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{{Short description|British aristocrat (1901–1960)}}
{{Short description|British aristocrat (1901–1960)}}
<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Lady Mountbatten|2=Talk:Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma#Requested move 28 June 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2017}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
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Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley was born in 1901, the elder daughter of <!-- Not a member of the House of Lords until 1932. -->[[Wilfrid Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple|Wilfrid Ashley]] (later 1st Baron Mount Temple), who was a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] member of Parliament.<ref>Janet Morgan, ''Edwina Mountbatten: A Life of Her Own'' (1991).</ref> Her younger sister was <!-- Only gained the title on her marriage to Thomas Cholmondeley, 4th Baron Delamere in 1944. -->[[Mary Cholmondeley, Lady Delamere|Mary Ashley]] (Lady Delamere). Patrilineally, she was a great-granddaughter of the reformist [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury|7th Earl of Shaftesbury]]. Edwina's mother, Amalia Mary Maud Cassel (1879–1911), was the only child of the international magnate [[Sir]] [[Ernest Cassel]] (1852–1921), friend and private financier to the future [[King Edward VII]]. Cassel had been born in Cologne, Prussia, of Jewish origin. He was one of the richest and most powerful men in Europe.
Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley was born in 1901, the elder daughter of <!-- Not a member of the House of Lords until 1932. -->[[Wilfrid Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple|Wilfrid Ashley]] (later 1st Baron Mount Temple), who was a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] member of Parliament.<ref>Janet Morgan, ''Edwina Mountbatten: A Life of Her Own'' (1991).</ref> Her younger sister was <!-- Only gained the title on her marriage to Thomas Cholmondeley, 4th Baron Delamere in 1944. -->[[Mary Cholmondeley, Lady Delamere|Mary Ashley]] (Lady Delamere). Patrilineally, she was a great-granddaughter of the reformist [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury|7th Earl of Shaftesbury]]. Edwina's mother, Amalia Mary Maud Cassel (1879–1911), was the only child of the international magnate [[Sir]] [[Ernest Cassel]] (1852–1921), friend and private financier to the future [[King Edward VII]]. Cassel had been born in Cologne, Prussia, of Jewish origin. He was one of the richest and most powerful men in Europe.


After Wilfred Ashley's remarriage in 1914 to [[Molly Forbes-Sempill]] (ex-wife of Rear-Admiral [[Arthur Forbes-Sempill]]), Edwina Ashley was sent away to [[boarding schools]], first to the Links in Eastbourne, then to Alde House in Suffolk, at neither of which was she a willing pupil. Edwina was unhappy during the time because, in addition to a sour relationship with her stepmother, she was bullied at school on account of her grandfather being rich, German, and Jewish. She later described her experience at school as 'sheer hell'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tunzelmann |first=Alex von |title=Indian Summer |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2007 |isbn=9781471166440 |location=India |pages=60}}</ref> Her grandfather, Sir Ernest, solved the domestic dilemma by inviting her to live with him and, eventually, to act as hostess at his London residence, [[Brook House (Park Lane)|Brook House]]. Later, his other mansions, [[Moulton Paddocks]] and Branksome Dene,<!---spelling is correct as Dene----> would become part of her Cassel inheritance.{{Citation needed|date = April 2021}}
After Wilfred Ashley's remarriage in 1914 to [[Molly Forbes-Sempill]] (ex-wife of Rear-Admiral [[Arthur Forbes-Sempill]]), Edwina Ashley was sent away to [[boarding schools]], first to the Links in Eastbourne, then to Alde House in Suffolk, at neither of which was she a willing pupil. Edwina was unhappy during the time because, in addition to a sour relationship with her stepmother, she was bullied at school on account of her grandfather being rich, German, and Jewish. She later described her experience at school as 'sheer hell'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tunzelmann |first=Alex von |title=Indian Summer |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2007 |isbn=9781471166440 |location=India |pages=60}}</ref> Her grandfather, Sir Ernest, solved the domestic dilemma by inviting her to live with him and, eventually, to act as hostess at his London residence, [[Brook House (Park Lane)|Brook House]]. Later, his other mansions, [[Moulton Paddocks]] and Branksome Dene,<!---spelling is correct as Dene----> would become part of her inheritance from him.{{Citation needed|date = April 2021}}
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==Second World War==
==Second World War==
At the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], Mountbatten acquired a new purpose. In 1941, she visited the United States, where she expressed gratitude for efforts to raise funds for the [[British Red Cross]] and [[St John Ambulance Brigade]]. In 1942, she was appointed Superintendent-in-Chief of the St John Ambulance Brigade, serving extensively. In 1945, she assisted in the repatriation of prisoners of war in South East Asia. She was appointed a [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] in 1943 and made a [[Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]] (DCVO) in 1946. She also received the [[American Red Cross Medal]].<ref>[http://mountbattenofburma.com/page59.html Edwina, Countess Mountbatten of Burma]</ref>
After the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], Mountbatten visited the United States, where she expressed gratitude for efforts to raise funds for the [[British Red Cross]] and [[St John Ambulance Brigade]]. In 1942, she was appointed Superintendent-in-Chief of the St John Ambulance Brigade, serving extensively. In 1945, she assisted in the repatriation of prisoners of war in South East Asia. She was appointed a [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] in 1943 and made a [[Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]] (DCVO) in 1946. She also received the [[American Red Cross Medal]].<ref>[http://mountbattenofburma.com/page59.html Edwina, Countess Mountbatten of Burma]</ref>


==Vicereine of India==
==Vicereine of India==
[[File:NehruEd.jpg|thumb|right|Prime Minister Nehru with Lady Mountbatten in 1951]]
[[File:NehruEd.jpg|thumb|right|Prime Minister Nehru with Lady Mountbatten in 1951]]
Edwina Mountbatten was the last [[vicereine of India]], serving during the final months of the [[British Raj]] and the first months of the post-Partition period (February 1947 to June 1948) when Louis Mountbatten was the last [[viceroy of India]] and then, after the partition of India and Pakistan in June 1947, the [[governor-general of India]], but not of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].
Edwina Mountbatten was the last [[vicereine of India]], serving during the final months of the [[British Raj]] and the first months of the post-Partition period (February 1947 to June 1948) when Louis Mountbatten was the last [[viceroy of India]] and then, after the partition of India and Pakistan in June 1947, the [[governor-general of India]], but not of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. It was at this time that a serious relationship between Edwina Mountbatten and Nehru, the new [[prime minister of India]], began. Whether the romance was ever consummated is not known; however, their mutual fondness was evident and caused widespread speculation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=James |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence James |title=Raj: the Making and Unmaking of British India |publisher=Saint Martin's Griffin |year=1997 |page=611}}</ref><ref>See [[Alex von Tunzelmann]]. ''[[Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire]]''. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2007.</ref> In 2012, Edwina's daughter, [[Lady Pamela Hicks]], accepted that there was a romance between her mother and Jawaharlal Nehru, which she mentioned in the book ''Daughter of Empire: Life as a Mountbatten''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=मां से प्यार करते थे नेहरू, शारीरिक संबंध नहीं थे: माउंटबेटन की बेटी |url=https://m.aajtak.in/general-knowledge-in-hindi/history-general-knowledge-in-hindi/story/pamela-says-on-jawaharlal-nehru-and-edwina-mountbatten-relationship-943978-2017-07-30 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2007 |title=Pamela Mountbatten on the Jawaharlal-Edwina relationship |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/18/stories/2007071862131300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911163209/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/18/stories/2007071862131300.htm |archive-date=11 September 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Historian [[Philip Ziegler]], with access to the private letters and diaries, concludes the relationship:
:was to endure until Edwina Mountbatten's death: intensely loving, romantic, trusting, generous, idealistic, even spiritual. If there was any physical element it can only have been of minor importance to either party. Mountbatten's reaction was one of pleasure...He liked and admired Nehru, it was useful to him that the Prime Minister should find such attractions in the Governor-General's home, it was agreeable to find Edwina almost permanently in good temper: the advantages of the alliance were obvious.<ref>Philip Ziegler, ''Mountbatten'' (1985) p. 473.</ref>


[[File:Lady Mountbatten at Police Hospital, Delhi.jpg|thumb|right|Lady Mountbatten at Police Hospital, [[Delhi]], 1947]]
[[File:Lady Mountbatten at Police Hospital, Delhi.jpg|thumb|right|Lady Mountbatten at Police Hospital, [[Delhi]], 1947]]
From 28 October 1947 onwards, Edwina Mountbatten was styled as the Countess Mountbatten of Burma, after her husband was elevated to an [[Earl Mountbatten of Burma|earldom]]. Following the violent disruption that accompanied the [[partition of India]], Lady Mountbatten's priority was to mobilise the enormous relief efforts required, work for which she was widely praised. After her viceroyalty in India, her public service included service for the [[St John Ambulance Brigade]]. She was a governor of [[The Peckham Experiment]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 1949 |title=The Bulletin of the Pioneer Centre |url=http://www.sochealth.co.uk/1949/09/21/peckham/ |journal=Peckham |volume=1 |issue=5 |access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref>
From 28 October 1947 onwards, Edwina Mountbatten was styled as the Countess Mountbatten of Burma, after her husband was elevated to an [[Earl Mountbatten of Burma|earldom]]. Following the violent disruption that accompanied the [[partition of India]], Lady Mountbatten's priority was to mobilise the enormous relief efforts required, work for which she was widely praised.

Edwina had publicly supported the military operations by Nehru administration for gaining control over [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Operation Polo|Hyderabad state]].<ref name="i813">{{cite book | last=Ahmed | first=A. | title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-134-75022-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PA144 | access-date=2024-05-28 | page=144}}</ref> After her viceroyalty in India, her public service included service for the [[St John Ambulance Brigade]]. She was a governor of [[The Peckham Experiment]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 1949 |title=The Bulletin of the Pioneer Centre |url=http://www.sochealth.co.uk/1949/09/21/peckham/ |journal=Peckham |volume=1 |issue=5 |access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
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On learning of the news, [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]] observed, "Dear Edwina, she always liked to make a splash."<ref>As quoted in ''The Straits Times'' [Singapore] (7 August 2000).</ref> Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had the [[Indian Navy]] frigate [[INS Trishul (F143)|INS ''Trishul'']], already stationed in the city, to escort the ''Wakeful'' and cast a wreath.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A TASTE OF OTHER SUMMERS - Love may not be the only theme of the Nehru-Edwina letters |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1091101/jsp/opinion/story_11665506.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105042032/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091101/jsp/opinion/story_11665506.jsp |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Janet |author-link=Janet Morgan, Lady Balfour of Burleigh |title=Edwina Mountbatten - A Life of Her Own |publisher=Fontana |year=1992 |isbn=0006377874 |location=London |page=481 |chapter=Leave-taking}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hough |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Hough |title=Edwina - Countess Mountbatten of Burma |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1983 |isbn=0297782843 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/edwina00rich/page/217 217] |chapter='Love and Serve' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/edwina00rich/page/217}}</ref> Her will was proven in London on 21 March 1960, with her estate valued for probate at £589,655 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{inflation|UK|589655|1960|r=-2}}}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}).<ref name="probate">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=1960 |title=Countess Mountbatten of Burma, The Right Honourable Edwina Cynthia Annette C.I. G. B. E. D. C. V. O. |url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Mountbatten&yearOfDeath=1960&page=1#calendar |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=probatesearchservice.gov |publisher=UK Government}}</ref>
On learning of the news, [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]] observed, "Dear Edwina, she always liked to make a splash."<ref>As quoted in ''The Straits Times'' [Singapore] (7 August 2000).</ref> Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had the [[Indian Navy]] frigate [[INS Trishul (F143)|INS ''Trishul'']], already stationed in the city, to escort the ''Wakeful'' and cast a wreath.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A TASTE OF OTHER SUMMERS - Love may not be the only theme of the Nehru-Edwina letters |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1091101/jsp/opinion/story_11665506.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105042032/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091101/jsp/opinion/story_11665506.jsp |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Janet |author-link=Janet Morgan, Lady Balfour of Burleigh |title=Edwina Mountbatten - A Life of Her Own |publisher=Fontana |year=1992 |isbn=0006377874 |location=London |page=481 |chapter=Leave-taking}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hough |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Hough |title=Edwina - Countess Mountbatten of Burma |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1983 |isbn=0297782843 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/edwina00rich/page/217 217] |chapter='Love and Serve' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/edwina00rich/page/217}}</ref> Her will was proven in London on 21 March 1960, with her estate valued for probate at £589,655 (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{inflation|UK|589655|1960|r=-2}}}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}).<ref name="probate">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=1960 |title=Countess Mountbatten of Burma, The Right Honourable Edwina Cynthia Annette C.I. G. B. E. D. C. V. O. |url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=Mountbatten&yearOfDeath=1960&page=1#calendar |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=probatesearchservice.gov |publisher=UK Government}}</ref>


==Titles and honours==
⚫
==Honours==
=== Titles ===
⚫
* [[File:Royal Victorian Order UK ribbon.png|frameless|47x47px]]Dame Commander of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] (DCVO) – 1 January 1946<ref>{{Cite web |title=The London Gazette, 1 January 1946 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37407/pages/12}}</ref>
* 23 August 1946 – 21 February 1947: ''The Right Honourable'' The Viscountess Mountbatten of Burma<ref>{{London Gazette
⚫
* [[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon.png|frameless|47x47px]]Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem]] (GCStJ: 1 January 1946;<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37417|page=203|date=1 January 1946}}</ref> CStJ: 19 December 1928<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33453|page=49|date=19 December 1928}}</ref>)
| issue = 37702
⚫
* [[File:UK Order of the Crown of India ribbon.svg|frameless|47x47px]]Lady of the Imperial [[Order of the Crown of India]] (CI) -21 February 1947
| date = 27 August 1946
⚫
* [[File:Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.svg|frameless|47x47px]]Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (GBE: 1 January 1948;<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38161|supp=25|date=1 January 1948}}</ref> CBE: 1 January 1943<ref>{{Cite web |title=The London Gazette, 1 January 1943 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35841/pages/16}}</ref>)
| page = 4305
}}

Note: The female version of Viscount, (the title given to her husband), was Viscountess.</ref>
* 21 February 1947 – 28 October 1947: ''Her Excellency'' ''The Right Honourable'' The Viscountess Mountbatten of Burma<ref name="Viceroy2">{{London Gazette
| issue = 37916
| date = 25 March 1947
| page = 1399
}}

Note: A viceregal consort, (her husband was a Viceroy, and the wife of a viceroy was a viceregal consort) held the style of Her Excellency.</ref>
* 28 October 1947 – 21 June 1948: ''Her Excellency'' ''The Right Honourable'' The Countess Mountbatten of Burma<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 38109
| date = 28 October 1947
| page = 5074
}}

Note: The female version of Earl, (the title given to her husband), was Countess.</ref>
* 21 June 1948 – 21 February 1960: ''The Right Honourable'' The Countess Mountbatten of Burma<ref>Note: The female version of Earl, (the title given to her husband), was Countess.</ref>

⚫
=== Honours ===
⚫
* [[File:Royal Victorian Order UK ribbon.png|frameless|47x47px]] Dame Commander of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] (DCVO) – 1 January 1946<ref>{{Cite web |title=The London Gazette, 1 January 1946 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37407/pages/12}}</ref>
⚫
* [[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon.png|frameless|47x47px]] Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem]] (GCStJ: 1 January 1946;<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37417|page=203|date=1 January 1946}}</ref> CStJ: 19 December 1928<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33453|page=49|date=19 December 1928}}</ref>)
⚫
* [[File:UK Order of the Crown of India ribbon.svg|frameless|47x47px]] Lady of the Imperial [[Order of the Crown of India]] (CI) -21 February 1947
⚫
* [[File:Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.svg|frameless|47x47px]] Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (GBE: 1 January 1948;<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38161|supp=25|date=1 January 1948}}</ref> CBE: 1 January 1943<ref>{{Cite web |title=The London Gazette, 1 January 1943 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35841/pages/16}}</ref>)
* [[File:Service Medal of the Order of St John Ribbon.svg|frameless|47x47px]] [[Service Medal of the Order of St John]]
* [[File:Service Medal of the Order of St John Ribbon.svg|frameless|47x47px]] [[Service Medal of the Order of St John]]
* [[File:UK King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|47x47px]][[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Louis Mountbatten, Earl Mountbatten of Burma; Edwina Cynthia Annette (née Ashley), Countess Mountbatten of Burma - National Portrait Gallery |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw14075/Louis-Mountbatten-Earl-Mountbatten-of-Burma-Edwina-Cynthia-Annette-ne-Ashley-Countess-Mountbatten-of-Burma |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.npg.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>
* [[File:UK King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|47x47px]] [[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Louis Mountbatten, Earl Mountbatten of Burma; Edwina Cynthia Annette (née Ashley), Countess Mountbatten of Burma - National Portrait Gallery |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw14075/Louis-Mountbatten-Earl-Mountbatten-of-Burma-Edwina-Cynthia-Annette-ne-Ashley-Countess-Mountbatten-of-Burma |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.npg.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>
* [[File:UK King George VI Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|47x47px]][[King George VI Coronation Medal]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[File:UK King George VI Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|47x47px]] [[King George VI Coronation Medal]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|47x47px]][[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Museum of the Order of St |date=2017-04-12 |title=Edwina Mountbatten; Before Viceroy's House |url=https://museumstjohn.org.uk/edwina-mountbatten-viceroys-house/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Museum of the Order of St John |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|47x47px]] [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Museum of the Order of St |date=2017-04-12 |title=Edwina Mountbatten; Before Viceroy's House |url=https://museumstjohn.org.uk/edwina-mountbatten-viceroys-house/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Museum of the Order of St John |language=en-GB}}</ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
Line 105: Line 132:
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century British people]]
[[Category:20th-century British people]]
[[Category:20th-century British women]]
[[Category:20th-century English women]]
[[Category:British debutantes]]
[[Category:British debutantes]]
[[Category:British countesses]]
[[Category:British countesses]]
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[[Category:Viceregal consorts of India]]
[[Category:Viceregal consorts of India]]
[[Category:Wives of knights]]
[[Category:Wives of knights]]
[[Category:Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]
[[Category:Lord Mountbatten]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]

Revision as of 03:05, 14 July 2024

The Right Honourable
The Countess Mountbatten of Burma
CI GBE DCVO GCStJ
Mountbatten in the uniform of the St John Ambulance Brigade
Viceregal-Consort of India
In office
21 February 1947 – 21 June 1948
MonarchGeorge VI
Governor-
General		The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
Personal details
Born
Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley

(1901-11-28)28 November 1901
London[1]
Died21 February 1960(1960-02-21) (aged 58)
Jesselton, Crown Colony of North Borneo
Resting placeOff the coast of Portsmouth
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1922)​
Children
Parents

Edwina Cynthia Annette Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma (née Ashley; 28 November 1901 – 21 February 1960),[2] was an English heiress, socialite, relief worker and the last vicereine of India as the wife of (the then) Rear Admiral The 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma.

Family background and early life

Mountbatten with her mother circa 1907

Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley was born in 1901, the elder daughter of Wilfrid Ashley (later 1st Baron Mount Temple), who was a Conservative member of Parliament.[3] Her younger sister was Mary Ashley (Lady Delamere). Patrilineally, she was a great-granddaughter of the reformist 7th Earl of Shaftesbury. Edwina's mother, Amalia Mary Maud Cassel (1879–1911), was the only child of the international magnate Sir Ernest Cassel (1852–1921), friend and private financier to the future King Edward VII. Cassel had been born in Cologne, Prussia, of Jewish origin. He was one of the richest and most powerful men in Europe.

After Wilfred Ashley's remarriage in 1914 to Molly Forbes-Sempill (ex-wife of Rear-Admiral Arthur Forbes-Sempill), Edwina Ashley was sent away to boarding schools, first to the Links in Eastbourne, then to Alde House in Suffolk, at neither of which was she a willing pupil. Edwina was unhappy during the time because, in addition to a sour relationship with her stepmother, she was bullied at school on account of her grandfather being rich, German, and Jewish. She later described her experience at school as 'sheer hell'.[4] Her grandfather, Sir Ernest, solved the domestic dilemma by inviting her to live with him and, eventually, to act as hostess at his London residence, Brook House. Later, his other mansions, Moulton Paddocks and Branksome Dene, would become part of her inheritance from him.[citation needed]

Marriage and children

Louis and Edwina Mountbatten early in marriage

By the time she first met Louis Mountbatten, a relative of the British royal family and a nephew of Empress Alexandra of Russia, in 1920, Edwina Ashley was a leading member of London society. Her maternal grandfather died in 1921, leaving her £2 million (equivalent to £112.1 million in 2023[5]), and his palatial London townhouse, Brook House, at a time when her future husband's naval salary was £610 a year (equivalent to £34,183 in 2023[5]). Later, she inherited the country seat of Broadlands, Hampshire, from her father, Lord Mount Temple.

Edwina Ashley in her wedding dress, 1923, by Philip de László

Ashley and Mountbatten married on 18 July 1922 at St Margaret's, Westminster. The wedding attracted more than 8,000 people, including members of the royal family such as Queen Mary, Queen Alexandra, and the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VIII). It was dubbed "wedding of the year".[6] There followed a honeymoon tour of European royal courts and America which included a visit to Niagara Falls (because "all honeymooners went there").[7] During their honeymoon in California, the newlyweds starred in a silent home movie by Charlie Chaplin called Nice And Friendly, which was not shown in cinemas.[8]

The Mountbattens had two daughters, Patricia (14 February 1924 – 13 June 2017) and Pamela (born 19 April 1929).[9] Drew Pearson described Edwina in 1944 as "one of the most beautiful women in England".[10]

Edwina and her sister-in-law, the Marchioness of Milford Haven (wife of Lord Milford Haven), were extremely close friends and the two frequently went together on rather daring adventures, travelling rough in difficult and often dangerous parts of the world.[11]

Second World War

After the outbreak of the Second World War, Mountbatten visited the United States, where she expressed gratitude for efforts to raise funds for the British Red Cross and St John Ambulance Brigade. In 1942, she was appointed Superintendent-in-Chief of the St John Ambulance Brigade, serving extensively. In 1945, she assisted in the repatriation of prisoners of war in South East Asia. She was appointed a CBE in 1943 and made a Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO) in 1946. She also received the American Red Cross Medal.[12]

Vicereine of India

Prime Minister Nehru with Lady Mountbatten in 1951

Edwina Mountbatten was the last vicereine of India, serving during the final months of the British Raj and the first months of the post-Partition period (February 1947 to June 1948) when Louis Mountbatten was the last viceroy of India and then, after the partition of India and Pakistan in June 1947, the governor-general of India, but not of the Dominion of Pakistan.

Lady Mountbatten at Police Hospital, Delhi, 1947

From 28 October 1947 onwards, Edwina Mountbatten was styled as the Countess Mountbatten of Burma, after her husband was elevated to an earldom. Following the violent disruption that accompanied the partition of India, Lady Mountbatten's priority was to mobilise the enormous relief efforts required, work for which she was widely praised.

Edwina had publicly supported the military operations by Nehru administration for gaining control over Jammu and Kashmir and Hyderabad state.[13] After her viceroyalty in India, her public service included service for the St John Ambulance Brigade. She was a governor of The Peckham Experiment in 1949.[14]

Death

Lady Mountbatten died in her sleep aged 58 of unknown causes on 21 February 1960 in Jesselton (now Kota Kinabalu), North Borneo (now Sabah), while on an inspection tour for the St John Ambulance Brigade.[15] In accordance with her wishes, she was buried at sea off the coast of Portsmouth from HMS Wakeful on 25 February 1960; Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury, officiated.[16] On learning of the news, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother observed, "Dear Edwina, she always liked to make a splash."[17] Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru had the Indian Navy frigate INS Trishul, already stationed in the city, to escort the Wakeful and cast a wreath.[18][19][20] Her will was proven in London on 21 March 1960, with her estate valued for probate at £589,655 (equivalent to £17,150,600 as of 2024).[21]

Titles and honours

Titles

  • 23 August 1946 – 21 February 1947: The Right Honourable The Viscountess Mountbatten of Burma[22]
  • 21 February 1947 – 28 October 1947: Her Excellency The Right Honourable The Viscountess Mountbatten of Burma[23]
  • 28 October 1947 – 21 June 1948: Her Excellency The Right Honourable The Countess Mountbatten of Burma[24]
  • 21 June 1948 – 21 February 1960: The Right Honourable The Countess Mountbatten of Burma[25]

Honours

Lady Mountbatten of Burma has been portrayed by:

References

  1. ^ Encyclopedia. "Mountbatten, Edwina Ashley (1901-1960". Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  2. ^ GRO Register of Births: MAR 1902 1a 434 ST GEO HAN SQ = London
  3. ^ Janet Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten: A Life of Her Own (1991).
  4. ^ Tunzelmann, Alex von (2007). Indian Summer. India: Simon & Schuster. p. 60. ISBN 9781471166440.
  5. ^ a b UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  6. ^ Von Tunzelmann, p. 71.
  7. ^ "Lord Louis Mountbatten". Life. 17 August 1942. p. 63. Retrieved 20 September 2012 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ "Nice and Friendly". Charlie Chaplin Official Website. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  9. ^ Von Tunzelmann, p. 73.
  10. ^ Pearson, Drew (16 September 1944). "Ford May Convert Willow Run into Huge Tractor Plant". St. Peterburg Times. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  11. ^ Hough, Richard (1984). Edwina Countess Mountbatten of Burma. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-688-03766-6.
  12. ^ Edwina, Countess Mountbatten of Burma
  13. ^ Ahmed, A. (2005). Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. Taylor & Francis. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-134-75022-1. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  14. ^ "The Bulletin of the Pioneer Centre". Peckham. 1 (5). September 1949. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  15. ^ "Lady Mountbatten dies in sleep on visit to Borneo". The Sydney Morning Herald. London. Australian Associated Press. 21 February 1960. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  16. ^ "Her Grave The Sea 1960". British Pathe.
  17. ^ As quoted in The Straits Times [Singapore] (7 August 2000).
  18. ^ "A TASTE OF OTHER SUMMERS - Love may not be the only theme of the Nehru-Edwina letters". Archived from the original on 5 November 2009.
  19. ^ Morgan, Janet (1992). "Leave-taking". Edwina Mountbatten - A Life of Her Own. London: Fontana. p. 481. ISBN 0006377874.
  20. ^ Hough, Richard (1983). "'Love and Serve'". Edwina - Countess Mountbatten of Burma. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 217. ISBN 0297782843.
  21. ^ "Countess Mountbatten of Burma, The Right Honourable Edwina Cynthia Annette C.I. G. B. E. D. C. V. O." probatesearchservice.gov. UK Government. 1960. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  22. ^ "No. 37702". The London Gazette. 27 August 1946. p. 4305. Note: The female version of Viscount, (the title given to her husband), was Viscountess.
  23. ^ "No. 37916". The London Gazette. 25 March 1947. p. 1399. Note: A viceregal consort, (her husband was a Viceroy, and the wife of a viceroy was a viceregal consort) held the style of Her Excellency.
  24. ^ "No. 38109". The London Gazette. 28 October 1947. p. 5074. Note: The female version of Earl, (the title given to her husband), was Countess.
  25. ^ Note: The female version of Earl, (the title given to her husband), was Countess.
  26. ^ "The London Gazette, 1 January 1946".
  27. ^ "No. 37417". The London Gazette. 1 January 1946. p. 203.
  28. ^ "No. 33453". The London Gazette. 19 December 1928. p. 49.
  29. ^ "No. 38161". The London Gazette (25th supplement). 1 January 1948.
  30. ^ "The London Gazette, 1 January 1943".
  31. ^ a b "Louis Mountbatten, Earl Mountbatten of Burma; Edwina Cynthia Annette (née Ashley), Countess Mountbatten of Burma - National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  32. ^ John, Museum of the Order of St (12 April 2017). "Edwina Mountbatten; Before Viceroy's House". Museum of the Order of St John. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  33. ^ Jinnah (1998) at IMDb Edit this at Wikidata
  34. ^ Wiseman, Andreas (30 April 2015). "Hugh Bonneville, Gillian Anderson topline partition drama 'Viceroy's House'". Screen Daily. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  35. ^ "The Crown" Misadventure (TV Episode 2017), retrieved 11 December 2017

Notes

Further reading

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