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| name = Donald McKay
| name = Donald McKay
| image = Donald McKay by Southworth & Hawes, c1850-1855.jpg
| image = Donald McKay by Southworth & Hawes, c1850-1855.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date text|September 4, 1810}}
| birth_date = {{birth-date|September 4, 1810}}
| birth_place = Jordan Falls, [[Shelburne County]], [[Colony of Nova Scotia]]
| birth_place = Jordan Falls, [[Shelburne County]], [[Nova Scotia]], Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|1880|9|20|1810|9|4}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1880|9|20|1810|9|4}}
| death_place = [[Hamilton, Massachusetts]], USA
| death_place = [[Hamilton, Massachusetts]], USA
| spouse = Albenia Boole (married 1833–1848, until her death) and Mary Cressy Litchfield (m.1850)
| spouse = Albenia Boole (married 1833–1848, until her death) and Mary Cressy Litchfield (m.1850)
| known_for = ''[[Flying Cloud (clipper)|Flying Cloud]]''
| known_for = ''Flying Cloud''
| occupation = Ship Designer
| occupation = Ship Designer
}}
}}


'''Donald McKay''' (September 4, 1810 – September 20, 1880) was a Nova Scotian-born American designer and [[shipbuilder|builder]] of [[sailing ship]]s, famed for his record-setting [[extreme clipper]]s.
'''Donald McKay''' (September 4, 1810 – September 20, 1880) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]]-born American designer and [[shipbuilder|builder]] of [[sailing ship]]s, famed for his record-setting [[clipper]]s.


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
McKay was born in Jordan Falls, [[Shelburne County]], on Nova Scotia's South Shore, the oldest son and one of eighteen children of Hugh McKay, a fisherman and a farmer, and Ann McPherson McKay. Both of his parents were of Scottish descent. He was named after his grandfather, Captain Donald McKay, a British officer, who after the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary war]] moved to Nova Scotia from the [[Scottish Highlands]].<ref name=":0" />
He was born in Jordan Falls, [[Shelburne County]], on Nova Scotia's South Shore. He was the oldest son and one of eighteen children of Hugh McKay, a fisherman and a farmer, and Ann McPherson McKay. Both of his parents were of Scottish descent. He was named after his grandfather, Captain Donald McKay, a British officer, who after the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary war]] moved to Nova Scotia from the [[Scottish Highlands]].<ref name=":0" />


== Early years as a shipbuilder ==
== Early years as a shipbuilder ==
In 1826 McKay moved to New York, where he served his apprenticeship under [[Isaac Webb (shipbuilder)|Isaac Webb]] in the Webb & Allen shipyard from 1827 to 1831.<ref name=":0" /><ref>McCutchan, Philip ''Tall Ships The Golden Age of Sail'' London Book Club Associates 1976 p.37</ref> He then returned briefly to Nova Scotia and built a boat with his uncle, but after they were swindled from the proceeds he returned to New York and took a job in the Brown & Bell shipyard, working for [[Jacob Bell (shipbuilder)|Jacob Bell]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Vincent J. |title=Transatlantic Train: The Untold Story of the Boston Merchant Who Launched Donald McKay to Fame |url=https://vjmiles.com/transatlantic-train|publisher=Dorchester Historical Society |year=2022 |isbn=979-8987314302 |location=Dorchester, Massachusetts}}</ref> In 1840, following a recommendation from Bell, he was taken on as a supervisor at the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]], but stayed only briefly because of the anti-immigrant sentiment towards him (as a Canadian) from the men he was supervising.<ref name=":3" /> Bell came to the rescue and found him an assignment to work on a packet ship in a shipyard in [[Wiscasset, Maine|Wiscasset]], Maine. Returning south when that assignment was complete, he stopped in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts|Newburyport]] and took a job as a foreman in the yard of John Currier, Jr.,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strong |first=Charles Stanley |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofamericans00stro |title=The story of American sailing ships |publisher=Grosset and Dunlap |year=1957 |location=New York |pages=98–99}}</ref> where he supervised the construction of the 427-ton ''Delia Walker.'' Currier was very impressed with McKay and offered him a five-year contract, which McKay refused driven by desire to own his own business.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Donald McKay and His Famous Sailing Ships|last=McKay|first=Richard C.|publisher=Dover Publications|year=2011|isbn=978-0486288208}}</ref>
In 1826 McKay moved to New York, working for shipbuilders Brown & Bell and was an apprentice of [[Isaac Webb (shipbuilder)|Isaac Webb]] from 1827 to 1831.<ref>McCutchan, Philip ''Tall Ships The Golden Age of Sail'' London Book Club Associates 1976 p.37</ref><ref name=":0" /> After 1832 he did some freelance jobs for Webb and [[Smith and Dimon Shipyard|Smith & Dimon]]. McKay also freelanced for Brown & Bell at their [[Wiscasset, Maine|Wescasset]]'s shipyard. In 1840 at [[Newburyport, Massachusetts|Newburyport]], he was contracted to finish ''Delia Walker'', 427 tons, for John Currier, Jr.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofamericans00stro|title=The story of American sailing ships|last=Strong|first=Charles Stanley|publisher=Grosset and Dunlap|year=1957|location=New York|pages=98–99}}</ref> Currier was very impressed with McKay and offered him a five year contract, which McKay refused driven by desire to own his own business.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Donald McKay and His Famous Sailing Ships|last=McKay|first=Richard C.|publisher=Dover Publications|year=2011|isbn=978-0486288208}}</ref>


In 1841, William Currier (no relation to John) offered McKay the chance to become a partner in what would become the Currier & McKay shipyard in Newburyport. Two years later, with McKay now designing ships on his own, he and Currier parted ways and McKay went into business with a man named William Picket, building the packet ships ''St. George'' and ''John R. Skiddy''. The partnership with Picket was "pleasant and profitable", but after McKay built the ''Joshua Bates'' for [[Enoch Train]]'s new packet line to Liverpool in 1844, Train persuaded him to move to East Boston and start his own shipyard there.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Train not only provided the financing for McKay to do this but then became his biggest customer, commissioning seven more packet ships and four [[clipper]] ships between 1845 and 1853—including the legendary [[extreme clipper]] ''[[Flying Cloud (clipper)|Flying Cloud]]''.<ref name=":3" />
In 1841, William Currier offered McKay to become a partner of what would become Currier & McKay shipyard in Newburyport. The partnership did not last long and soon McKay found himself in McKay & Pickett, building the packet ''St. George''. The partnership with William Pickett was "pleasant and profitable", but after the success of the ''Joshua Bates'' the shipyard became too small for McKay's ambitions and he was convinced by [[Enoch Train]] to move to East Boston and open his own business.<ref name=":1" />


⚫
=== Ships built before 1845<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/D_McKay_Yard.html|title=Donald McKay Yard|website=www.bruzelius.info|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>===
=== Ships built before 1845===
⚫
Sources:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/D_McKay_Yard.html|title=Donald McKay Yard|website=www.bruzelius.info|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>


* 1840 ''Delia Walker'', 427 tons, McKay finished her for John Currier, Jr.
* 1840 ''Delia Walker'', 427 tons, McKay finished her for John Currier, Jr.
* 1841 ''Mary Broughton'', 323 tons, barque, built by Currier & McKay.
* 1841 ''Mary Broughton'', 323 tons, barque, built by Currier & McKay.
* 1842 ''Ashburton'', 449 tons, ship, build by Currier & McKay.
* 1842 ''Ashburton'', 449 tons, ship, build by Currier & McKay.
* 1842 Rio Trader ''Courier'', early clipper trading ship, 380 [[Builder's Old Measurement|tons OM]] was the first ship fully designed and built by Donald McKay himself, as a partner in the firm of Currier & McKay, on a commission from Andrew Foster & Son, New York. She was built at [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]]. At the time it was rather unusual for a such advanced vessel to be built outside of New York or Baltimore. She was employed in the Rio coffee trade and made a big deal of money to her owners, but most importantly brought a much needed fame to McKay.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Clipper Ship Era: An Epitome of Famous American and British, Clipper Ships, Their Owners, Builders, Commanders, and Crews|author=Arthur H. Clark|publisher=The Knickerbocker Press|year=1910|location=New York and London}}</ref>
* 1842 Rio Trader ''Courier'', early clipper trading ship, 380 [[Builder's Old Measurement|tons OM]] was the first ship fully designed and built by Donald McKay himself, as a partner in the firm of Currier & McKay, on a commission from Andrew Foster & Son, New York. She was built at Newburyport, Massachusetts. At the time it was rather unusual for a such advanced vessel to be built outside of New York or Baltimore. She was employed in the Rio coffee trade and made a big deal of money to her owners, but most importantly brought a much needed fame to McKay.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Clipper Ship Era: An Epitome of Famous American and British, Clipper Ships, Their Owners, Builders, Commanders, and Crews|author=Arthur H. Clark|publisher=The Knickerbocker Press|year=1910|location=New York and London}}</ref>
* 1843 ''St. George'', 845 tons, pioneer packet of Red Cross Line, built by McKay & Picket.
* 1843 ''St. George'', 845 tons, pioneer packet of Red Cross Line, built by McKay & Pickett.
* 1844 ''John R. Skiddy'', 930 tons, packet, built by McKay & Picket.
* 1844 ''John R. Skiddy'', 930 tons, packet, built by McKay & Pickett.
* 1844 ''Joshua Bates'', 620 tons, pioneer packet of [[Enoch Train]]'s [[White Diamond Line]]. The White Diamond Line was one of the most important Atlantic emigrant routes from Europe to North America at the time. Built by McKay & Pickett.
* 1844 ''Joshua Bates'', 620 tons, pioneer packet of [[Enoch Train]]'s [[White Diamond Line]]. The White Diamond Line was one of the most important Atlantic emigrant routes from Europe to North America at the time. Built by McKay & Pickett.


== East Boston shipyard ==
== East Boston shipyard ==
[[File:McKay Shipyard ca1855 EastBoston Southworth Hawes MFABoston.png|thumb|236px|McKay Shipyard, [[East Boston]], c. 1855]]
[[File:McKay Shipyard ca1855 EastBoston Southworth Hawes MFABoston.png|thumb|236px|McKay Shipyard, East Boston, ca.1855]]In 1845 McKay, as a sole owner, established his own shipyard on Border Street, [[East Boston]], where he built some of the finest American ships for almost 25 years. One of his first large orders was building five large packet ships for Enoch Train's White Diamond line between 1845 and 1850.


⚫
Between 1845 and 1850 McKay built five large packet ships for Enoch Train's White Diamond line: ''Washington Irving'', ''Anglo Saxon'', ''Anglo American'', ''Daniel Webster'', and ''[[Ocean Monarch (barque)|Ocean Monarch]]''.<ref>Laxton, Edward ''The Famine Ships The Irish Exodus to America 1846–51'' London Bloomsbury 1997 pp144–5 {{ISBN|0-7475-3500-0}}</ref> The ''Ocean Monarch'' was lost to fire on August 28, 1848, soon after leaving Liverpool and within sight of Wales; over 170 of the passengers and crew perished.<ref>Laxton, Edward op cit pp91–8</ref> The ''Washington Irving'' carried Patrick Kennedy, grandfather of [[Kennedy family]] patriarch [[Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.]], to Boston in 1849.
In 1845 McKay, as a sole owner, established his own shipyard on Border Street, [[East Boston]], where he built some of the finest American ships over a career of almost 25 years.


⚫
In the summer of 1851, McKay visited Liverpool and secured a contract to build four large ships for [[James Baines & Co.|James Baines & Co]].'s Australian trade: ''[[Lightning (clipper)|Lightning]]'' (1854), ''[[Champion of the Seas]]'' (1854), ''[[James Baines (clipper)|James Baines]]'' (1854), and ''Donald McKay'' (1855).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fastsailingships0000macg|title=Fast sailing ships : their design and construction, 1775–1875|last=MacGregor, David R. (David Roy)|date=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0870218956|oclc=17899628|url-access=registration}}</ref>
⚫
One of his first large orders was building five large packet ships for Enoch Train's White Diamond line between 1845 and 1850: ''Washington Irving'', ''Anglo Saxon'', ''Anglo American'', ''Daniel Webster'', and ''[[Ocean Monarch (barque)|Ocean Monarch]]''.<ref>Laxton, Edward ''The Famine Ships The Irish Exodus to America 1846–51'' London Bloomsbury 1997 pp144–5 {{ISBN|0-7475-3500-0}}</ref> The ''Ocean Monarch'' was lost to fire on August 28, 1848, soon after leaving Liverpool and within sight of Wales; over 170 of the passengers and crew perished.<ref>Laxton, Edward op cit pp91–8</ref> The ''Washington Irving'' carried Patrick Kennedy, grandfather of [[Kennedy family]] patriarch [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]], to Boston in 1849.


⚫
===Ships built after 1845<ref>Census Reports Tenth Census: June 1, 1880, Volume 8, p.72</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uscommunityindex.com/clippers/museum/d_mckay_.htm|title=Ships built by Donald McKay|website=www.uscommunityindex.com|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref name=":2" />===
⚫
In the summer of 1851, McKay visited Liverpool and secured a contract to build four large ships for [[James Baines & Co.|James Baines & Co]].'s Australian trade: ''[[Lightning (clipper)|Lightning]]'' (1854), ''[[Champion of the Seas]]'' (1854), ''[[James Baines (clipper)|James Baines]]'' (1854), and ''[[Donald McKay (clipper)|Donald McKay]] (1855).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fastsailingships0000macg|title=Fast sailing ships : their design and construction, 1775–1875|last=MacGregor, David R. (David Roy)|date=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0870218956|oclc=17899628|url-access=registration}}</ref> ''

===Ships built after 1845===
⚫
Sources:<ref>Census Reports Tenth Census: June 1, 1880, Volume 8, p.72</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uscommunityindex.com/clippers/museum/d_mckay_.htm|title=Ships built by Donald McKay|website=www.uscommunityindex.com|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref name=":2" />


* 1845 ''Washington Irving'', 751 tons, Boston-Liverpool packet ship, built for [[Enoch Train#White Diamond Line / Enoch Train & Co. / Train & Co.|Enoch Train's White Diamond Line]]. Launched 15 September 1845. Sold to England in 1852.
* 1845 ''Washington Irving'', 751 tons, Boston-Liverpool packet ship, built for [[Enoch Train#White Diamond Line / Enoch Train & Co. / Train & Co.|Enoch Train's White Diamond Line]]. Launched 15 September 1845. Sold to England in 1852.
* 1846 ''Anglo-Saxon'', 894 tons, 147&nbsp;ft long, built for Enoch Train, Launched 5 September 1846.
* 1846 ''Anglo-Saxon'', 894 tons, 147 ft long, built for Enoch Train, Launched 5 September 1846.
* 1846 ''New World'', 1404 tons, packet ship, sold in 1882 to Austrians and renamed ''Rudolph Kaiser''. Her painting is available at Royal Museums Greenwich.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/2022362/_Royal_Museums_Greenwich__http___collections_rmg_co_uk_collections_objects_102566.html|title=United States Packet Ship New World 1404 tons register. Built at Boston, Mass. 1846 by Donald McKay|website=Europeana Collections|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/102566.html|title=United States Packet Ship New World 1404 tons register. Built at Boston, Mass. 1846 by Donald McKay – National Maritime Museum|website=collections.rmg.co.uk|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>
* 1846 ''New World'', 1404 tons, packet ship, sold in 1882 to Austrians and renamed ''Rudolph Kaiser''. Her painting is available at Royal Museums Greenwich.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/2022362/_Royal_Museums_Greenwich__http___collections_rmg_co_uk_collections_objects_102566.html|title=United States Packet Ship New World 1404 tons register. Built at Boston, Mass. 1846 by Donald McKay|website=Europeana Collections|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/102566.html|title=United States Packet Ship New World 1404 tons register. Built at Boston, Mass. 1846 by Donald McKay – National Maritime Museum|website=collections.rmg.co.uk|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>
*1847 ''[[Ocean Monarch (barque)|Ocean Monarch]]'', 1301 tons OM, built for Enoch Train.
*1847 ''[[Ocean Monarch (barque)|Ocean Monarch]]'', 1301 tons OM, built for Enoch Train.
Line 65: Line 61:
* 1850 ''Antarctic'', 1116 tons, packet for Zerega&Co of New York
* 1850 ''Antarctic'', 1116 tons, packet for Zerega&Co of New York
* 1850 ''Daniel Webster'', 1187 tons, built for Enoch Train.
* 1850 ''Daniel Webster'', 1187 tons, built for Enoch Train.
* 1850 ''[[Stag Hound]]'', [[extreme clipper]], 1534 tons [[Builder's Old Measurement|OM]] – first large clipper ship built by Donald McKay
* 1850 ''[[Stag Hound]]'', [[extreme clipper]], 1534 tons OM – first large clipper ship built by Donald McKay
* 1851 ''[[Flying Cloud (clipper)|Flying Cloud]]'', extreme clipper, 1782 tons OM
* 1851 ''[[Flying Cloud (clipper)|Flying Cloud]]'', extreme clipper, 1782 tons OM
* 1851 ''Staffordshire'', extreme clipper, 1817 tons OM. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for Enoch Train & Co. She wrecked off [[Cape Sable Island|Cape Sable]], Nova Scotia, in 1853.
* 1851 ''Staffordshire'', extreme clipper, 1817 tons OM. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for Enoch Train & Co. She wrecked off Cape Sable, Florida in 1853.
* 1851 ''North America'', extreme clipper, 1464 tons OM [[File:Sovereign of the Seas - Aai-0035.jpg|thumb|''[[Sovereign of the Seas (clipper)|Sovereign of the Seas]]'' (1852)]]
* 1851 ''North America'', extreme clipper, 1464 tons OM[[File:Sovereign of the Seas - Aai-0035.jpg|thumb|''[[Sovereign of the Seas (clipper)|Sovereign of the Seas]]'' (1852)]]
* 1851 ''Flying Fish'', extreme clipper, 1505 tons OM. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for Messrs. Sampson & Tappan, Boston. She wrecked on the 23rd of November 1958 off [[Fuzhou]], China en route to New York with a cargo of tea. The wreck was sold to a Manilla merchant. After she was rebuilt at [[Pazhou|Whampoa]], China she was renamed the ''El Bueno Suceso.''<ref>Edson, Merritt A.: ''Flying Fish Yard Lengths.''
* 1851 ''Flying Fish'', extreme clipper, 1505 tons OM. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for Messrs. Sampson & Tappan, Boston. She wrecked on the 23rd of November 1958 off [[Fuzhou]], China en route to New York with a cargo of tea. The wreck was sold to a Manilla merchant. After she was rebuilt at [[Pazhou|Whampoa]], China she was renamed the ''El Bueno Suceso.''<ref>Edson, Merritt A.: ''Flying Fish Yard Lengths.''


Nautical Research Journal Vol. 27, Bethesda, 1981. p 43.</ref>
Nautical Research Journal Vol. 27, Bethesda, 1981. p 43.</ref>
* 1852 ''[[Sovereign of the Seas (clipper)|Sovereign of the Seas]]'', extreme clipper, 2421 tons OM. Known as the ''[[Enoch Train]]'' until the time she was launched, at which point she was purchased and renamed by Grinnell & Minturn.<ref name=":3" /> At the time she was fastest sailing ship ever built.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqJBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA370 | title=San Francisco Commerce, Past, Present and Future | work=Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine | date=April 1888 | page=370 | access-date=23 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=LAING|first=ALEXANDER|title=Clipper Ship Men|publisher=DUELL SLOAN & PEARCE INC|year=1944|pages=18}}</ref> She was wrecked in the [[Malacca Straits]] in 1859.
* 1852 ''[[Sovereign of the Seas (clipper)|Sovereign of the Seas]]'', extreme clipper, 2421 tons OM. At the time she was fastest sailing ship ever built.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqJBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA370 | title=San Francisco Commerce, Past, Present and Future | work=Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine | date=April 1888 | page=370 | access-date=23 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=LAING|first=ALEXANDER|title=Clipper Ship Men|publisher=DUELL SLOAN & PEARCE INC|year=1944|pages=18}}</ref> She was wrecked in the Malacca Straits in 1859.
* 1852 ''[[Westward Ho! (clipper)|Westward Ho!]]'', extreme clipper, 1650 tons OM, burned in Callao in 1864.
* 1852 ''[[Westward Ho! (clipper)|Westward Ho!]]'', extreme clipper, 1650 tons OM, burned in Callao in 1864.
* 1852 ''[[Bald Eagle (clipper)|Bald Eagle]]'', extreme clipper, 1704 tons OM
* 1852 ''[[Bald Eagle (clipper)|Bald Eagle]]'', extreme clipper, 1704 tons OM
* 1853 ''Empress of the Seas'', extreme clipper, 2200 tons OM, burned in Australia in 1881.
* 1853 ''Empress of the Seas'', extreme clipper, 2200 tons OM, burned in Australia in 1881.
* 1853 ''Star of Empire'', extreme clipper, 2050 tons OM, built for the Boston and Liverpool packet line of Enoch Train & Co. In 1857, laden with guano, she broke to pieces on [[Currituck Beach Light|Currituck Beach]], N. C.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35988125/star_of_empire/|title = Star of Empire|newspaper = Richmond Dispatch|date = May 27, 1857|page = 1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35988447/star_of_empire_currituck/|title="Star of Empire" Currituck|newspaper=New-York Tribune|date=May 9, 1857|page=8}}</ref>
* 1853 ''Star of Empire'', extreme clipper, 2050 tons OM, built for the Boston and Liverpool packet line of Enoch Train & Co. In 1857, laden with guano, she broke to pieces on [[Currituck Beach Light|Currituck Beach]], N. C.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35988125/star_of_empire/|title = Star of Empire|newspaper = Richmond Dispatch|date = May 27, 1857|page = 1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35988447/star_of_empire_currituck/|title="Star of Empire" Currituck|newspaper=New-York Tribune|date=May 9, 1857|page=8}}</ref>
* 1853 ''Chariot of Fame'', extreme clipper, 2050 tons OM, 220&nbsp;ft. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for Enoch Train & Co. Per Richard McKay sources, sold in 1862 and came to her end in January, 1876, being abandoned or lost at sea en route from [[Chincha Islands]] to [[Cork (city)|Cork]].<ref>{{cite book|author=McKay, Richard|title=Some Famous Sailing Ships and Their Builder Donald McKay|location=New York|year=1928}}</ref>[[File:Great Republic, Donald McKay 1853.tif|thumb|''[[Great Republic (1853 clipper)|Great Republic]]'' (1853)]]
* 1853 ''Chariot of Fame'', extreme clipper, 2050 tons OM, 220 ft. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for Enoch Train & Co. Per Richard McKay sources, sold in 1862 and came to her end in January, 1876, being abandoned or lost at sea en route from [[Chincha Islands]] to [[Cork_(city)|Cork]]. <ref>{{cite book|author=McKay, Richard|title=Some Famous Sailing Ships and Their Builder Donald McKay|location=New York|year=1928}}</ref>[[File:Great Republic, Donald McKay 1853.tif|thumb|''Great Republic'' (1853)]]
* 1853 ''[[Great Republic]]'', extreme clipper barque, 4555 tons OM – largest clipper ship ever built
* 1853 ''[[Great Republic]]'', extreme clipper barque, 4555 tons OM – largest clipper ship ever built
* 1853 ''Romance of the Sea'', extreme clipper, 1782 tons OM. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for [[George B. Upton]] and employed in the California Trade. She disappeared en route to San Francisco after having left Hong Kong 31 December 1862.<ref>{{cite book|author=Octavius T. Howe|author2=Frederick G. Matthews|title=American Clipper Ships 1833–1858|volume=1|location=New York|year=1986|isbn=0-486-25115-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americanclippers0000howe}}</ref>
* 1853 ''Romance of the Sea'', extreme clipper, 1782 tons OM. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for [[George B. Upton]] and employed in the California Trade. She disappeared en route to San Francisco after having left Hong Kong 31st of December 1862. <ref>{{cite book|author=Octavius T. Howe|author2=Frederick G. Matthews|title=American Clipper Ships 1833–1858|volume=1|location=New York|year=1986|isbn=0-486-25115-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americanclippers0000howe}}</ref>
* 1854 ''[[Lightning (clipper)|Lightning]]'', extreme clipper, 2083 tons OM, built for Messrs, [[James Baines & Co.|Baines & Co]]. She burned while loading wool at Geelong, Australia on the 31st of October 1869.
* 1854 ''[[Lightning (clipper)|Lightning]]'', extreme clipper, 2083 tons OM, built for Messrs, [[James Baines & Co.|Baines & Co]]. She burned while loading wool at Geelong, Australia on the 31st of October 1869.
* 1854 ''[[Champion of the Seas]]'', extreme clipper, 2447 tons OM, built for Messrs, Baines & Co.
* 1854 ''[[Champion of the Seas]]'', extreme clipper, 2447 tons OM, built for Messrs, Baines & Co.
Line 88: Line 84:
* 1854 ''Commodore Perry'', medium clipper, 1964 tons OM, built for [[Black Ball Line (Liverpool)|Black Ball Line]], burned near Bombay on 27 August 1869.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/News/BDA/BDA(1854-09-30).html|title=The New Packet Ship "Commodore Perry"}}</ref>
* 1854 ''Commodore Perry'', medium clipper, 1964 tons OM, built for [[Black Ball Line (Liverpool)|Black Ball Line]], burned near Bombay on 27 August 1869.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/News/BDA/BDA(1854-09-30).html|title=The New Packet Ship "Commodore Perry"}}</ref>
* 1854 ''Japan'', medium clipper, 1964 tons OM, built for Messrs, Baines & Co.
* 1854 ''Japan'', medium clipper, 1964 tons OM, built for Messrs, Baines & Co.
* 1855 ''[[Donald McKay (clipper)|Donald McKay]]'', extreme clipper, 2594 tons OM, 266&nbsp;ft, built for Messrs, [[James Baines & Co.|Baines & Co.]], last extreme clipper ship built by Donald McKay, burned and broken up in 1888.<ref>McLean, Duncan: ''The New Clipper Donald McKay''. ''The Boston Daily Atlas'', Vol. XXIV, February 6, 1855</ref>
* 1855 ''[[Donald McKay (clipper)|Donald McKay]]'', extreme clipper, 2594 tons OM, 266 ft, built for Messrs, [[James Baines & Co.|Baines & Co.]], last extreme clipper ship built by Donald McKay, burned and broken up in 1888.<ref>McLean, Duncan: ''The New Clipper Donald McKay''. ''The Boston Daily Atlas'', Vol. XXIV, February 6, 1855</ref>
* 1855 ''Zephyr'', medium clipper, 1184 tons OM
* 1855 ''Zephyr'', medium clipper, 1184 tons OM
* 1855 ''Defender'', medium clipper, 1413 tons OM
* 1855 ''Defender'', medium clipper, 1413 tons OM
* 1856 ''Henry Hill'', medium clipper barque, 568 tons OM
* 1856 ''Henry Hill'', medium clipper barque, 568 tons OM
* 1856 ''Mastiff'', medium clipper, 1030 tons OM. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for [[George B. Upton]] for the California and China trade. She was lost to a fire en route for the Sandwich Islands in the South Pacific on the 15th of September 1859. The entire crew and all passengers were rescued by the British ship ''[[HMS Achilles]]'' and brought to Honolulu.
* 1856 ''Mastiff'', medium clipper, 1030 tons OM. She was launched at East Boston, Massachusetts, for [[George B. Upton]] for the California and China trade. She was lost to a fire en route for the Sandwich Islands in the South Pacific on the 15th of September 1859. The entire crew and all passengers were rescued by the British ship ''[[HMS Achilles]]'' and brought to Honolulu.
* 1856 ''Minnehaha'', medium clipper, 1695 tons OM
* 1856 ''Minnehaha'', medium clipper, 1695 tons OM[[File:GloryOfTheSeas 1869 byJWBlack PEM.png|thumb|''Glory of the Seas'' (1869)]]

[[File:GloryOfTheSeas 1869 byJWBlack PEM.png|thumb|''[[Glory of the Seas (clipper)|Glory of the Seas]]'', ready to launch (1869)]]

* 1856 ''Amos Lawrence'', medium clipper, 1396 tons OM
* 1856 ''Amos Lawrence'', medium clipper, 1396 tons OM
* 1856 ''Abbott Lawrence'', medium clipper, 1497 tons OM
* 1856 ''Abbott Lawrence'', medium clipper, 1497 tons OM
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*1868 ''Sovereign of the Seas'', 1502 tons
*1868 ''Sovereign of the Seas'', 1502 tons
*1868 ''R.R. Higgins'', schooner, 96 tons.
*1868 ''R.R. Higgins'', schooner, 96 tons.
* 1869 ''[[Glory of the Seas (clipper)|Glory of the Seas]]'', medium clipper, 2102 tons OM. Last clipper designed by McKay. Scrapped for her metal at Brace Point, West Seattle on the 13th of May 1923. Her figurehead is preserved at the India House, New York.
* 1869 ''Glory of the Seas'', medium clipper, 2102 tons OM, scrapped for her metal at Brace Point, West Seattle on the 13th of May 1923. Her figurehead is preserved at the India House, New York.
*1869 ''Frank Atwood'', schooner, 107 tons.
*1869 ''Frank Atwood'', schooner, 107 tons.
*1874–1875 ''[[USS Adams (1874)|Adams]]'', sloop of war, 615 tons.
*1874–1875 ''[[USS Adams (1874)|Adams]]'', sloop of war, 615 tons.
*1874–1875 ''[[USS Essex (1874)|Essex]]'', sloop of war.
*1874–1875 ''[[USS Essex (1874)|Essex]]'', sloop of war.
*1875 ''[[America (yacht)|America]]'', schooner yacht, originally built by William H. Brown in 1851, rebuilt by McKay in 1875. Namesake, and original champion, of the [[America's Cup]].
*1875 ''[[America (yacht)|America]]'', originally built by William H. Brown in 1851 this famous schooner yacht, was rebuilt by McKay in 1875.


{{Commons category|Donald McKay}}
{{Commons category|Donald McKay}}
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==Design practices==
==Design practices==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2019}}McKay's designs were characterized by a long fine bow with increasing hollow and waterlines. He was perhaps influenced by the writings of [[John W. Griffiths]], designer of the China clipper ''[[Rainbow (clipper)|Rainbow]]'' in 1845. The long hollow bow helped to penetrate rather than ride over the wave produced by the hull at high speeds, reducing resistance as [[hull speed]] is approached. Hull speed is the natural speed of a wave the same length as the ship, in knots, <math>1.34 \times \sqrt{\mbox{LWL}}</math>, where LWL = Length of Water Line in feet. His hulls had a shorter afterbody, putting the center of buoyancy farther aft than was typical of the period, as well as a full midsection with rather flat bottom. These characteristics led to lower drag at high speed compared to other ships of similar length, as well as great stability which translated into the ability to carry sail in high winds (more power in extreme conditions). His fishing schooner design was even more radical than his clippers, being a huge flat-bottomed dinghy similar in form to 20th century [[Hull (watercraft)#Hull shapes|planing]] boats. These design changes were not favorable for light wind conditions such as were expected on the China trade, but were profitable in the California and Australian trades.
{{unreferenced|section|date=February 2019}}McKay's designs were characterized by a long fine bow with increasing hollow and waterlines. He was perhaps influenced by the writings of [[John W. Griffiths]], designer of the China clipper ''[[Rainbow (clipper)|Rainbow]]'' in 1845. The long hollow bow helped to penetrate rather than ride over the wave produced by the hull at high speeds, reducing resistance as [[hull speed]] is approached. Hull speed is the natural speed of a wave the same length as the ship, in knots, <math>1.34 \times \sqrt{\mbox{LWL}}</math>, where LWL = Length of Water Line in feet. His hulls had a shorter afterbody, putting the center of buoyancy farther aft than was typical of the period, as well as a full midsection with rather flat bottom. These characteristics led to lower drag at high speed compared to other ships of similar length, as well as great stability which translated into the ability to carry sail in high winds (more power in extreme conditions). His fishing schooner design was even more radical than his clippers, being a huge flat-bottomed dinghy similar in form to 20th century [[Hull (watercraft)#Hull shapes|planing]] boats. These design changes were not favorable for light wind conditions such as were expected on the China trade, but were profitable in the California and Australian trades.


== Legacy and honors ==
== Legacy and honors ==
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[[Donald McKay House|His house in East Boston]] was designated a Boston Landmark in 1977<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/publichearingond00bost|title=Public Hearing on Donald McKay House|publisher=Boston Landmarks Commission|year=1977|location=Boston, Massachusetts}}</ref> and is also on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].
[[Donald McKay House|His house in East Boston]] was designated a Boston Landmark in 1977<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/publichearingond00bost|title=Public Hearing on Donald McKay House|publisher=Boston Landmarks Commission|year=1977|location=Boston, Massachusetts}}</ref> and is also on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].


A memorial pavilion to McKay, including a painting of his famous "Flying Cloud", can be found at [[Piers Park]] in East Boston.
A memorial pavilion to McKay, including a painting of his famous “Flying Cloud,” can be found at [[Piers Park]] in East Boston.


McKay was inducted into the [[National Sailing Hall of Fame]] on November 9, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nshof.org/inductees/mckay-donald/|title=Donald McKay, 2019 Inductee |publisher=Nshof.org |access-date=April 12, 2020}}</ref>
McKay was inducted into the [[National Sailing Hall of Fame]] on November 9, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nshof.org/inductees/mckay-donald/|title=Donald McKay, 2019 Inductee |publisher=Nshof.org |access-date=April 12, 2020}}</ref>
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* '''Judson''', Clara Ingram (1943). ''Donald McKay: Designer of Clipper Ships'' Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, p.&nbsp;136, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fjcZAAAAIAAJ Url]
* '''Judson''', Clara Ingram (1943). ''Donald McKay: Designer of Clipper Ships'' Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, p.&nbsp;136, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fjcZAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Url]


==External links==
==External links==
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* [http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/D_McKay_Yard.html List of ships built by Donald McKay]
* [http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/D_McKay_Yard.html List of ships built by Donald McKay]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070508134909/http://bostoninnovation.org/pdf/1844_McKay_Mini_Case_10.04.05.pdf 1850 McKay and the Clipper Age] – .pdf case study in innovation, bostoninnovation.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070508134909/http://bostoninnovation.org/pdf/1844_McKay_Mini_Case_10.04.05.pdf 1850 McKay and the Clipper Age] – .pdf case study in innovation, bostoninnovation.org
*[[Scientific American]], "[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ok9AQAAIAAJ Donald McKay]", 9 October 1880, p.&nbsp;228
*[[Scientific American]], "[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ok9AQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Donald McKay]", 09 October 1880, p. 228


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:Boat and ship designers]]
[[Category:Boat and ship designers]]
[[Category:Emigrants from pre-Confederation Nova Scotia to the United States]]
[[Category:Pre-Confederation Canadian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:People from Shelburne County, Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:People from Shelburne County, Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:People from East Boston]]
[[Category:People from East Boston, Boston]]
[[Category:19th-century American artisans]]
[[Category:19th-century American people]]
[[Category:19th-century shipbuilders]]
[[Category:Pre-Confederation Nova Scotia people]]
[[Category:Pre-Confederation Nova Scotia people]]
[[Category:Canadian shipbuilders]]
[[Category:Canadian shipbuilders]]
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