[go: nahoru, domu]
Jump to content

Edward Snowden: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m →Career: fixing wording
Line 77: Line 77:
In 2007, the CIA stationed him with [[diplomatic cover]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], where he was responsible for maintaining computer network security.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/10/190293209/who-is-edward-snowden-the-nsa-leaker | title =Who Is Edward Snowden, The Self-Styled NSA Leaker? | first =Mark |last=Memmott | publisher= [[National Public Radio]] | date =10 June 2013}}</ref> Snowden left the agency in 2009 for a [[Private military company|private contractor]] inside an NSA facility on a United States military base in [[Japan]].<ref name="guardian-reveal" />
In 2007, the CIA stationed him with [[diplomatic cover]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], where he was responsible for maintaining computer network security.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/10/190293209/who-is-edward-snowden-the-nsa-leaker | title =Who Is Edward Snowden, The Self-Styled NSA Leaker? | first =Mark |last=Memmott | publisher= [[National Public Radio]] | date =10 June 2013}}</ref> Snowden left the agency in 2009 for a [[Private military company|private contractor]] inside an NSA facility on a United States military base in [[Japan]].<ref name="guardian-reveal" />


At the time of his departure from the US in May 2013, he had been working for [[defense contractor]] [[Booz Allen Hamilton]] for less than three months as a [[system administrator]] inside the NSA in [[Hawaii]].<ref name="booz-allen-statement" /><ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/09/booz-allen-hamilton-edward-snowden|title=Booz Allen Hamilton: Edward Snowden's U.S. contracting firm|last=Borger|first=Julian|date=9 June 2013| work= The Guardian |accessdate=9 June 2013|location=London|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6HG8Comcs| archivedate=9 June 2003}}</ref> He described his life as "very comfortable," earning a salary of "roughly {{Currency|200,000|USD}}",<ref name="guardian-reveal" /> although his employer disputed this claim on June 10, when he was fired "for violations of the firm's code of ethics and firm policy."<ref>{{cite web|title=Contractor fires Snowden from $122,000 per-year job| url= http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/11/booz-allen-snowden-fired/2411231/| work= USA Today|accessdate=11 June 2013|first=John|last=Bacon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/russia-considers-asylum-edward-snowden-article-1.1368988 NSA whistle-blower Edward Snowden FIRED from $122,000 per-year job with defense contractor Booz Hamilton]</ref> [[Glenn Greenwald]], a journalist who initially interviewed Snowden’s revelations, later wrote, “It’s possible Booz Allen is using a pro-rated figure, or it’s possible Snowden talked about his salary at his prior NSA job at Dell.”<ref>[http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/215748/greenwald-snowdens-salary-didnt-really-strike-me-as-a-central-part-of-the-story/ Greenwald: Snowden’s salary ‘didn’t really strike me as a central part of the story’]</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2013/06/11/did-snowden-really-earn-a-200000-salary/ Did Snowden really earn a $200,000 salary?]</ref>
At the time of his departure from the US in May 2013, he had been working for [[defense contractor]] [[Booz Allen Hamilton]] for less than three months as a [[system administrator]] inside the NSA in [[Hawaii]].<ref name="booz-allen-statement" /><ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/09/booz-allen-hamilton-edward-snowden|title=Booz Allen Hamilton: Edward Snowden's U.S. contracting firm|last=Borger|first=Julian|date=9 June 2013| work= The Guardian |accessdate=9 June 2013|location=London|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6HG8Comcs| archivedate=9 June 2003}}</ref> He described his life as "very comfortable," earning a salary of "roughly {{Currency|200,000|USD}}",<ref name="guardian-reveal" /> although his employer disputed this claim on June 10, when he was fired "for violations of the firm's code of ethics and firm policy."<ref>{{cite web|title=Contractor fires Snowden from $122,000 per-year job| url= http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/11/booz-allen-snowden-fired/2411231/| work= USA Today|accessdate=11 June 2013|first=John|last=Bacon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/russia-considers-asylum-edward-snowden-article-1.1368988 NSA whistle-blower Edward Snowden FIRED from $122,000 per-year job with defense contractor Booz Hamilton]</ref> [[Glenn Greenwald]], a journalist who initially interviewed and reported Snowden’s revelations, later wrote, “It’s possible Booz Allen is using a pro-rated figure, or it’s possible Snowden talked about his salary at his prior NSA job at Dell.”<ref>[http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/215748/greenwald-snowdens-salary-didnt-really-strike-me-as-a-central-part-of-the-story/ Greenwald: Snowden’s salary ‘didn’t really strike me as a central part of the story’]</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2013/06/11/did-snowden-really-earn-a-200000-salary/ Did Snowden really earn a $200,000 salary?]</ref>


== Personal views ==
== Personal views ==

Revision as of 19:46, 12 June 2013

Edward Snowden
Front cover of the Guardian newspaper, 10 June 2013
Snowden as seen on the cover of the Guardian, 10 June 2013
Born
Edward Joseph Snowden

(1983-06-21) June 21, 1983 (age 41)[1]
Elizabeth City, North Carolina, United States
StatusUnknown, last known whereabouts: Hong Kong[2]
NationalityUnited States
OccupationSystem administrator
Known forPRISM whistleblower

Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983)[1] is an American former technical contractor and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee who worked as a contractor for the National Security Agency (NSA) before disclosing details of a classified NSA spy program to the press.[3][4] Snowden released classified material on top-secret NSA programs including the PRISM surveillance program to The Guardian and The Washington Post in June 2013. Snowden said his disclosure of PRISM and FISA orders related to NSA data capture efforts was an effort to expose what he believes is excessive government surveillance of the American people.[4][5][6][7][8]

Family and education

Edward Snowden was born in Elizabeth City, North Carolina.[9] His father, a resident of Pennsylvania, was an officer in the United States Coast Guard;[10] and his mother, a resident of Baltimore, Maryland, is a clerk at the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland.[11][9] He has an older sister, an attorney.[9]

By 1999, Snowden had moved with his family to Ellicott City, Maryland, where he studied computing at Anne Arundel Community College[9] in order to gain the credits necessary to obtain a high school diploma, but he did not complete the coursework.[12] He later obtained a GED.[8][13]

Before leaving for Hong Kong, Snowden was residing in Waipahu, Oahu, Hawaii, with his girlfriend.[14]

Career

On May 7, 2004, Snowden enlisted in the United States Army with the hope of eventually joining the Special Forces.[1] He said, "I wanted to fight in the Iraq war because I felt like I had an obligation as a human being to help free people from oppression"[8] but was discharged just months later on September 28 after breaking both of his legs in a training accident. His next employment was as a National Security Agency (NSA) security guard for a covert facility at the University of Maryland,[15] before joining the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to work on IT security.[16]

In 2007, the CIA stationed him with diplomatic cover in Geneva, Switzerland, where he was responsible for maintaining computer network security.[17] Snowden left the agency in 2009 for a private contractor inside an NSA facility on a United States military base in Japan.[8]

At the time of his departure from the US in May 2013, he had been working for defense contractor Booz Allen Hamilton for less than three months as a system administrator inside the NSA in Hawaii.[18][19] He described his life as "very comfortable," earning a salary of "roughly US$200,000",[8] although his employer disputed this claim on June 10, when he was fired "for violations of the firm's code of ethics and firm policy."[20][21] Glenn Greenwald, a journalist who initially interviewed and reported Snowden’s revelations, later wrote, “It’s possible Booz Allen is using a pro-rated figure, or it’s possible Snowden talked about his salary at his prior NSA job at Dell.”[22][23]

Personal views

The Guardian describes Snowden as intensely passionate about the value of privacy; his laptop displays stickers supporting internet freedom organizations including the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the Tor Project.[8] Snowden had a small digital footprint. Within 24 hours of revealing himself, according to the newspaper, the footprint included the "barest details about his family" and that there were no new photographs, no Facebook and Twitter status updates "if indeed Snowden had any" and no interviews with associates from high school.[24]

In the 2008 presidential election, Snowden voted for third-party candidates. He said he "believed in Obama's promises," yet "he continued with the policies of his predecessor."[25] For the 2012 election, political donation records indicate that he contributed to the primary campaign of Ron Paul.[26]

PRISM whistleblowing

Main article: PRISM (surveillance program)

Media disclosures

A top secret document leaked by Edward Snowden to The Guardian, originally due to be declassified on 12 April, 2038

Snowden first made contact with documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras in January 2013.[27] According to Poitras, Snowden chose to contact her after seeing her report on William Binney, a fellow NSA whistleblower, in The New York Times. She is a board member of the Freedom of the Press Foundation, along with journalist Glenn Greenwald and renowned whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg.[28] Greenwald, reporting for The Guardian, claims to have been working with Snowden since February,[29] and Barton Gellman, writing for The Washington Post, says his first "direct contact" was on May 16.[30] However, Gellman alleges Greenwald was only involved after the Post declined to guarantee publication of the full documents within 72 hours.[30]

Snowden communicated using encrypted email,[27] using the codename "Verax", meaning truth-teller in Latin. He asked not to be quoted at length for fear of identification by semantic analysis.[30]

According to Gellman, prior to their first meeting in person, Snowden wrote, "I understand that I will be made to suffer for my actions, and that the return of this information to the public marks my end."[30] Snowden also told Gellman that until the articles were published, the journalists working with him would also be at risk from the U.S. intelligence community, whom Snowden said "will most certainly kill you if they think you are the single point of failure that could stop this disclosure and make them the sole owner of this information."[30]

The Washington Post reported that the motive behind the disclosure was to expose the "surveillance state" that he felt the United States was becoming.[3]

I don't want to live in a society that does these sort of things … I do not want to live in a world where everything I do and say is recorded.

— Edward Snowden, speaking to The Guardian in June 2013[25]

Timeline

Main article: Edward Snowden in Hong Kong

Quest for political asylum

Snowden has said that he has a "predisposition to seek asylum in a country with shared values," and that his ideal choice would be Iceland.[7][8] The International Modern Media Institute, an Icelandic freedom of speech advocacy organisation, on the day his identity was revealed issued a statement offering Snowden legal advice and assistance in gaining asylum.[31] However, Kristin Arnadottir, the Icelandic ambassador to China, pointed out that an asylum cannot be granted to Snowden because Icelandic law requires such applications be made from within the country.[32]

Hong Kong legislator and former Secretary for Security Regina Ip had advised Snowden to leave the territory or face extradition to United States;[33] however, New York University law professor Jerome A. Cohen noted that a Hong Kong court might find that Snowden's case fell under the political offence exception to the extradition treaty.[34]

Dmitry Peskov, the press attaché for the Russian president, has suggested Russia's willingness to open the discussion on asylum upon Snowden’s request.[35][36]

In Austria, the Pirate Party of Austria, as well as politicians Peter Pilz (The Greens) and Jörg Leichtfried (Social Democratic Party of Austria) demanded that Snowden be granted political asylum.[37]

Snowden has vowed to challenge any extradition attempt by the US government, and he was reported to have approached several human rights lawyers.[38] In an interview with the South China Morning Post, Snowden said that his intention is to let the "courts and people of Hong Kong" decide his fate, and he sees "no reason" to doubt the Judiciary of Hong Kong.[39]

Reactions

Template:Other uses-section

Government

The National Security Agency has requested a criminal probe into Snowden's actions from the United States Department of Justice. James R. Clapper, Director of National Intelligence, said that his "reckless disclosures" have resulted in "significant misimpressions" in the media.[40] Speaking before Snowden was named, chairman of the US Select Committee on Intelligence Mike Rogers said of the whistleblowers: "I absolutely think they should be prosecuted."[41]

Former employers

Snowden's employer Booz Allen Hamilton released a statement on June 9 condemning his actions as "shocking" and "a grave violation of the code of conduct and core values of our firm."[18] The statement emphasized his short-term involvement with the firm, and disputed his claimed salary of US$200,000, instead suggesting US$122,000 as the correct figure.[42] Booz Allen Hamilton's stock value dropped after Snowden's association with them became public knowledge.[43] The company terminated Snowden's employment on June 10.[44]

A spokesperson for Dell declined to comment on Snowden's claimed past employment with the firm.[45][9]

Public figures

Daniel Ellsberg, the whistleblower and leaker of the top-secret Pentagon Papers in 1971, stated in an interview with CNN that he thought Snowden had done an "incalculable" service to his country and that his leaks might prevent America from becoming a surveillance state. He said Snowden had acted with the same sort of courage and patriotism as a soldier in battle.[46] In an op-ed the following morning, Ellsberg added that "there has not been in American history a more important leak than Edward Snowden's release of NSA material – and that includes the Pentagon Papers, for which I was responsible 40 years ago."[47] Ray McGovern, a retired CIA officer who presented White House intelligence briefs for multiple presidents, said he agreed with Ellsberg in an interview where he also said "that this time today I'm feeling much more hopeful for our democracy that I was feeling this time yesterday".[48]

Julian Assange praised and lauded Snowden, calling him a "hero" who has exposed "one of the most serious events of the decade – the creeping formulation of a mass surveillance state".[49] Journalist Glenn Greenwald has also praised Snowden.[50] The ACLU has sued the Obama administration over the issue of NSA surveillance.[51]

Several political figures across the political spectrum have praised Edward Snowden for exposing secret government surveillance to the public. These include Chris Hedges[52] and Michael Moore[53] on the left; and Glenn Beck,[53] Matt Drudge,[54] Alex Jones,[55] Ron Paul,[56] and Michael Savage[57] of conservative and libertarian convictions.

Ken Langone, a co-founder of Home Depot said on a Fox News interview with Neil Cavuto that in regards to Snowden "I'd throw a party for him, I'd congratulate him, I'd say 'Thank you for helping protect to Americans' privacy rights."[58]

Members of Congress

Representative Thomas Massie (R-KY) said: "I’m not a lawyer, but based on what I know so far, I don’t think he should be prosecuted,” and “If someone reports illegal activity as a whistle-blower, they shouldn’t be prosecuted. Whether or not this program was authorized by Congress, it seems to me that this is an unconstitutional activity.” He added: “...Which would make it illegal, and he should have some kind of immunity.”[59]

Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) said: “If it is the case that the federal government is seizing millions of personal records about law-abiding citizens, and if it is the case that there are minimal restrictions on accessing or reviewing those records, then I think Mr. Snowden has done a considerable public service by bringing it to light."[60]

The following U.S. politicians have called for arrest of Edward Snowden: Senator and Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Dianne Feinstein (D-CA),[61] Senator and Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Bob Menendez (D-NJ), Senators Lindsey Graham (R-SC),[62] Bill Nelson (D-FL), and John Thune (R-SD);[63][59] Speaker of the House John Boehner (R-OH),[64] House Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R-VA),[65] Representative and Chairman of the House Intelligence Committee Mike Rogers (R-MI),[66] and Representative Peter King (R-NY).[67]

Peter King, formerly the chairman of the House Homeland Security Committee, called for Snowden's extradition from Hong Kong, with which the United States has an extradition treaty but with exclusions for political offenses.[68]

Press and public

Amy Davidson, writing in The New Yorker, said Snowden "is the reason our country has, in the last week, been having a conversation on privacy and the limits of domestic surveillance. That was overdue, and one wishes it had been prompted by self-examination on the part of the Obama Administration or real oversight by Congress."[69] John Cassidy, also of The New Yorker, called Snowden "a hero," saying "he uncovered questionable activities that those in power would rather have kept secret." "In revealing the colossal scale of the U.S. government’s eavesdropping on Americans and other people around the world, he has performed a great public service that more than outweighs any breach of trust he may have committed."[70]

In a FoxNews.com column headlined "Why Americans should thank Edward Snowden," Robert Romano of Americans for Limited Government said Snowden is responsible for exposing a "web of surveillance... where all communications, public and private, are being stored in a government database for later use, and when it is used against the people, there is no recourse."[71]

Other commentators have been more critical of Snowden's methods and motivations,[72] and some have expressed particular concern about his seeking refuge in Hong Kong.[73][74] For instance, New York Times columnist David Brooks accused Snowden of betraying the Constitution, stating that "the founders did not create the United States so that some solitary 29-year-old could make unilateral decisions about what should be exposed."[75] In response Amy Davidson of The New Yorker said "This is an odd perspective" because the Founding Fathers of the United States created the Constitution to allow a "solitary voice" to be heard despite any power structures and "they would not want a twenty-nine-year-old to feel so overcome with gratitude for his social betters—so humbled that they had noticed him—that he would be silent."[76]

Andrew Sullivan decried Snowden as "a weak man who took an oath to protect the nation’s secrets, found something he felt was contrary to our ideals, and decided to resolve the issue in an irresponsible manner by making the biggest, loudest bang he could." Sullivan questioned why Snowden did not take advantage of federal whistler-blower laws or take his concerns to Congress before going to the media.[72] This criticism was echoed by Jeffrey Toobin of the New Yorker. While conceding that whistle-blowers are indispensable to a society with a free press, Toobin characterizes Snowden's approach as "reckless." Furthermore, by putting himself at the mercy of Beijing-backed Hong Kong leaders, Toobin wrote that "all of Snowden’s secrets may wind up in the hands of the Chinese government—which has no commitment at all to free speech or the right to political dissent."[77] James Fallows wrote that "if Snowden thinks, as some of his comments seem to suggest, that he has found a bastion of freer speech [in Hong Kong], then he is ill-informed; and if he knowingly chose to make his case from China he is playing a more complicated game."[73] Matt Schiavenza called Snowden's decision to go to Hong Kong a "serious miscalculation," particularly if the Beijing government decided to try to use him as an intelligence asset.[78]

Shortly after Snowden revealed his identity, a petition[79] was posted on the White House website, asking for "a full, free, and absolute pardon for any crimes [Snowden] has committed or may have committed related to blowing the whistle on secret NSA surveillance programs."[80][81] Within 48 hours, the petition had gathered more than 30,000 signatures,[82] and as of June 12, it gathered 63,485 signatures.[79] To require a response by the White House, the petition must reach 100,000 signatures within 30 days.[79]

Response from China

On Sina Weibo, a Chinese microblogging service, there were strong expressions of support for Snowden, with many users asking the Government of Hong Kong to refuse any extradition requests from the United States for Snowden.[83] One blogger wrote that Snowden's actions were “the definition of heroism [...] Doing this proves he genuinely cares about this country and about his country’s citizens. All countries need someone like him!”[84]

Snowden's decision to take refuge in Hong Kong bewildered many Chinese internet users and social critics, however. In response to Snowden's claim that Hong Kong was renowned for its commitment to free speech, one blogger wrote "Kid, we have a much more powerful surveillance system in China...Coming here is suicide.”[85] Wen Yunchao, a Hong Kong-based Chinese blogger, wrote that Snowden had "left the tiger's den and entered the wolf's lair".[86]

Although Hong Kong newspapers were abuzz with speculation about Snowden's future in the territory, Mainland Chinese media remained relatively silent on the issue. Bloomberg News speculated that this may be because the Mainland media does not want to "hype a story that serves to remind Chinese Internet users that the surveillance to which they’ve become accustomed is so much worse than what Americans experience", and also because the government in Beijing is sensitive about highlighting potentially unfavorable comparisons with Hong Kong.[87]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Ackerman, Spencer (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden failed in attempt to join US army's elite special forces unit". The Guardian. Retrieved June 10, 2013. The army did confirm Snowden's date of birth: June 21, 1983.
  2. ^ Edward Snowden, leaker of U.S. spy program documents, faces hard choices while in hiding - CBS News
  3. ^ a b Gellman, Barton; Markon, Jerry (June 9, 2013). "Edward Snowden says motive behind leaks was to expose 'surveillance state'". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  4. ^ a b Gellman, Barton; Blake, Aaron; Miller, Greg (June 9, 2013). "Edward Snowden comes forward as source of NSA leaks". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  5. ^ Smith, Matt (June 9, 2013). "NSA leaker comes forward, warns of agency's 'existential threat'". CNN. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  6. ^ Calderone, Michael (June 7, 2013). "Washington Post Began PRISM Story Three Weeks Ago, Heard Guardian's 'Footsteps'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  7. ^ a b Gellman, Barton; Blake, Aaron; Miller, Greg (June 9, 2013). "Edward Snowden identified as source of NSA leaks". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Greenwald, Glenn; MacAskill, Ewen; Poitras, Laura (June 9, 2013). Written at Hong Kong. "Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d e Tracy, Connor (June 10, 2013). "What we know about NSA leaker Edward Snowden". NBC News.
  10. ^ Itkowitz, Colby; Sheehan, Daniel Patrick (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden's father, stepmother plan to make public statement". The Morning Call.
  11. ^ Toppo, Greg (June 10, 2013). "Former neighbor remembers Snowden as 'nice kid'". USA Today.
  12. ^ "Profile: Edward Snowden". BBC News. June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  13. ^ Leger, Donna Leinwand (June 9, 2013). "NSA contractor: 'I know I have done nothing wrong'". USA Today. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  14. ^ Malkin, Bonnie (June 11, 2013). "Edward Snowden's girlfriend revealed to be former ballet dancer". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  15. ^ Leger, Donna Leinwand (June 10, 2013). "Who is NSA whisteblower Edward Snowden?". Detroit Free Press. USA Today.
  16. ^ "Edward Snowden: Ex-CIA worker comes forward as leaker, says he was protecting 'basic liberties'". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. 10 June. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Memmott, Mark (June 10, 2013). "Who Is Edward Snowden, The Self-Styled NSA Leaker?". National Public Radio.
  18. ^ a b "Booz Allen Statement on Reports of Leaked Information". June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  19. ^ Borger, Julian (June 9, 2013). "Booz Allen Hamilton: Edward Snowden's U.S. contracting firm". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on June 9, 2003. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  20. ^ Bacon, John. "Contractor fires Snowden from $122,000 per-year job". USA Today. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  21. ^ NSA whistle-blower Edward Snowden FIRED from $122,000 per-year job with defense contractor Booz Hamilton
  22. ^ Greenwald: Snowden’s salary ‘didn’t really strike me as a central part of the story’
  23. ^ Did Snowden really earn a $200,000 salary?
  24. ^ Lewis, Paul; McVeigh, Karen (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden: what we know about the source behind the NSA files leak". The Guardian. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  25. ^ a b MacAskill, Ewen (June 9, 2013). "NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden: 'I do not expect to see home again'". The Guardian. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  26. ^ Zara, Christopher (June 9, 2013). "NSA Whistleblower Revealed: Edward Snowden Donated $500 To Ron Paul's 2012 Presidential Campaign: Does NSA Whistleblower Have Libertarian Leanings?". International Business Times. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  27. ^ a b Carmon, Irin (June 10, 2013). "How we broke the NSA story". Salon. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  28. ^ "Board of Directors". Freedom of the Press Foundation. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  29. ^ Weinger, Mackenzie (June 10, 2013). "Barton Gellman, Glenn Greenwald feud over NSA leaker". Politico. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  30. ^ a b c d e Gellman, Barton (June 10, 2013). "Code name 'Verax': Snowden, in exchanges with Post reporter, made clear he knew risks". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  31. ^ "Statement regarding involvement of IMMI in Edward Snowden asylum request". Reykjavík, Iceland: International Modern Media Institute. June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  32. ^ "Called a defector, NSA leaker defends his decision". CNN. June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  33. ^ Booth, Jenny; Bhat, Devika (June 6, 2013). "Spying row whistleblower Edward Snowden urged to leave Hong Kong" (paywalled, with excerpt). The Times. United Kingdom. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  34. ^ Gershman, Jacob (June 10, 2013). "Snowden Extradition Could Face Legal Hurdles". Wall Street Journal Law Blog. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  35. ^ "若有请求俄罗斯将探讨给予美国人斯诺丁政治庇护问题" (in Chinese). 俄罗斯之声 (radiovr.com.cn). June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Russia May Consider US Spy Leaker's Asylum Request – Media". en.rian.ru. June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  37. ^ Prazak, Robert (June 11, 2013). "Asyl für PRISM-Aufdecker Edward Snowden: Mehr als eine Schnapsidee?" (in German). Format. Retrieved June 11, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "American who leaked NSA secrets is a free man in Hong Kong - for now". Reuters. Retrieved June 12, 2013. Sources at Hong Kong law firms have said Snowden has approached human rights lawyers in the city and may be digging in his heels for a legal fight in preparation for the United States laying charges against him.
  39. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Whistleblower Edward Snowden talks to South China Morning Post". South China Morning Post. Retrieved June 12, 2013. He vowed to fight any extradition attempt by the US government, saying: "My intention is to ask the courts and people of Hong Kong to decide my fate. I have been given no reason to doubt your system. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  40. ^ Gardner, Timothy; Hosenball, Mark (June 9, 2013). "Spy agency seeks criminal probe into leaks". Reuters. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  41. ^ Delawala, Imtiyaz (June 9, 2013). "Guardian Reporter Glenn Greenwald Blasts Calls for Leak Prosecutions". ABC News. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  42. ^ Isidore, Chris (June 11, 2013). "Booz Allen fires leaker Snowden". Money. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  43. ^ Yousuf, Hibah (June 10, 2013). "Booz Allen stock tumbles on leaker news". CNN Money. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  44. ^ "Booz Allen Hamilton officially fires NSA whistleblower". Fox News. June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  45. ^ Hosenball, Mark (June 10, 2013). "Ex-CIA man says exposed U.S. spy scheme to protect world". Reuters. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  46. ^ O'Malley, Nick (June 10, 2013). "NSA leaker reveals himself after fleeing US". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  47. ^ Ellsberg, Daniel (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden: saving us from the United Stasi of America". The Guardian. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  48. ^ Noor, Jaisal (June 11, 2013). "Former CIA Analyst: Snowden Did The Right Thing". The Real News Network.
  49. ^ Addley, Esther (June 10, 2013). "Julian Assange praises Edward Snowden as a hero". The Guardian. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  50. ^ Guariglia, Matthew (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden: Traitor or Hero?". heavy.com. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  51. ^ Jackson, David (June 11, 2013). "ACLU sues Obama administration over NSA surveillance". USA Today. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  52. ^ "New Yorkers Declare "I Stand With Edward Snowden": Dozens Rally & Draw Massive Media Attention for NSA Whistleblower (updated)". the sparrow project. June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  53. ^ a b Gold, Hadas (June 10, 2013). "Glenn Beck, Michael Moore call Edward Snowden a hero". Politico. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  54. ^ Budowsky, Brent (June 7, 2013). "Matt Drudge, Bernie Sanders and Ron Paul versus Barack Obama, George W. Bush and Big Brother". The Hill. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  55. ^ "Arrest Congressman Peter King, Not NSA Whistleblower". Infowars. June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  56. ^ "Ron Paul gives thanks for leaker". CNN News. June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  57. ^ Kirell, Andrew (June 11, 2013). "Michael Savage Rants Against Fox News' 'Empty Skirts' & 'Lipstick With Legs' For Condemning NSA Leaker". Mediaite. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  58. ^ "Home Depot co-founder: ObamaCare is going to be 'nightmare'." Fox News. 10 June 2013. 7:39-7:45. "So what would you do, then? [Cavuto] I'd throw a party for him, I'd congratulate him, I'd say 'Thank you for helping to protect Americans' privacy rights.[Langone]"
  59. ^ a b Dumain, Emma; Lesniewski, Niels (June 10, 2013). "Snowden Has a Few Defenders on the Hill". Roll Call. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  60. ^ Morgenstern, Madeleine (June 11, 2013). "Ted Cruz Reserving Judgement on Whether NSA Leaker Is a 'Patriot' or a 'Traitor'". The Blaze. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  61. ^ Herb, Jeremy; Sink, Justin (June 10, 2013). "Sen. Feinstein calls Snowden's NSA leaks an 'act of treason'". thehill.com.
  62. ^ Reeve, Elspeth (June 10, 2013). "These Pundits Have Decided Snowden Deserves to Go to Jail". theatlanticwire.com.
  63. ^ Barro, Joe (June 10, 2013). "US Senators: Edward Snowden Committed An "Act Of Treason"". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  64. ^ "John Boehner: Edward Snowden Is A 'Traitor'". SFGate. June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  65. ^ Kasperowicz, Pete (June 10, 2013). "Cantor vows 'serious' House investigation of NSA leaker Snowden". thehill.com.
  66. ^ "Edward Snowden: Ex-CIA leaker drops out of sight, faces legal battle". The Chicago Tribune. Reuters. June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  67. ^ "House, Senate Republicans Demand Snowden's Arrest, Prosecution". The Washington Times. newsmax.com. June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  68. ^ Ackerman, Spencer (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden: Republicans call for NSA whistleblower to be extradited". The Guardian. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  69. ^ Davidson, Amy (9 June 2013). Edward Snowden, The N.S.A. Leaker, Comes Forward, New Yorker
  70. ^ Cassidy, John. (10 June 2013) Why Edward Snowden Is A Hero, The New Yorker.
  71. ^ Romano, Robert. (11 June 2013) Why Americans should thank Edward Snowden, FoxNews.com.
  72. ^ a b Reeve, Elspeth (June 10, 2013). "These Pundits Have Decided Snowden Deserves to Go to Jail". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  73. ^ a b Fallows, James (June 9, 2013). "Edward Snowden in Hong Kong". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  74. ^ Walker, Angus (June 11, 2013). "Hiding in Plain Sight". ITV News. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  75. ^ Brooks, David (June 10, 2013). "The Solitary Leaker". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  76. ^ Davidson, Amy. "David Brooks and the Mind of Edward Snowden." The New Yorker. 11 June 2013. Retrieved on 12 June 2013.
  77. ^ Toobin, Jeffrey (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden is No Hero". New Yorker. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  78. ^ Schiavenza, Matt (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden Shouldn't Have Gone to Hong Kong". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  79. ^ a b c Pardon Edward Snowden | We the People: Your Voice in Our Government
  80. ^ Stableford, Dylan (June 9, 2013). "NSA whistleblower revealed as Edward Snowden, 29-year-old ex-CIA employee". Yahoo! News. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  81. ^ Ball, James (June 9, 2013). "Edward Snowden identifies himself as source of NSA leaks - live". The Guardian. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  82. ^ "US spy leaker Edward Snowden leaves Hong Kong hotel". BBC News. June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  83. ^ Hume, Tim (June 11, 2013). "Chinese Internet users back Snowden, call on government to 'protect' him". CNN. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  84. ^ Kuo, Lily (June 10, 2013). "Chinese internet user call for an Edward Snowden of their own". Quartz. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  85. ^ Li, Amy (June 11, 2013). "'Why Hong Kong?' Chinese wonder if Snowden is in wrong place". South China Morning Post. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  86. ^ Branigan, Tania (June 12, 2013). "Edward Snowden could benefit from Hong Kong asylum disarray". The Guardian. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  87. ^ Minter, Adam (June 10, 2013). "Snowden is in Hong Kong. Chinese Don't Care". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 12, 2013.

Template:Persondata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Snowden&oldid=559616666"