Science News. 190 (13): 17. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017.

[32] Puiu, Tibi (January 5, 2017). "Exotic carbon molecule has six bonds, breaking the four-bond limit". zmescience.com. ZME Science. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{chembox
+| ImageFile = Dewar benzene (edge on).svg
-| Verifiedfields = changed
-| verifiedrevid = 432661438
-| ImageFile = Dewar benzene (edge on).PNG
 | ImageSize = 170
 | ImageAlt = Skeletal formula
@@ Line 9: / Line 7: @@
 | ImageSize1 = 170
 | ImageAlt1 = Ball-and-stick model
-| IUPACName = Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene
+| PIN = Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene
 | OtherNames =
 |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
@@ Line 20: / Line 18: @@
 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
 | StdInChIKey = CTLSARLLLBZBRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
-| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
+| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
 | CASNo = 5649-95-6
+| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
+| UNII = 885QNL8RTB
 | PubChem = 98808
 | SMILES = C\1=C\C2/C=C\C/12
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 |Section2={{Chembox Properties
 | Formula = C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>
-| MolarMass = 78.1&nbsp;g&middot;mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>
+| MolarMass = 78.1&nbsp;g·mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>
 | Appearance =
 | Density =
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
   }}
 }}
-'''Dewar benzene''' or '''bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene''' is a [[bicyclic]] [[isomer]] of [[benzene]] with the molecular formula C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>. The compound is named after [[James Dewar]] who included this structure in a list of possible C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> structures in 1867.<ref name = Dewar />  However, he did not propose it as the structure of benzene, and in fact he supported the correct structure previously proposed by [[August Kekulé]] in 1865.<ref name = Baker />
+'''Dewar benzene''' (also spelled ''dewarbenzene'') or '''bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene''' is a [[bicyclic]] [[isomer]] of [[benzene]] with the molecular formula C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>. The compound is named after [[James Dewar]] who included this structure in a list of possible C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> structures in 1869.<ref name = Dewar />  However, he did not propose it as the structure of benzene, and in fact he supported the correct structure previously proposed by [[August Kekulé]] in 1865.<ref name = Baker />
 ==Structure and properties==
-Unlike benzene, Dewar benzene is not flat because the carbons where the rings join are bonded to four atoms rather than three. These carbons tend toward [[tetrahedral geometry]], and the two cyclobutene rings make an angle where they are ''[[Cis–trans isomerism|cis]]''-[[Ring fusion|fused]] to each other. The compound has nevertheless considerable [[strain energy]] and reverts to benzene with a [[chemical half-life]] of two days. This thermal conversion is relatively slow because it is [[symmetry forbidden]] based on orbital symmetry arguments.<ref>{{cite journal|first = James O.|last = Jensen|title = Vibrational Frequencies and Structural Determination of Dewar Benzene|journal = [[Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM|J. Mol. Struct.:THEOCHEM]]|year = 2004|volume = 680|issue = 1-3|pages = 227–236|doi = 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.03.042}}</ref>
+Unlike benzene, Dewar benzene is not flat because the carbons where the rings join are bonded to four atoms rather than three. These carbons tend toward [[tetrahedral geometry]], and the two cyclobutene rings make an angle where they are ''[[Cis–trans isomerism|cis]]''-[[Ring fusion|fused]] to each other. The compound has nevertheless considerable [[strain energy]] and reverts to benzene with a [[chemical half-life]] of two days. This thermal conversion is relatively slow because it is [[symmetry forbidden]] based on orbital symmetry arguments.<ref>{{cite journal|first = James O.|last = Jensen|title = Vibrational Frequencies and Structural Determination of Dewar Benzene|journal = [[Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM|J. Mol. Struct.:THEOCHEM]]|year = 2004|volume = 680|issue = 1–3|pages = 227–236|doi = 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.03.042|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1259389}}</ref>
 ==Synthesis==
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 =="Dewar benzene" and benzene==
+[[File:Historic Benzene Formula Dewar 1869 proposals (original).png|thumb|Seven possible isomers proposed by Dewar, with "Dewar benzene" in second row, right.]]
-It is sometimes incorrectly claimed that Dewar proposed his structure as the true structure of benzene. In fact, Dewar merely wrote the structure as one of seven possible isomers<ref name = Dewar>{{cite journal|first = James|last = Dewar|authorlink = James Dewar|title = On the Oxidation af Phenyl Alcohol, and a Mechanical Arrangement adapted to illustrate Structure in the Non-saturated Hydrocarbons|journal = [[Proc. R. Soc. Edin.]]|year = 1867|volume = 6|pages = 82–86|doi = 10.1017/S0370164600045387|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PmlUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA82}}</ref> and believed that his experiments on benzene supported the (correct) structure that had been proposed by [[Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz|Kekulé]].<ref name = Baker>{{cite journal|first1 = Wilson|last1 = Baker|authorlink1 = Wilson Baker|first2 = Dennis H.|last2 = Rouvray|title = Para-Bond or "Dewar" Benzene?|journal = [[J. Chem. Educ.]]|year = 1978|volume = 55|issue = 10|page = 645|doi = 10.1021/ed055p645}}</ref>
+It is sometimes incorrectly claimed that Dewar proposed his structure as the true structure of benzene. In fact, Dewar merely wrote the structure as one of seven possible isomers<ref name = Dewar>{{cite journal|first = James|last = Dewar|authorlink = James Dewar|title = On the Oxidation af Phenyl Alcohol, and a Mechanical Arrangement adapted to illustrate Structure in the Non-saturated Hydrocarbons|journal = [[Proc. R. Soc. Edinb.]]|year = 1869|volume = 6|pages = 82–86|doi = 10.1017/S0370164600045387|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PmlUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA82}}</ref> and believed that his experiments on benzene supported the (correct) structure that had been proposed by [[Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz|Kekulé]].<ref name = Baker>{{cite journal|first1 = Wilson|last1 = Baker|authorlink1 = Wilson Baker|first2 = Dennis H.|last2 = Rouvray|title = Para-Bond or "Dewar" Benzene?|journal = [[J. Chem. Educ.]]|year = 1978|volume = 55|issue = 10|page = 645|doi = 10.1021/ed055p645|bibcode = 1978JChEd..55..645B}}</ref>
 After the development of [[valence bond theory]] in 1928, benzene was described primarily using its two major [[Resonance (chemistry)|resonance]] contributors, the two Kekulé structures.  The three possible Dewar structures were considered as minor resonance contributors in the overall description of benzene, alongside other classic structures such as the isomers [[prismane]], [[benzvalene]] and [[Claus' benzene]]. Prismane and benzvalene were synthesized in the 1970s; Claus' benzene is impossible to synthesize.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1002/anie.200705775|pmid = 18418829|year = 2008|last1 = Hoffmann|first1 = Roald|authorlink1 = Roald Hoffmann|last2 = Hopf|first2 = Henning|title = Learning from Molecules in Distress|volume = 47|issue = 24|pages = 4474–4481|journal = [[Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.]]}}</ref>
 ==Hexamethyl Dewar benzene==
-'''Hexamethyl Dewar benzene''' has been prepared by bicyclotrimerization of [[dimethylacetylene]] with [[aluminium chloride]].<ref>{{OrgSynth|title = Hexamethyl Dewar Benzene|first1 = Sami A.|last1 = Shama|first2 = Carl C.|last2 = Wamser|collvol = 7|collvolpages = 256|year = 1990|prep = cv7p0256|doi = 10.15227/orgsyn.061.0062|volume = 61|page = 62}}</ref>  It undergoes a [[rearrangement reaction]] with [[hydrohalic acid]]s to which the appropriate [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] can be added to form the [[organometallic chemistry|organometallic]] [[pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium dichloride dimer|pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium dichloride]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Paquette|first1 = Leo A.|authorlink1 = Leo Paquette|last2 = Krow|first2 = Grant R.|year = 1968|title = Electrophilic Additions to Hexamethyldewarbenzene|journal = [[Tetrahedron Lett.]]|volume = 9|issue = 17|pages = 2139–2142|doi = 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)89761-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Criegee|first1 = Rudolf|authorlink1 = Rudolf Criegee|last2 = Grüner|first2 = H.|year = 1968|title = Acid-catalyzed Rearrangements of Hexamethyl-prismane and Hexamethyl-Dewar-benzene|journal = [[Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.]]|volume = 7|issue = 6|pages = 467–468|doi = 10.1002/anie.196804672}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry &ndash; Volume 1: Literature, Laboratory Techniques, and Common Starting Materials|year = 1996|editor1-first = Wolfgang A.|editor1-last = Herrmann|editor2-first = Albrecht|editor2-last = Salzer|publisher = [[Georg Thieme Verlag]]|isbn = 9783131791610|chapter = Bis{(&mu;-chloro)[chloro(&eta;-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium]} &mdash; {Rh(&mu;-Cl)Cl[&eta;-C<sub>5</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>]}<sub>2</sub>|first1 = Wolfgang A.|last1 = Herrmann|first2 = Christian|last2 = Zybill|pages = 148–149|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=dlGGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148}}</ref><ref name = Heck>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=VmE2BtDmHjYC&pg=PA116|title = Organotransition Metal Chemistry: A Mechanistic Approach|first = Richard F.|last = Heck|authorlink = Richard F. Heck|publisher = [[Academic Press]]|year = 1974|isbn = 9780323154703|chapter = Reactions of Dienes Trienes and Tetraenes with Transition Metal Compounds|pages = 116–117}}</ref> and [[pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iridium dichloride dimer|pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iridium dichloride]] dimers;<ref>{{cite journal|title = Pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium and -iridium halides. I. Synthesis and properties|first1 = Jung W.|last1 = Kang|first2 = K.|last2 = Moseley|first3 = Peter M.|last3 = Maitlis|authorlink3 = Peter Maitlis|journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]|year = 1969|volume = 91|issue = 22|pages = 5970–5977|doi = 10.1021/ja01050a008 }}</ref> consequently, it can be used as a starting material for synthesising some [[Pentamethylcyclopentadiene#Organometallic derivatives|pentamethylcyclopentadienyl]] [[organometallic compound]]s<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Kang|first1 = J. W.|last2 = Mosley|first2 = K.|last3 = Maitlis|first3 = Peter M.|authorlink3 = Peter Maitlis|year = 1968|title = Mechanisms of Reactions of Dewar Hexamethylbenzene with Rhodium and Iridium Chlorides|journal = [[Chem. Commun.]]|issue = 21|pages = 1304–1305|doi = 10.1039/C19680001304}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Kang|first1 = J. W.|last2 = Maitlis|first2 = Peter M.|authorlink2 = Peter Maitlis|year = 1968|title = Conversion of Dewar Hexamethylbenzene to Pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium(III) Chloride|journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]|volume = 90|issue = 12|pages = 3259–3261|doi = 10.1021/ja01014a063}}</ref> including [Cp*Rh(CO)<sub>2</sub>].<ref>{{cite book|title = Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry &ndash; Volume 1: Literature, Laboratory Techniques, and Common Starting Materials|year = 1996|editor1-first = Wolfgang A.|editor1-last = Herrmann|editor2-first = Albrecht|editor2-last = Salzer|publisher = [[Georg Thieme Verlag]]|isbn = 9783131791610|chapter = Dicarbonyl(&eta;-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium &mdash; Rh[&eta;-C<sub>5</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>](CO)<sub>2</sub>|first1 = Wolfgang A.|last1 = Herrmann|first2 = Christian|last2 = Zybill|pages = 147–148|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=dlGGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147}}</ref>  Attempting a similar reaction with [[potassium tetrachloroplatinate]] results in the formation of a pentamethylcyclopentadiene complex, [(η<sup>4</sup>-Cp*H)PtCl<sub>2</sub>], indicating that the rhodium and iridium metal centres are necessary for the step in which the aromatic anion is formed.<ref name = Heck />
+'''Hexamethyl Dewar benzene''' has been prepared by bicyclotrimerization of [[dimethylacetylene]] with [[aluminium chloride]].<ref>{{OrgSynth|title = Hexamethyl Dewar Benzene|first1 = Sami A.|last1 = Shama|first2 = Carl C.|last2 = Wamser|collvol = 7|collvolpages = 256|year = 1990|prep = cv7p0256|doi = 10.15227/orgsyn.061.0062|volume = 61|page = 62}}</ref>  It undergoes a [[rearrangement reaction]] with [[hydrohalic acid]]s to which the appropriate [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] can be added to form the [[organometallic chemistry|organometallic]] [[pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium dichloride dimer|pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium dichloride]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Paquette|first1 = Leo A.|authorlink1 = Leo Paquette|last2 = Krow|first2 = Grant R.|year = 1968|title = Electrophilic Additions to Hexamethyldewarbenzene|journal = [[Tetrahedron Lett.]]|volume = 9|issue = 17|pages = 2139–2142|doi = 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)89761-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Criegee|first1 = Rudolf|authorlink1 = Rudolf Criegee|last2 = Grüner|first2 = H.|year = 1968|title = Acid-catalyzed Rearrangements of Hexamethyl-prismane and Hexamethyl-Dewar-benzene|journal = [[Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.]]|volume = 7|issue = 6|pages = 467–468|doi = 10.1002/anie.196804672}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry &ndash; Volume 1: Literature, Laboratory Techniques, and Common Starting Materials|year = 1996|editor1-first = Wolfgang A.|editor1-last = Herrmann|editor2-first = Albrecht|editor2-last = Salzer|publisher = [[Georg Thieme Verlag]]|isbn = 9783131791610|chapter = Bis{(μ-chloro)[chloro(η-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium]} &mdash; {Rh(μ-Cl)Cl[η-C<sub>5</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>]}<sub>2</sub>|first1 = Wolfgang A.|last1 = Herrmann|first2 = Christian|last2 = Zybill|pages = 148–149|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dlGGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148}}</ref><ref name = Heck>{{cite book|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VmE2BtDmHjYC&pg=PA116|title = Organotransition Metal Chemistry: A Mechanistic Approach|first = Richard F.|last = Heck|authorlink = Richard F. Heck|publisher = [[Academic Press]]|year = 1974|isbn = 9780323154703|chapter = Reactions of Dienes Trienes and Tetraenes with Transition Metal Compounds|pages = 116–117}}</ref> and [[pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iridium dichloride dimer|pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iridium dichloride]] dimers;<ref>{{cite journal|title = Pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium and -iridium halides. I. Synthesis and properties|first1 = Jung W.|last1 = Kang|first2 = K.|last2 = Moseley|first3 = Peter M.|last3 = Maitlis|authorlink3 = Peter Maitlis|journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]|year = 1969|volume = 91|issue = 22|pages = 5970–5977|doi = 10.1021/ja01050a008 }}</ref> consequently, it can be used as a starting material for synthesising some [[Pentamethylcyclopentadiene#Organometallic derivatives|pentamethylcyclopentadienyl]] [[organometallic compound]]s<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Kang|first1 = J. W.|last2 = Mosley|first2 = K.|last3 = Maitlis|first3 = Peter M.|authorlink3 = Peter Maitlis|year = 1968|title = Mechanisms of Reactions of Dewar Hexamethylbenzene with Rhodium and Iridium Chlorides|journal = [[Chem. Commun.]]|issue = 21|pages = 1304–1305|doi = 10.1039/C19680001304}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Kang|first1 = J. W.|last2 = Maitlis|first2 = Peter M.|authorlink2 = Peter Maitlis|year = 1968|title = Conversion of Dewar Hexamethylbenzene to Pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium(III) Chloride|journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]|volume = 90|issue = 12|pages = 3259–3261|doi = 10.1021/ja01014a063}}</ref> including [Cp*Rh(CO)<sub>2</sub>].<ref>{{cite book|title = Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry &ndash; Volume 1: Literature, Laboratory Techniques, and Common Starting Materials|year = 1996|editor1-first = Wolfgang A.|editor1-last = Herrmann|editor2-first = Albrecht|editor2-last = Salzer|publisher = [[Georg Thieme Verlag]]|isbn = 9783131791610|chapter = Dicarbonyl(η-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium &mdash; Rh[η-C<sub>5</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>](CO)<sub>2</sub>|first1 = Wolfgang A.|last1 = Herrmann|first2 = Christian|last2 = Zybill|pages = 147–148|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dlGGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147}}</ref>  Attempting a similar reaction with [[potassium tetrachloroplatinate]] results in the formation of a pentamethylcyclopentadiene complex, [(η<sup>4</sup>-Cp*H)PtCl<sub>2</sub>], indicating that the rhodium and iridium metal centres are necessary for the step in which the aromatic anion is formed.<ref name = Heck />
-[[Image:Hexamethyl Dewar benzene reacting with rhodium chloride under acidic conditions.PNG|center|Synthesis of the rhodium(III) dimer [Cp*RhCl<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> from hexamethyl Dewar benzene]]
+[[Image:Hexamethyl Dewar benzene reacting with rhodium chloride under acidic conditions.PNG|625px|frameless|center|Synthesis of the rhodium(III) dimer [Cp*RhCl<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> from hexamethyl Dewar benzene]]
 One of the [[alkene]]s can be [[epoxidation|epoxidized]] using [[mCPBA|''m''CPBA]],<ref name = OSEpoxidation>{{OrgSynth|first1 = R. B. |last1 = King|first2 = W. M.|last2 = Douglas|first3 = A.|last3 = Efraty|year = 1977|title = 5-Acetyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene|volume = 56|page = 1|prep = CV6P0039|doi = 10.15227/orgsyn.056.0001|collvol = 6|collvolpages = 39}}</ref> [[peroxybenzoic acid]],<ref name = ChemBerEpoxidation>{{cite journal|last1 = Junker|first1 = Hans-Nikolaus|last2 = Schäfer|first2 = Wolfgang|last3 = Niedenbrück|first3 = Hans|title = Oxydationsreaktionen mit Hexamethyl-bicyclo[2.2.0]-hexadien-(2.5) (= Hexamethyl-Dewar-Benzol)|trans-title = Oxidation reactions with hexamethylbicyclo[2.2.0]-hexa-2,5-diene (= Hexamethyl Dewar Benzene)|journal = [[Chem. Ber.]]|language = DE|volume = 100|issue = 8|doi = 10.1002/cber.19671000807|pages = 2508–2514|year = 1967}}</ref> or [[dimethyldioxirane]] (DMDO).<ref name = DMDOEpoxidation>{{cite journal|journal = [[Tetrahedron Lett.]]|volume = 41|issue = 4|year = 2000|pages = 539–542|title = Regioselective and diastereoselective dimethyldioxirane epoxidation of substituted norbornenes and hexamethyl Dewar benzene|first1 = Amalia|last1 = Asouti|first2 = Lazaros P.|last2 = Hadjiarapoglou|doi= 10.1016/S0040-4039(99)02113-9}}</ref> Using a [[peracid]] (''m''CPBA or peroxybenzoic acid), the epoxy product quickly rearranges, catalyzed by the acid byproduct of the epoxidation.<ref name=OSEpoxidation/>
@@ Line 69: / Line 70: @@
 [[File:Hexamethyl Dewar epoxidations.png|450px|center]]
-In 1973, the [[Hexamethylbenzene#Dication|dication of hexamethylbenzene]], {{chem|C|6|(CH|3|)|6|2+}}, was produced by Hepke Hogeveen and Peter Kwant.<ref name = HMBcatObs1>{{cite journal|last1 = Hogeveen|first1 = Hepke|last2 = Kwant|first2 = Peter W.|year = 1973|title = Direct observation of a remarkably stable dication of unusual structure: (CCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub><sup>2⊕</sup>|journal = [[Tetrahedron Lett.]]|volume = 14|issue = 19|pages = 1665–1670|doi = 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)96023-X}}</ref> This can be done by dissolving the hexamethyl Dewar bezene monoepoxide in [[magic acid]], which removes the oxygen as an anion.<ref name = HMB /> NMR had previously hinted at a pentagonal pyramidal structure in a related cation<ref>{{cite journal|title = Protonation of hexamethyl Dewar benzene and hexamethylprismane in fluorosulfuric acid – antimony pentafluoride – sulfur dioxide|first1 = Leo A.|last1 = Paquette|authorlink1 = Leo Paquette|first2 = Grant R.|last2 = Krow|first3 = J. Martin|last3 = Bollinger|first4 = George A.|last4 = Olah|journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]|year = 1968|volume = 90|issue = 25|pages =  7147–7149|doi = 10.1021/ja01027a060}}</ref> as had [[spectroscopy|spectral data]] on the Hogeveen and Kwant [[dication]].<ref name = HMBcatObs2>{{cite journal|last1 = Hogeveen|first1 = Hepke|last2 = Kwant|first2 = Peter W.|last3 = Postma|first3 = J.|last4 = van Duynen|first4 = P. Th.|year = 1974|title = Electronic spectra of pyramidal dications, (CCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup> and (CCH)<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup>|journal = [[Tetrahedron Lett.]]|volume = 15|issue = 49–50|pages = 4351–4354|doi = 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)92161-6}}</ref><ref name = HMBcatObs3>{{cite journal|last1 = Hogeveen|first1 = Hepke|last2 = Kwant|first2 = Peter W.|year = 1974|title = Chemistry and spectroscopy in strongly acidic solutions. XL. (CCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup>, an unusual dication|journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]|volume = 96|issue = 7|pages = 2208–2214|doi = 10.1021/ja00814a034}}</ref>  The pyramidal structure having an apex carbon bonding to six other carbon atoms was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the [[hexafluoroantimonate]] salt published in 2016.<ref name = HMB>{{cite journal|title=Crystal Structure Determination of the Pentagonal-Pyramidal Hexamethylbenzene Dication C<sub>6</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup>|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201608795/pdf|year=2016|doi=10.1002/anie.201608795|first1=Moritz|last1=Malischewski|first2=Konrad|last2=Seppelt|authorlink2=Konrad Seppelt|journal=[[Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.]]}}</ref>
+In 1973, the [[Hexamethylbenzene#Dication|dication of hexamethylbenzene]], {{chem|C|6|(CH|3|)|6|2+}}, was produced by Hepke Hogeveen and Peter Kwant.<ref name = HMBcatObs1>{{cite journal|last1 = Hogeveen|first1 = Hepke|last2 = Kwant|first2 = Peter W.|year = 1973|title = Direct observation of a remarkably stable dication of unusual structure: (CCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub><sup>2⊕</sup>|journal = [[Tetrahedron Lett.]]|volume = 14|issue = 19|pages = 1665–1670|doi = 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)96023-X}}</ref> This can be done by dissolving the hexamethyl Dewar benzene monoepoxide in [[magic acid]], which removes the oxygen as an anion.<ref name = HMB /> NMR had previously hinted at a pentagonal pyramidal structure in a related cation<ref>{{cite journal|title = Protonation of hexamethyl Dewar benzene and hexamethylprismane in fluorosulfuric acid – antimony pentafluoride – sulfur dioxide|first1 = Leo A.|last1 = Paquette|authorlink1 = Leo Paquette|first2 = Grant R.|last2 = Krow|first3 = J. Martin|last3 = Bollinger|first4 = George A.|last4 = Olah|journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]|year = 1968|volume = 90|issue = 25|pages =  7147–7149|doi = 10.1021/ja01027a060}}</ref> as had [[spectroscopy|spectral data]] on the Hogeveen and Kwant [[dication]].<ref name = HMBcatObs2>{{cite journal|last1 = Hogeveen|first1 = Hepke|last2 = Kwant|first2 = Peter W.|last3 = Postma|first3 = J.|last4 = van Duynen|first4 = P. Th.|year = 1974|title = Electronic spectra of pyramidal dications, (CCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup> and (CCH)<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup>|journal = [[Tetrahedron Lett.]]|volume = 15|issue = 49–50|pages = 4351–4354|doi = 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)92161-6}}</ref><ref name = HMBcatObs3>{{cite journal|last1 = Hogeveen|first1 = Hepke|last2 = Kwant|first2 = Peter W.|year = 1974|title = Chemistry and spectroscopy in strongly acidic solutions. XL. (CCH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup>, an unusual dication|journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]|volume = 96|issue = 7|pages = 2208–2214|doi = 10.1021/ja00814a034}}</ref>  The pyramidal structure having an apex carbon bonding to six other carbon atoms was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the [[hexafluoroantimonate]] salt published in 2016.<ref name = HMB>{{cite journal|title=Crystal Structure Determination of the Pentagonal-Pyramidal Hexamethylbenzene Dication C<sub>6</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup>|year=2016|doi=10.1002/anie.201608795|pmid=27885766|first1=Moritz|last1=Malischewski|first2=Konrad|last2=Seppelt|authorlink2=Konrad Seppelt|journal=[[Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.]]|volume=56|issue=1|pages=368–370}}</ref>
 [[File:C6(CH3)6 (SbF6)2 synthesis.png|450px|center]]
@@ Line 80: / Line 81: @@
 |footer = '''Left''': Structure of {{chem|C|6|(CH|3|)|6|2+}}, as drawn by [[Steven Bachrach]]<ref name = Bachrach /><br />'''Right''': Three-dimensional representation of the [[dication]]'s rearranged pentagonal-pyramid framework, from the crystal structure<ref name = HMB />}}
-Computational organic chemist [[Steven Bachrach]] discussed the dication, noting that the weak bonds forming the upright edges of the pyramid, shown as dashed lines in the structure he drew, have a Wiberg [[bond order]] of about 0.54; it follows that the total bond order for the apical carbon is 5&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;0.54&nbsp;+&nbsp;1&nbsp;=&nbsp;3.7&nbsp;<&nbsp;4, and thus the species is not [[Hypervalent molecule|hypervalent]], but it is hypercoordinate.<ref name=Bachrach>{{cite web|title = A six-coordinate carbon atom|last = Bachrach|first = Steven M.|authorlink = Steven Bachrach|url = http://comporgchem.com/blog/?page_id=3929|accessdate = January 18, 2017|date = January 17, 2017|website = comporgchem.com|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170119050221/http://comporgchem.com/blog/?p=3929|archive-date = January 19, 2017|dead-url = no|df = }}</ref>  From the perspective of organometallic chemistry, the species can be viewed as having a carbon(IV) centre ({{chem|C|4+}}) bound to an aromatic {{nowrap|[[hapticity|&eta;<sup>5</sup>]]–[[pentamethylcyclopentadienyl]]}} anion (six-electron donor) and a methyl anion (two-electron donor), thereby satisfying the [[octet rule]]<ref name = HMBviaOMetChem>{{cite journal|title = Pyramidal mono- and dications. Bridge between organic and organometallic chemistry|first1 = Hepke|last1 = Hogeveen|first2 = Peter W.|last2 = Kwant|journal = [[Acc. Chem. Res.]]|year = 1975|volume = 8|issue = 12|pages = 413–420|doi = 10.1021/ar50096a004}}</ref> and being analogous to the gas-phase [[organozinc compound|organozinc]] monomer {{nowrap|[(&eta;{{chem|5|–C|5|(CH|3|)|5|)Zn(CH|3}})],}} which has the same [[ligand]]s bound to a zinc(II) centre ({{chem|Zn|2+}}) and satisfies the [[18 electron rule]] on the metal.<ref name = Cp*ZnMe>{{cite journal|journal = [[J. Organomet. Chem.]]|volume = 153|issue = 2|year = 1978|pages = 187–192|title = The molecular structure of monomeric methyl(cyclopentadienyl)zinc, (CH<sub>3</sub>)Zn(η-C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>), determined by gas phase electron diffraction|first1 = Arne|last1 = Haaland|authorlink1 = Arne Haaland|first2 = Svein|last2 = Samdal|first3 = Ragnhild|last3 = Seip|doi = 10.1016/S0022-328X(00)85041-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=B_-OCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|title = Organometallics|first = Christoph|last = Elschenbroich|publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons]]|year = 2006|isbn = 9783527805143|edition = 3rd|chapter = Organometallic Compounds of Groups 2 and 12|pages = 59–85}}</ref>  Thus, while unprecedented,<ref name = HMB /> and having attracted comment in  ''[[Chemical & Engineering News]]'',<ref name=PyramidalC&ENews>{{cite journal|title = Six bonds to carbon: Confirmed|volume = 94|issue = 49|page = 13|date = December 19, 2016|first = Stephen K.|last = Ritter|url = http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i49/Six-bonds-carbon-Confirmed.html|journal = [[Chem. Eng. News]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170109183800/http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i49/Six-bonds-carbon-Confirmed.html?type=paidArticleContent|archive-date = January 9, 2017|dead-url = no|df = }}</ref> ''[[New Scientist]]'',<ref name=PyramidalNewSci>{{cite journal|journal = [[New Scientist]]|date = January 14, 2017|title = Carbon seen bonding with six other atoms for the first time|first = Rebecca|last = Boyle|issue = 3108|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23331084-900-carbon-seen-bonding-with-six-other-atoms-for-the-first-time/|accessdate = January 14, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170116183924/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23331084-900-carbon-seen-bonding-with-six-other-atoms-for-the-first-time/|archive-date = January 16, 2017|dead-url = no|df = }}</ref> ''[[Science News]]'',<ref name=PyramidalSciNews>{{cite journal|journal = [[Science News]]|first = Laurel|last = Hamers|url = https://www.sciencenews.org/article/carbon-can-exceed-four-bond-limit|title = Carbon can exceed four-bond limit|volume = 190|issue = 13|date = December 24, 2016|page = 17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170203045239/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/carbon-can-exceed-four-bond-limit|archive-date = February 3, 2017|dead-url = no|df = }}</ref> and ZME Science,<ref>{{cite web|title = Exotic carbon molecule has six bonds, breaking the four-bond limit|url = http://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/carbon-six-bond-molecule/|first = Tibi|last = Puiu|date = January 5, 2017|accessdate = January 14, 2017|website = zmescience.com|publisher = [[ZME Science]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170116174936/http://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/carbon-six-bond-molecule/|archive-date = January 16, 2017|dead-url = no|df = }}</ref> the structure is consistent with the usual bonding rules of chemistry.  Moritz Malischewski, who carried out the work with [[Konrad Seppelt]],<ref name = HMB /> commented that one the motivations for undertaking the work was to illustrate "the possibility to astonish chemists about what can be possible."<ref name = PyramidalNewSci />
+Computational organic chemist [[Steven Bachrach]] discussed the dication, noting that the weak bonds forming the upright edges of the pyramid, shown as dashed lines in the structure he drew, have a Wiberg [[bond order]] of about 0.54; it follows that the total bond order for the apical carbon is 5&nbsp;×&nbsp;0.54&nbsp;+&nbsp;1&nbsp;=&nbsp;3.7&nbsp;<&nbsp;4, and thus the species is not [[Hypervalent molecule|hypervalent]], but it is hypercoordinate.<ref name=Bachrach>{{cite web|title = A six-coordinate carbon atom|last = Bachrach|first = Steven M.|authorlink = Steven Bachrach|url = http://comporgchem.com/blog/?page_id=3929|accessdate = January 18, 2017|date = January 17, 2017|website = comporgchem.com|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170119050221/http://comporgchem.com/blog/?p=3929|archive-date = January 19, 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>  From the perspective of organometallic chemistry, the species can be viewed as having a carbon(IV) centre ({{chem|C|4+}}) bound to an aromatic {{nowrap|[[hapticity|η<sup>5</sup>]]–[[pentamethylcyclopentadienyl]]}} anion (six-electron donor) and a methyl anion (two-electron donor), thereby satisfying the [[octet rule]]<ref name = HMBviaOMetChem>{{cite journal|title = Pyramidal mono- and dications. Bridge between organic and organometallic chemistry|first1 = Hepke|last1 = Hogeveen|first2 = Peter W.|last2 = Kwant|journal = [[Acc. Chem. Res.]]|year = 1975|volume = 8|issue = 12|pages = 413–420|doi = 10.1021/ar50096a004}}</ref> and being analogous to the gas-phase [[organozinc compound|organozinc]] monomer {{nowrap|[(η{{chem|5|–C|5|(CH|3|)|5|)Zn(CH|3}})],}} which has the same [[ligand]]s bound to a zinc(II) centre ({{chem|Zn|2+}}) and satisfies the [[18 electron rule]] on the metal.<ref name = Cp*ZnMe>{{cite journal|journal = [[J. Organomet. Chem.]]|volume = 153|issue = 2|year = 1978|pages = 187–192|title = The molecular structure of monomeric methyl(cyclopentadienyl)zinc, (CH<sub>3</sub>)Zn(η-C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>), determined by gas phase electron diffraction|first1 = Arne|last1 = Haaland|authorlink1 = Arne Haaland|first2 = Svein|last2 = Samdal|first3 = Ragnhild|last3 = Seip|doi = 10.1016/S0022-328X(00)85041-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B_-OCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|title = Organometallics|first = Christoph|last = Elschenbroich|publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons]]|year = 2006|isbn = 9783527805143|edition = 3rd|chapter = Organometallic Compounds of Groups 2 and 12|pages = 59–85}}</ref>  Thus, while unprecedented,<ref name = HMB /> and having attracted comment in  ''[[Chemical & Engineering News]]'',<ref name=PyramidalC&ENews>{{cite journal|title = Six bonds to carbon: Confirmed|volume = 94|issue = 49|page = 13|date = December 19, 2016|first = Stephen K.|last = Ritter|url = http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i49/Six-bonds-carbon-Confirmed.html|journal = [[Chem. Eng. News]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170109183800/http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i49/Six-bonds-carbon-Confirmed.html?type=paidArticleContent|archive-date = January 9, 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ''[[New Scientist]]'',<ref name=PyramidalNewSci>{{cite journal|journal = [[New Scientist]]|date = January 14, 2017|title = Carbon seen bonding with six other atoms for the first time|first = Rebecca|last = Boyle|issue = 3108|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23331084-900-carbon-seen-bonding-with-six-other-atoms-for-the-first-time/|accessdate = January 14, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170116183924/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23331084-900-carbon-seen-bonding-with-six-other-atoms-for-the-first-time/|archive-date = January 16, 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ''[[Science News]]'',<ref name=PyramidalSciNews>{{cite journal|journal = [[Science News]]|first = Laurel|last = Hamers|url = https://www.sciencenews.org/article/carbon-can-exceed-four-bond-limit|title = Carbon can exceed four-bond limit|volume = 190|issue = 13|date = December 24, 2016|page = 17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170203045239/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/carbon-can-exceed-four-bond-limit|archive-date = February 3, 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> and ZME Science,<ref>{{cite web|title = Exotic carbon molecule has six bonds, breaking the four-bond limit|url = http://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/carbon-six-bond-molecule/|first = Tibi|last = Puiu|date = January 5, 2017|accessdate = January 14, 2017|website = zmescience.com|publisher = [[ZME Science]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170116174936/http://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/carbon-six-bond-molecule/|archive-date = January 16, 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> the structure is consistent with the usual bonding rules of chemistry.  Moritz Malischewski, who carried out the work with [[Konrad Seppelt]],<ref name = HMB /> commented that one the motivations for undertaking the work was to illustrate "the possibility to astonish chemists about what can be possible."<ref name = PyramidalNewSci />
 ==References==
@@ Line 87: / Line 88: @@
 [[Category:Hydrocarbons]]
 [[Category:Cyclobutenes]]
+[[Category:Substances discovered in the 1960s]]