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'''Eleuthera''' ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|'|lj|uː|θ|ər|ə}}) refers both to a single island in the [[archipelagic state]] of [[The Bahamas|The Commonwealth of the Bahamas]] and to its associated group of smaller islands.<ref name="BNT1">{{cite web |url=http://bnt.bs/parks/eleuthera/ |title=Eleuthera |publisher=Bahamas National Trust|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Eleuthera forms a part of the [[Great Bahama Bank]].<ref name="BNT1"/> The island of Eleuthera incorporates the smaller Harbour Island. "Eleuthera" derives from the feminine form of the [[Greek language|Greek]] adjective [[wikt:ἐλεύθερος|ἐλεύθερος]] (''eleútheros''), meaning "free".<ref name="Telegraph"/> Known in the 17th century as '''Cigateo''', it lies 80&nbsp;km (50 miles) east of [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]. It is long and thin—180&nbsp;km (110 miles) long and in places little more than 1.6&nbsp;km (1.0 mile) wide. At its narrowest point, the Glass Window Bridge, which has been called the narrowest place on earth,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahamas Bridge the 'Narrowest Place on Earth' - Videos from The Weather Channel |url=https://weather.com/en-CA/international/videos/video/bahamas-bridge-the-narrowest-place-on-earth |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Weather Channel |language=en-CA}}</ref> Eleuthera stands 30 feet wide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glass Window Bridge - Eleuthera & Harbour Island in The Bahamas |url=https://www.bahamas.com/natural-wonders/glass-window-bridge |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Islands of The Bahamas |language=en}}</ref> Its eastern side faces the Atlantic Ocean, and its western side faces the [[Great Bahama Bank]]. The topography of the island varies from wide rolling pink sand beaches to large outcrops of ancient coral reefs, and its population is approximately 11,000. The principal economy of the island is tourism.
'''Eleuthera''' ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|'|lj|uː|θ|ər|ə}}) refers both to a single island in the [[archipelagic state]] of the [[The Bahamas|Commonwealth of the Bahamas]] and to its associated group of smaller islands.<ref name="BNT1">{{cite web |url=http://bnt.bs/parks/eleuthera/ |title=Eleuthera |publisher=Bahamas National Trust|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Eleuthera forms a part of the [[Great Bahama Bank]].<ref name="BNT1"/> The island of Eleuthera incorporates the smaller Harbour Island. "Eleuthera" derives from the feminine form of the [[Greek language|Greek]] adjective [[wikt:ἐλεύθερος|ἐλεύθερος]] (''eleútheros''), meaning "free".<ref name="Telegraph"/> Known in the 17th century as '''Cigateo''', it lies 80&nbsp;km (50 miles) east of [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]. It is long and thin—180&nbsp;km (110 miles) long and in places little more than 1.6&nbsp;km (1.0 mile) wide. At its narrowest point, the Glass Window Bridge, which has been called the narrowest place on earth,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahamas Bridge the 'Narrowest Place on Earth' - Videos from The Weather Channel |url=https://weather.com/en-CA/international/videos/video/bahamas-bridge-the-narrowest-place-on-earth |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Weather Channel |language=en-CA}}</ref> Eleuthera stands 30 feet wide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glass Window Bridge - Eleuthera & Harbour Island in The Bahamas |url=https://www.bahamas.com/natural-wonders/glass-window-bridge |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Islands of The Bahamas |language=en}}</ref> Its eastern side faces the Atlantic Ocean and its western side faces the [[Great Bahama Bank]]. The topography of the island varies from wide rolling pink sand beaches to large outcrops of ancient coral reefs and the highest elevation point is 200 feet (61 m). The population is approximately 11,000 and the principal economy of the island is tourism.


==Geography and wildlife==
== Geography and wildlife ==
The name Eleuthera refers both to the single Bahamian island and is also used to refer to its associated chain of small islands, which include [[Harbour Island, Bahamas|Harbour Island]], [[Windermere Island]], [[Man Island (Bahamas)|Man Island]] and [[Current Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bahamas.com/islands/eleuthera|title=Eleuthera & Harbour Island|work=bahamas.com|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> Eleuthera forms part of the [[Great Bahama Bank]] on its western edge and its eastern coastline faces the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name="BNT1"/><ref name="Dummies">{{cite book |last=Porter |first=D |date=2007 |title=Bahamas for Dummies |url=https://archive.org/details/bahamasfordummie00port |url-access=registration |publisher=John Wiley |page=[https://archive.org/details/bahamasfordummie00port/page/46 46-47]|isbn=9780471962502 }}</ref> The main island lies 80&nbsp;km (50 miles) east of [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]].<ref name="BNT1"/> It is a long and thin island; 180&nbsp;km (110 miles) long and little more than 1.6&nbsp;km (1.0 mile) wide at its narrowest.<ref name="Telegraph"/> The island has an estimated area of 457.4 square-kilometers,<ref name=UNEP>{{cite web | author = Dahl, Arthur & UNEP Staff | title = UNEP Island Directory: Islands of Bahamas, Eleuthera [99] | date = October 21, 1990 | url = http://islands.unep.ch/ISB.htm#99 | location = Geneva, CHE | publisher = United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) | access-date = January 6, 2017 | archive-date = October 31, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171031100932/http://islands.unep.ch/ISB.htm#99 | url-status = dead }}</ref> and presents 336&nbsp;km (210 miles) of coastline.
The name Eleuthera refers both to the single Bahamian island and is also used to refer to its associated chain of small islands, which include [[Harbour Island, Bahamas|Harbour Island]], [[Windermere Island]], [[Man Island (Bahamas)|Man Island]], and [[Current Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bahamas.com/islands/eleuthera|title=Eleuthera & Harbour Island|work=bahamas.com|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> Eleuthera forms part of the [[Great Bahama Bank]] on its western edge and its eastern coastline faces the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name="BNT1"/><ref name="Dummies">{{cite book |last=Porter |first=D |date=2007 |title=Bahamas for Dummies |url=https://archive.org/details/bahamasfordummie00port |url-access=registration |publisher=John Wiley |page=[https://archive.org/details/bahamasfordummie00port/page/46 46-47]|isbn=9780471962502 }}</ref> The main island lies 80&nbsp;km (50 miles) east of [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]].<ref name="BNT1"/> It is a long and thin island; 180&nbsp;km (110 miles) long and little more than 1.6&nbsp;km (1.0 mile) wide at its narrowest.<ref name="Telegraph"/> The island has an estimated area of 457.4 square-kilometers,<ref name=UNEP>{{cite web | author = Dahl, Arthur & UNEP Staff | title = UNEP Island Directory: Islands of Bahamas, Eleuthera [99] | date = October 21, 1990 | url = http://islands.unep.ch/ISB.htm#99 | location = Geneva, CHE | publisher = United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) | access-date = January 6, 2017 | archive-date = October 31, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171031100932/http://islands.unep.ch/ISB.htm#99 | url-status = dead }}</ref> and presents 336&nbsp;km (210 miles) of coastline.


The topography of the island varies, including wide rolling [[Sand|pink sand]] beaches, large outcrops of ancient coral reefs, caves, and other geological features.<ref name="BNT1"/> The island features, among other flora and fauna, 13 catalogued species of native amphibian and reptile species, three of which were listed as endangered in 2000.<ref name=UNEP/> The main island is home to a 25-acre [[nature preserve]]; the Leon Levy Native Plant Reserve, which includes an environmental education centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bnt.bs/leon-levy-preserve/|title=Leon Levy Native Plant Preserve|publisher=Bahamas National Trust|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427175647/https://bnt.bs/leon-levy-preserve/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The waters around Eleuthera contain an abundance of [[shark]]s and [[Batoidea|rays]], which is attributed by the local Cape Eleuthera Institute to the banning of long-line fishing in local waters.<ref name="Journal1">{{cite web|url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2017/02/12/sharks-mean-bahamian-economy/#|title=What Sharks Mean to the Bahamian Economy|date=13 February 2017|publisher=The Caribbean Journal|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>
The topography of the island varies, including wide rolling [[Sand|pink sand]] beaches, large outcrops of ancient coral reefs, caves, and other geological features.<ref name="BNT1"/> The island features, among other flora and fauna, 13 catalogued species of native amphibian and reptile species, three of which were listed as endangered in 2000.<ref name=UNEP/> The main island is home to a 25-acre [[nature preserve]]; the Leon Levy Native Plant Reserve, which includes an environmental education centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bnt.bs/leon-levy-preserve/|title=Leon Levy Native Plant Preserve|publisher=Bahamas National Trust|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427175647/https://bnt.bs/leon-levy-preserve/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The waters around Eleuthera contain an abundance of [[shark]]s and [[Batoidea|rays]], which is attributed by the local Cape Eleuthera Institute to the banning of long-line fishing in local waters.<ref name="Journal1">{{cite web|url=http://www.caribjournal.com/2017/02/12/sharks-mean-bahamian-economy/#|title=What Sharks Mean to the Bahamian Economy|date=13 February 2017|publisher=The Caribbean Journal|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>


==History==
== History ==
{{Further| Eleutheran Adventurers}}
{{Further| Eleutheran Adventurers}}
The possible first settlers of the island were the original population of [[Taíno people|Taino]], or [[Arawaks]].<ref name="GB">{{cite web |url=http://www.gloriousbahamas.com/history-of-eleuthera-island.html|title=History of Eleuthera|publisher=Glorious Bahamas|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> An intact wooden ''duho'' or ritual seat that was made by the [[Taino]] people was found on the island of Eleuthera in the nineteenth century and is now in the collections of the [[British Museum]].<ref name="BM">{{cite web | author = BM Staff | date = January 6, 2017 | title=British Museum Online Collection: Stool | work=BritishMuseum.org | url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=659469&partId=1&place=9650&plaA=9650-3-2&page=1 | access-date= January 6, 2017}}</ref> The island in its early history was known as ''Cigateo'' (or ''Ciguateo''), meaning "distant rocky land", but this name changed following subsequent European settlement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahrens |first=Wolfgang P. |date=2015 |title=Naming the Bahamas Islands: History and Folk Etymology |url=https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/oc/article/view/14910 |journal=Onomastica Canadiana |language=en |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=101 |issn=2816-7015}}</ref><ref name="GB"/>
The possible first settlers of the island were the original population of [[Taíno people|Taino]], or [[Arawaks]].<ref name="GB">{{cite web |url=http://www.gloriousbahamas.com/history-of-eleuthera-island.html|title=History of Eleuthera|publisher=Glorious Bahamas|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> An intact wooden ''duho'' or ritual seat that was made by the [[Taino]] people was found on the island of Eleuthera in the nineteenth century and is now in the collections of the [[British Museum]].<ref name="BM">{{cite web | author = BM Staff | date = January 6, 2017 | title=British Museum Online Collection: Stool | work=BritishMuseum.org | url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=659469&partId=1&place=9650&plaA=9650-3-2&page=1 | access-date= January 6, 2017}}</ref> The island in its early history was known as ''Cigateo'' (or ''Ciguateo''), meaning "distant rocky land", but this name changed following subsequent European settlement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahrens |first=Wolfgang P. |date=2015 |title=Naming the Bahamas Islands: History and Folk Etymology |url=https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/oc/article/view/14910 |journal=Onomastica Canadiana |language=en |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=101 |issn=2816-7015}}</ref><ref name="GB"/>


[[File:new providence eleuthera.jpg|thumb|right|NASA satellite image, showing New Providence Island to the west, and east of it, the long, narrow island of Eleuthera running north and south (along with its associated Harbour and other small islands), as seen from space in 1997.]]
[[File:new providence eleuthera.jpg|thumb|right|NASA satellite image, showing New Providence Island to the west, and east of it, the long, narrow island of Eleuthera running north and south (along with its associated Harbour and other small islands), as seen from space in 1997]]
The island is believed to have been largely unoccupied at the time of the arrival of the first significant number of British settlers, with [[Puritan]] colonists (who had come together the previous year in [[London]]) arriving in 1648 from [[Bermuda]].<ref name="GB"/> These settlers, known as the "[[Eleutherian Adventurers]]", under Captain [[William Sayle]] gave the island its current name which derives from the feminine form of the [[Greek language|Greek]] adjective [[wikt:ἐλεύθερος|ἐλεύθερος]], ''eleutheros'', meaning "free".<ref>{{cite book | author = Bethell, A. Talbot | title = The Early Settlers of the Bahamas and Colonists of North America | date = June 2009| page = 82 | location = Baltimore, MD | publisher = Clearfield Co. | isbn = 978-0806350509 | url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0806350504 | access-date = January 6, 2017 | quote = Page number and ISBN are for the revised reprint edition from the Genealogical Publishing Company, 2009.}}</ref><ref name ="BE">{{cite web |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/bahamas.htm |title=Caribbean: The Bahamas|publisher=British Empire |access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> The difficulties of settlement ultimately left only a few of the settlers on the island, thwarting their aim of creating the first European "[[democracy]]" in the Western Hemisphere (almost 130 years prior to the American Revolution).<ref>{{cite book |last=Riley |first=Sandra (foreword by Thelma B. Peters) | date = 2000 | title = Homeward Bound: A History of the Bahama Islands to 1850 with a Definitive Study of Abaco in the American Loyalist Plantation Period | location = Miami, FL | publisher = Island Research| page = 28 | isbn = 0966531027 | url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0966531027 | access-date = January 6, 2017 }}</ref>
The island is believed to have been largely unoccupied at the time of the arrival of the first significant number of British settlers, with [[Puritan]] colonists (who had come together the previous year in [[London]]) arriving in 1648 from [[Bermuda]].<ref name="GB"/> These settlers, known as the "[[Eleutherian Adventurers]]", under Captain [[William Sayle]] gave the island its current name which derives from the feminine form of the [[Greek language|Greek]] adjective [[wikt:ἐλεύθερος|ἐλεύθερος]], ''eleutheros'', meaning "free".<ref>{{cite book | author = Bethell, A. Talbot | title = The Early Settlers of the Bahamas and Colonists of North America | date = June 2009| page = 82 | location = Baltimore, MD | publisher = Clearfield Co. | isbn = 978-0806350509 | url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0806350504 | access-date = January 6, 2017 | quote = Page number and ISBN are for the revised reprint edition from the Genealogical Publishing Company, 2009.}}</ref><ref name ="BE">{{cite web |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/bahamas.htm |title=Caribbean: The Bahamas|publisher=British Empire |access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> The difficulties of settlement ultimately left only a few of the settlers on the island, thwarting their aim of creating the first European "[[democracy]]" in the Western Hemisphere (almost 130 years prior to the American Revolution).<ref>{{cite book |last=Riley |first=Sandra (foreword by Thelma B. Peters) | date = 2000 | title = Homeward Bound: A History of the Bahama Islands to 1850 with a Definitive Study of Abaco in the American Loyalist Plantation Period | location = Miami, FL | publisher = Island Research| page = 28 | isbn = 0966531027 | url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0966531027 | access-date = January 6, 2017 }}</ref>


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In early March 2019, [[Disney Cruise Line]] purchased the [[Lookout Cay at Lighthouse Point|Lighthouse Point]] property on the island of Eleuthera and agreed to a development plan for the area with the Bahamian government. Disney spent between $250 million and $400 million on developing the 700-acre property and donated 190 acres – including the southernmost tip – to the government for a national park.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tribou |first=Richard |title=Disney Cruise Line completes a land purchase, enters agreement for second Bahamas destination |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/attractions/the-daily-disney/os-ae-disney-cruise-line-lighthouse-point-bahamas-update-20190311-story.html |access-date=March 12, 2019 |work=Orlando Sentinel |date=March 11, 2019}}</ref> The property is expected to be open for visitors on June 6, 2024.<ref>[https://disneycruise.disney.go.com/cruises-destinations/list/#june-2024,ports_lighthouse-point Disney Cruise Line Destinations June 2024 Lighthouse Point]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2023/03/new-disney-cruise-line-island-destination-at-lighthouse-point-in-the-bahamas-to-welcome-guests-in-summer-2024/ |title=New Disney Cruise Line Island Destination at Lighthouse Point in The Bahamas to Welcome Guests in Summer 2024 |website=disneyparks |first=Evily Giannopoulos |last=Peros |date=March 9, 2023 |access-date=March 24, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ewnews.com/disneys-lighthouse-point-development-slated-for-early-2024-opening-after-pandemic-delay |title=Disney's Lighthouse Point development slated for early 2024 opening after pandemic delay |website=[[Eyewitness News]] |first=Natario |last=McKenzie |date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=November 2, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>
In early March 2019, [[Disney Cruise Line]] purchased the [[Lookout Cay at Lighthouse Point|Lighthouse Point]] property on the island of Eleuthera and agreed to a development plan for the area with the Bahamian government. Disney spent between $250 million and $400 million on developing the 700-acre property and donated 190 acres – including the southernmost tip – to the government for a national park.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tribou |first=Richard |title=Disney Cruise Line completes a land purchase, enters agreement for second Bahamas destination |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/attractions/the-daily-disney/os-ae-disney-cruise-line-lighthouse-point-bahamas-update-20190311-story.html |access-date=March 12, 2019 |work=Orlando Sentinel |date=March 11, 2019}}</ref> The property is expected to be open for visitors on June 6, 2024.<ref>[https://disneycruise.disney.go.com/cruises-destinations/list/#june-2024,ports_lighthouse-point Disney Cruise Line Destinations June 2024 Lighthouse Point]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2023/03/new-disney-cruise-line-island-destination-at-lighthouse-point-in-the-bahamas-to-welcome-guests-in-summer-2024/ |title=New Disney Cruise Line Island Destination at Lighthouse Point in The Bahamas to Welcome Guests in Summer 2024 |website=disneyparks |first=Evily Giannopoulos |last=Peros |date=March 9, 2023 |access-date=March 24, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ewnews.com/disneys-lighthouse-point-development-slated-for-early-2024-opening-after-pandemic-delay |title=Disney's Lighthouse Point development slated for early 2024 opening after pandemic delay |website=[[Eyewitness News]] |first=Natario |last=McKenzie |date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=November 2, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Demography==
== Demography ==
[[File:Gregory town.jpg|thumb|right|Gregory Town, Eleuthera in December 2012.]]
[[File:Gregory town.jpg|thumb|right|Gregory Town, Eleuthera in December 2012]]
In 2000, the official census taken by the [[Government of the Bahamas]] recorded a population of 7,999 persons on the island.<ref name="2010Census">{{cite web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/00079b13-77f4-4924-874d-77bfa18e5a05/ELEUTHERA+2010+CENSUS+REPORT.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |title=ELEUTHERA: Census of Population and Housing|publisher=The Commonwealth of The Bahamas |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> In 2010, the official census recorded the population as 8,202 spread across 2,718 separate households.<ref name="2010Census"/> The 2010 census stated that the population density of the island was 57.6 persons per square mile.<ref name="2010Census"/> As of 2017 it was stated that the population of the islands was approximately 11,000.<ref name="Official1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bahamas.com/islands/eleuthera |title=Eleuthera|publisher=The Official Site of The Bahamas |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>
In 2000, the official census taken by the [[Government of the Bahamas]] recorded a population of 7,999 persons on the island.<ref name="2010Census">{{cite web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/00079b13-77f4-4924-874d-77bfa18e5a05/ELEUTHERA+2010+CENSUS+REPORT.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |title=ELEUTHERA: Census of Population and Housing|publisher=The Commonwealth of The Bahamas |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> In 2010, the official census recorded the population as 8,202 spread across 2,718 separate households.<ref name="2010Census"/> The 2010 census stated that the population density of the island was 57.6 persons per square mile.<ref name="2010Census"/> As of 2017 it was stated that the population of the islands was approximately 11,000.<ref name="Official1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bahamas.com/islands/eleuthera |title=Eleuthera|publisher=The Official Site of The Bahamas |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>


==Economy and settlements==
== Economy and settlements ==
[[File:Eleuthera.jpg|thumb|right|Eleuthera Island is one of several within the archipelago surrounded by shallow seas, visible here as light blue. Mosaic patterns of [[sand waves]] built by sea bottom currents in the shallows stand out in stark contrast to the deep blue of the ocean depths of a thousand feet in the [[Exuma Sound]].]]
[[File:Eleuthera.jpg|thumb|right|Eleuthera Island is one of several within the archipelago surrounded by shallow seas, visible here as light blue. Mosaic patterns of [[sand waves]] built by sea bottom currents in the shallows stand out in stark contrast to the deep blue of the ocean depths of a thousand feet in the [[Exuma Sound]].]]
Settlements on the island include (north to south) the Bluff, Upper and Lower Bogue, Current, Gregory Town, Alice Town, James Cistern, Governor's Harbour, North and South Palmetto Point, [[Savannah Sound]], Winding Bay, [[Tarpum Bay]], [[Rock Sound, Bahamas|Rock Sound]], Greencastle, Deep Creek, Delancy Town, Waterford, [[Wemyss Bight, Bahamas|Wemyss Bight]], John Millars, Millar's and Bannerman Town.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/portal/public/About%20The%20Bahamas/The%20Islands/ELEUTHERA/!ut/p/b1/vZLJlqIwFIafpR7AIkTGZRwIKIYZ0Q2HSRQElRmevq0-vajuc7qqF12VrJLzJf_Nl0sdKY86lkF3SYPmciuD69v6yPlzgHcIMcIOs4ADiqOrSOdlqNHsEzh8ADDgs_N7yrMPc3VZK720Nv37sW4NZktoyFUDim5pY0otK0cs2eBQ2tSi3pI4IY-pWONzlQjE5rQ6iYma8yW_B_ZpaZyimWTpGbg-ym4btzgON5fwxDF9h1XoBQNd9ZHoJ4HMBVi0g63GXauODrwLty8d2S0CT4vLncCP5h31ihQEijUuLHdQzueDer4qwQ1ttkgzV0kgzAzeuyvGy8svD-AvA_2Dh-OHyBZ-Aryp_gl8UMPhCfDvbrBdABQaINOiDSAQmrIpDzC-lY13ZconM5tMhTgp3E0LnV6DcTd5NnHycddIxMrzkc6fe04OrcmB9YQmS1T12DWdBVoURPLOfwZq0BafgUua2zossADz1YGY1YSnI97WEQsB1ujvDpx_q1Ksa-DLX_hb0zDG___DDXW8hMVrHxWv4FUQOZrlBUYUOMAwAk-52YFVl4LSrxXbv9yjKPZ06D6cmbHAudEOUlOA_BwOSpP6fheuE0kdmOJexuleRL3kmDPLyzLkr2qcVjV3iQ9eD2Ae4pOHCNM_u7Im6lA0peU-llGmZOl-JSSkiuhW4Bk4tw7YHc_H7VQljb1r9BLCxOVgBoPHYNwimanaWWY2bZ4v_NHiZXUaSoHMl4Z7MrfnyjZasLzl88ANi1ZHDlyDi3ZP9l23qg0dC4aHBUuuTs1KTI1VdyU3isi3IqHuhdOpnClP3ruZoJcfe7iNrg!!/dl4/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|title=Eleuthera|publisher=The Bahamas Government Website |access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>
Settlements on the island include (north to south) the Bluff, Upper and Lower Bogue, Current, Gregory Town, Alice Town, James Cistern, Governor's Harbour, North and South Palmetto Point, [[Savannah Sound]], Winding Bay, [[Tarpum Bay]], [[Rock Sound, Bahamas|Rock Sound]], Greencastle, Deep Creek, Delancy Town, Waterford, [[Wemyss Bight, Bahamas|Wemyss Bight]], John Millars, Millar's and Bannerman Town.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/portal/public/About%20The%20Bahamas/The%20Islands/ELEUTHERA/!ut/p/b1/vZLJlqIwFIafpR7AIkTGZRwIKIYZ0Q2HSRQElRmevq0-vajuc7qqF12VrJLzJf_Nl0sdKY86lkF3SYPmciuD69v6yPlzgHcIMcIOs4ADiqOrSOdlqNHsEzh8ADDgs_N7yrMPc3VZK720Nv37sW4NZktoyFUDim5pY0otK0cs2eBQ2tSi3pI4IY-pWONzlQjE5rQ6iYma8yW_B_ZpaZyimWTpGbg-ym4btzgON5fwxDF9h1XoBQNd9ZHoJ4HMBVi0g63GXauODrwLty8d2S0CT4vLncCP5h31ihQEijUuLHdQzueDer4qwQ1ttkgzV0kgzAzeuyvGy8svD-AvA_2Dh-OHyBZ-Aryp_gl8UMPhCfDvbrBdABQaINOiDSAQmrIpDzC-lY13ZconM5tMhTgp3E0LnV6DcTd5NnHycddIxMrzkc6fe04OrcmB9YQmS1T12DWdBVoURPLOfwZq0BafgUua2zossADz1YGY1YSnI97WEQsB1ujvDpx_q1Ksa-DLX_hb0zDG___DDXW8hMVrHxWv4FUQOZrlBUYUOMAwAk-52YFVl4LSrxXbv9yjKPZ06D6cmbHAudEOUlOA_BwOSpP6fheuE0kdmOJexuleRL3kmDPLyzLkr2qcVjV3iQ9eD2Ae4pOHCNM_u7Im6lA0peU-llGmZOl-JSSkiuhW4Bk4tw7YHc_H7VQljb1r9BLCxOVgBoPHYNwimanaWWY2bZ4v_NHiZXUaSoHMl4Z7MrfnyjZasLzl88ANi1ZHDlyDi3ZP9l23qg0dC4aHBUuuTs1KTI1VdyU3isi3IqHuhdOpnClP3ruZoJcfe7iNrg!!/dl4/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|title=Eleuthera|publisher=The Bahamas Government Website |access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>
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There is an annual Pineapple Festival in [[Gregory Town]]. Eleuthera is a destination for those interested in Bahamian history and nature, and neighbouring [[Harbour Island (Bahamas)|Harbour Island]] and [[Spanish Wells]] offer further tourism experiences. Natural attractions include the Glass Window Bridge, Hatchet Bay caves, and Surfer's Beach in the north, and Ocean Hole and Lighthouse Beach at the south end. Preacher's Cave on the north end was home to the Eleutherian Adventurers in the mid-17th century, and recent excavations have uncovered [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] remains at the site.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Origins and genetic legacies of the Caribbean Taino|first1=Hannes|last1=Schroeder|first2=Martin|last2=Sikora|first3=Shyam|last3=Gopalakrishnan|first4=Lara M.|last4=Cassidy|first5=Pierpaolo Maisano|last5=Delser|first6=Marcela Sandoval|last6=Velasco|first7=Joshua G.|last7=Schraiber|first8=Simon|last8=Rasmussen|first9=Julian R.|last9=Homburger|first10=María C.|last10=Ávila-Arcos|first11=Morten E.|last11=Allentoft|first12=J. Víctor|last12=Moreno-Mayar|first13=Gabriel|last13=Renaud|first14=Alberto|last14=Gómez-Carballa|first15=Jason E.|last15=Laffoon|first16=Rachel J. A.|last16=Hopkins|first17=Thomas F. G.|last17=Higham|first18=Robert S.|last18=Carr|first19=William C.|last19=Schaffer|first20=Jane S.|last20=Day|first21=Menno|last21=Hoogland|first22=Antonio|last22=Salas|first23=Carlos D.|last23=Bustamante|first24=Rasmus|last24=Nielsen|first25=Daniel G.|last25=Bradley|first26=Corinne L.|last26=Hofman|first27=Eske|last27=Willerslev|date=March 6, 2018|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=115|issue=10|pages=2341–2346|doi=10.1073/pnas.1716839115|pmid=29463742|pmc=5877975|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.2341S |doi-access=free}}</ref> As of 2000, per capita [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] for the island was: $5756 Bahamian,{{verification needed|date=January 2017}} with a chief human economic activity being tourism, and 6% of the population being involved in fishing, agriculture, or mining.<ref name=UNEP/>
There is an annual Pineapple Festival in [[Gregory Town]]. Eleuthera is a destination for those interested in Bahamian history and nature, and neighbouring [[Harbour Island (Bahamas)|Harbour Island]] and [[Spanish Wells]] offer further tourism experiences. Natural attractions include the Glass Window Bridge, Hatchet Bay caves, and Surfer's Beach in the north, and Ocean Hole and Lighthouse Beach at the south end. Preacher's Cave on the north end was home to the Eleutherian Adventurers in the mid-17th century, and recent excavations have uncovered [[Arawak peoples|Arawak]] remains at the site.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Origins and genetic legacies of the Caribbean Taino|first1=Hannes|last1=Schroeder|first2=Martin|last2=Sikora|first3=Shyam|last3=Gopalakrishnan|first4=Lara M.|last4=Cassidy|first5=Pierpaolo Maisano|last5=Delser|first6=Marcela Sandoval|last6=Velasco|first7=Joshua G.|last7=Schraiber|first8=Simon|last8=Rasmussen|first9=Julian R.|last9=Homburger|first10=María C.|last10=Ávila-Arcos|first11=Morten E.|last11=Allentoft|first12=J. Víctor|last12=Moreno-Mayar|first13=Gabriel|last13=Renaud|first14=Alberto|last14=Gómez-Carballa|first15=Jason E.|last15=Laffoon|first16=Rachel J. A.|last16=Hopkins|first17=Thomas F. G.|last17=Higham|first18=Robert S.|last18=Carr|first19=William C.|last19=Schaffer|first20=Jane S.|last20=Day|first21=Menno|last21=Hoogland|first22=Antonio|last22=Salas|first23=Carlos D.|last23=Bustamante|first24=Rasmus|last24=Nielsen|first25=Daniel G.|last25=Bradley|first26=Corinne L.|last26=Hofman|first27=Eske|last27=Willerslev|date=March 6, 2018|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=115|issue=10|pages=2341–2346|doi=10.1073/pnas.1716839115|pmid=29463742|pmc=5877975|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.2341S |doi-access=free}}</ref> As of 2000, per capita [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] for the island was: $5756 Bahamian,{{verification needed|date=January 2017}} with a chief human economic activity being tourism, and 6% of the population being involved in fishing, agriculture, or mining.<ref name=UNEP/>


==Education==
== Education ==
There are 12 primary schools (grades 1 to 6) on Eleuthera; Deep Creek Primary, Emma E. Cooper Primary, Governor's Harbour Primary, Green Castle Primary, Gregory Town Primary, James Cistern Primary, Current Island Primary, North Eleuthera Primary, P.A. Gibson Primary, Rock Sound Primary, Tarpum Bay Primary, and Wemyss Bight Primary schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eleuthera Primary Schools|url=https://www.ministryofeducationbahamas.com/primary-schools|access-date=21 February 2017|publisher=Ministry of Education, Bahamas}}</ref>
There are 12 primary schools (grades 1 to 6) on Eleuthera; Deep Creek Primary, Emma E. Cooper Primary, Governor's Harbour Primary, Green Castle Primary, Gregory Town Primary, James Cistern Primary, Current Island Primary, North Eleuthera Primary, P.A. Gibson Primary, Rock Sound Primary, Tarpum Bay Primary, and Wemyss Bight Primary schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eleuthera Primary Schools|url=https://www.ministryofeducationbahamas.com/primary-schools|access-date=21 February 2017|publisher=Ministry of Education, Bahamas}}</ref>


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[[The Island School]] is a private secondary school in Eleuthera.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islandschool.org/ |title=About |publisher=The Island School |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> The Deep Creek Middle School is an independent school on Eleuthera for grades seven to nine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dcmsbahamas.org/ |title=Home |publisher=Deep Creek Middle School |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> The Cape Eleuthera Institute is a research and summer education institute on the main island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceibahamas.org/new-index/#new-page |title=About |publisher=The Cape Eleuthera Institute |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> The Haynes Public library is located in Governors Harbour in a historical building constructed in 1897; it is the oldest Government Complex on the island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bahamas.com/vendor/haynes-library |title=Haynes Library|publisher=The Official Site of the Bahamas |access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>
[[The Island School]] is a private secondary school in Eleuthera.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islandschool.org/ |title=About |publisher=The Island School |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> The Deep Creek Middle School is an independent school on Eleuthera for grades seven to nine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dcmsbahamas.org/ |title=Home |publisher=Deep Creek Middle School |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> The Cape Eleuthera Institute is a research and summer education institute on the main island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceibahamas.org/new-index/#new-page |title=About |publisher=The Cape Eleuthera Institute |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> The Haynes Public library is located in Governors Harbour in a historical building constructed in 1897; it is the oldest Government Complex on the island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bahamas.com/vendor/haynes-library |title=Haynes Library|publisher=The Official Site of the Bahamas |access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>


==Transport==
== Transport ==
[[File:Beach scene at Current, Eleuthera (8222670396).jpg|thumb|left|Beach scene at Current Island, Eleuthera]]
[[File:Beach scene at Current, Eleuthera (8222670396).jpg|thumb|left|Beach scene at Current Island, Eleuthera]]
The island is reached by sea and by air links from the rest of [[The Bahamas]]. Three airports serve the island. [[North Eleuthera Airport]], with a {{convert|1835|m|adj=on}} runway on the north part of the island and located inland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=BF82945&sch=MYEH |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011041606/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=BF82945&sch=MYEH |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 11, 2012 |title=North Eleuthera |publisher=World Aero Data |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> [[Governor's Harbour Airport]] is located in the middle of the main island and has services to [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=BF88806&sch=MYEM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717013023/http://www.worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=BF88806&sch=MYEM |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 17, 2007 |title=Governor's Harbour |publisher=World Aero Data |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> [[Rock Sound Airport]] is an airport in the [[South Eleuthera|South Eleuthera district]] of the [[Bahamas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=BF72616&sch=MYER |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011082244/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=BF72616&sch=MYER |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 11, 2012 |title=Rock Sound|publisher=World Aero Data |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Its name comes from the [[Rock Sound, Bahamas|former district of Rock Sound]].
The island is reached by sea and by air links from the rest of [[The Bahamas]]. Three airports serve the island. [[North Eleuthera Airport]], with a {{convert|1835|m|adj=on}} runway on the north part of the island and located inland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=BF82945&sch=MYEH |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011041606/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=BF82945&sch=MYEH |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 11, 2012 |title=North Eleuthera |publisher=World Aero Data |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> [[Governor's Harbour Airport]] is located in the middle of the main island and has services to [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=BF88806&sch=MYEM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717013023/http://www.worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=BF88806&sch=MYEM |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 17, 2007 |title=Governor's Harbour |publisher=World Aero Data |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> [[Rock Sound Airport]] is an airport in the [[South Eleuthera|South Eleuthera district]] of the [[Bahamas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=BF72616&sch=MYER |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011082244/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=BF72616&sch=MYER |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 11, 2012 |title=Rock Sound|publisher=World Aero Data |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Its name comes from the [[Rock Sound, Bahamas|former district of Rock Sound]].
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In 2021, the Minister of Works [[Desmond Bannister]] announced plans for a $30 million upgrade for the Glass Window Bridge. The new bridge will be constructed 18&nbsp;m (60 feet) west of the existing bridge.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McKenzie |first1=Natario |title=FACELIFT FOR ELEUTHRA: Govt to undertake $30M Glass Window Bridge development in 2022 |url=https://ewnews.com/facelift-for-eleuthra-govt-to-undertake-30m-glass-window-bridge-development-in-2022-says-dpm-deputy-prime-minister-desmond-bannister-minister-of-public-works |website=EW News |date=13 August 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>
In 2021, the Minister of Works [[Desmond Bannister]] announced plans for a $30 million upgrade for the Glass Window Bridge. The new bridge will be constructed 18&nbsp;m (60 feet) west of the existing bridge.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McKenzie |first1=Natario |title=FACELIFT FOR ELEUTHRA: Govt to undertake $30M Glass Window Bridge development in 2022 |url=https://ewnews.com/facelift-for-eleuthra-govt-to-undertake-30m-glass-window-bridge-development-in-2022-says-dpm-deputy-prime-minister-desmond-bannister-minister-of-public-works |website=EW News |date=13 August 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>


==U.S. military bases==
== U.S. military bases ==
===NAVFAC Eleuthera===
=== NAVFAC Eleuthera ===
{{Coord|25|16|11|N|76|18|53|W}}
{{Coord|25|16|11|N|76|18|53|W}}


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Adjacent to the NAVFAC was the original site of the first experimental array and electronics, operated by two Western Electric engineers and a few military personnel, which continued in service as an avenue for experiments.<ref name="Project"/>
Adjacent to the NAVFAC was the original site of the first experimental array and electronics, operated by two Western Electric engineers and a few military personnel, which continued in service as an avenue for experiments.<ref name="Project"/>


===Eleuthera AAFB===
=== Eleuthera AAFB ===
The US Air Force Eastern Test Range (ETR) Range Tracking Station No. 4 was sited at Eleuthera AAFB (ELU AUXILIARY AIR FORCE BASE), supported by contractor employees of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) and Pan American Airways (PAA) in the 1960s and 1970s. This was used by the [[MISTRAM]] system.<ref name="Project"/>
The U.S. Air Force Eastern Test Range (ETR) Range Tracking Station No. 4 was sited at Eleuthera AAFB (ELU AUXILIARY AIR FORCE BASE), supported by contractor employees of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) and Pan American Airways (PAA) in the 1960s and 1970s. This was used by the [[MISTRAM]] system.<ref name="Project"/>


==In popular culture==
== In popular culture ==
The island inspired a song named "Eleutheria" (freedom) by [[Lenny Kravitz]] in 1993.<ref name="Ebony">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GntfRruQ7IC&dq=%22Eleuthera%22+%22Eleutheria%22&pg=PA29 |title=Lenny Kravitz: Brother With A Different Beat |magazine=[[Ebony (magazine) | Ebony]] |first=Lynn |last=Norment |date=June 1994 |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> Kravitz is a resident of the island and has stated many of his songs were written while on the island.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/5549844/Lenny-Kravitz-interview.html |date=16 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620044025/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/5549844/Lenny-Kravitz-interview.html |archive-date=20 June 2009 |title=Lenny Kravitz interview |first=Chris |last=Heath |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> In an October 2020 interview from the island where he had been since the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], he discussed the impact of the pandemic on the island and some of the crops he grows.<ref name="Men's Health">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a34150751/lenny-kravitz-interview-cover-story/|title=Lenny Kravitz's Guide to Immortality |magazine=[[Men's Health]] |first=Alex |last=Pappademas |date=October 1, 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
The island inspired a song named "Eleutheria" (freedom) by [[Lenny Kravitz]] in 1993.<ref name="Ebony">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GntfRruQ7IC&dq=%22Eleuthera%22+%22Eleutheria%22&pg=PA29 |title=Lenny Kravitz: Brother With A Different Beat |magazine=[[Ebony (magazine) | Ebony]] |first=Lynn |last=Norment |date=June 1994 |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> Kravitz is a resident of the island and has stated many of his songs were written while on the island.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/5549844/Lenny-Kravitz-interview.html |date=16 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620044025/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/5549844/Lenny-Kravitz-interview.html |archive-date=20 June 2009 |title=Lenny Kravitz interview |first=Chris |last=Heath |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> In an October 2020 interview from the island where he had been since the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], he discussed the impact of the pandemic on the island and some of the crops he grows.<ref name="Men's Health">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a34150751/lenny-kravitz-interview-cover-story/|title=Lenny Kravitz's Guide to Immortality |magazine=[[Men's Health]] |first=Alex |last=Pappademas |date=October 1, 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.eleuthera-map.com/eleuthera-island.htm|title=Eleuthera Island: History Notes|work=eleuthera-map.com|access-date=6 January 2017}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.eleuthera-map.com/eleuthera-island.htm|title=Eleuthera Island: History Notes|work=eleuthera-map.com|access-date=6 January 2017}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.jabezcorner.com/Grand_Bahama/1647_articles.htm|title=Articles and Orders, Bahamas 1647|work=jabezcorner.com|access-date=6 January 2017}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.jabezcorner.com/Grand_Bahama/1647_articles.htm|title=Articles and Orders, Bahamas 1647|work=jabezcorner.com|access-date=6 January 2017}}
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* {{cite web | author = BHC Staff | date = January 6, 2017 | title = The Commonwealth of Bahamas History | location = London | publisher = The Bahamas High Commission (BHC) | url = http://www.bahamashclondon.net/uploads/Fact_Sheet_on_History.pdf | access-date = January 6, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160315003806/http://www.bahamashclondon.net/uploads/Fact_Sheet_on_History.pdf | archive-date = March 15, 2016 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | author = BHC Staff | date = January 6, 2017 | title = The Commonwealth of Bahamas History | location = London | publisher = The Bahamas High Commission (BHC) | url = http://www.bahamashclondon.net/uploads/Fact_Sheet_on_History.pdf | access-date = January 6, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160315003806/http://www.bahamashclondon.net/uploads/Fact_Sheet_on_History.pdf | archive-date = March 15, 2016 | url-status = dead }}


==External links==
== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}


Revision as of 02:54, 18 May 2024

This article is about the Bahamian island. For the medicinal plant, see Eleuthero. For the ancient Greek city, see Eleutherae.
Eleuthera
Map showing the main island of Eleuthera and its associated smaller islands (Russel, Royal, Harbour, and Windermere Islands and associated Cays), other geographical features, and concentrations of population
Map
Geography
Coordinates25°06′N 76°08′W / 25.100°N 76.133°W / 25.100; -76.133
ArchipelagoBahamas
Adjacent toNorth Atlantic Ocean
Major islandsEleuthera and Harbour Island
Area457.4 km2 (176.6 sq mi)
Length180 km (112 mi)
Width1.6 km (0.99 mi)
Highest elevation61 m (200 ft)
Administration
DistrictsNorth Eleuthera, Central Eleuthera, South Eleuthera
Demographics
Population12,716[1] (2022)
Ethnic groups85% black (esp. West African), 12% European, 3% other[not verified in body]
Additional information
Time zone
 • Summer (DST)
ISO code
  • BS-CE
  • BS-NE
  • BS-SE

Eleuthera (/ɪˈljuːθərə/) refers both to a single island in the archipelagic state of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas and to its associated group of smaller islands.[2] Eleuthera forms a part of the Great Bahama Bank.[2] The island of Eleuthera incorporates the smaller Harbour Island. "Eleuthera" derives from the feminine form of the Greek adjective ἐλεύθερος (eleútheros), meaning "free".[3] Known in the 17th century as Cigateo, it lies 80 km (50 miles) east of Nassau. It is long and thin—180 km (110 miles) long and in places little more than 1.6 km (1.0 mile) wide. At its narrowest point, the Glass Window Bridge, which has been called the narrowest place on earth,[4] Eleuthera stands 30 feet wide.[5] Its eastern side faces the Atlantic Ocean and its western side faces the Great Bahama Bank. The topography of the island varies from wide rolling pink sand beaches to large outcrops of ancient coral reefs and the highest elevation point is 200 feet (61 m). The population is approximately 11,000 and the principal economy of the island is tourism.

Geography and wildlife

The name Eleuthera refers both to the single Bahamian island and is also used to refer to its associated chain of small islands, which include Harbour Island, Windermere Island, Man Island, and Current Island.[6] Eleuthera forms part of the Great Bahama Bank on its western edge and its eastern coastline faces the Atlantic Ocean.[2][7] The main island lies 80 km (50 miles) east of Nassau.[2] It is a long and thin island; 180 km (110 miles) long and little more than 1.6 km (1.0 mile) wide at its narrowest.[3] The island has an estimated area of 457.4 square-kilometers,[8] and presents 336 km (210 miles) of coastline.

The topography of the island varies, including wide rolling pink sand beaches, large outcrops of ancient coral reefs, caves, and other geological features.[2] The island features, among other flora and fauna, 13 catalogued species of native amphibian and reptile species, three of which were listed as endangered in 2000.[8] The main island is home to a 25-acre nature preserve; the Leon Levy Native Plant Reserve, which includes an environmental education centre.[9] The waters around Eleuthera contain an abundance of sharks and rays, which is attributed by the local Cape Eleuthera Institute to the banning of long-line fishing in local waters.[10]

History

Further information: Eleutheran Adventurers

The possible first settlers of the island were the original population of Taino, or Arawaks.[11] An intact wooden duho or ritual seat that was made by the Taino people was found on the island of Eleuthera in the nineteenth century and is now in the collections of the British Museum.[12] The island in its early history was known as Cigateo (or Ciguateo), meaning "distant rocky land", but this name changed following subsequent European settlement.[13][11]

NASA satellite image, showing New Providence Island to the west, and east of it, the long, narrow island of Eleuthera running north and south (along with its associated Harbour and other small islands), as seen from space in 1997

The island is believed to have been largely unoccupied at the time of the arrival of the first significant number of British settlers, with Puritan colonists (who had come together the previous year in London) arriving in 1648 from Bermuda.[11] These settlers, known as the "Eleutherian Adventurers", under Captain William Sayle gave the island its current name which derives from the feminine form of the Greek adjective ἐλεύθερος, eleutheros, meaning "free".[14][15] The difficulties of settlement ultimately left only a few of the settlers on the island, thwarting their aim of creating the first European "democracy" in the Western Hemisphere (almost 130 years prior to the American Revolution).[16]

The island was stated to have been agriculturally prosperous in the period from 1950 to 1980.[2] This included a large crop of pineapples for export. When the Bahamas became independent from Britain in 1973, new ownership laws changed the nature of the island economy. Since then the island has become a popular tourist destination.[2]

In 1992 the island was severely damaged by the category 5 Hurricane Andrew; massive wind speeds hit the island and an 18-foot tidal surge inundated the coastal area.[17] Relief efforts helped mitigate some of the damage, including several relief tasks that were carried out by HMS Cardiff as the vessel was operating in the area.[18]

In early March 2019, Disney Cruise Line purchased the Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera and agreed to a development plan for the area with the Bahamian government. Disney spent between $250 million and $400 million on developing the 700-acre property and donated 190 acres – including the southernmost tip – to the government for a national park.[19] The property is expected to be open for visitors on June 6, 2024.[20][21][22]

Demography

Gregory Town, Eleuthera in December 2012

In 2000, the official census taken by the Government of the Bahamas recorded a population of 7,999 persons on the island.[23] In 2010, the official census recorded the population as 8,202 spread across 2,718 separate households.[23] The 2010 census stated that the population density of the island was 57.6 persons per square mile.[23] As of 2017 it was stated that the population of the islands was approximately 11,000.[24]

Economy and settlements

Eleuthera Island is one of several within the archipelago surrounded by shallow seas, visible here as light blue. Mosaic patterns of sand waves built by sea bottom currents in the shallows stand out in stark contrast to the deep blue of the ocean depths of a thousand feet in the Exuma Sound.

Settlements on the island include (north to south) the Bluff, Upper and Lower Bogue, Current, Gregory Town, Alice Town, James Cistern, Governor's Harbour, North and South Palmetto Point, Savannah Sound, Winding Bay, Tarpum Bay, Rock Sound, Greencastle, Deep Creek, Delancy Town, Waterford, Wemyss Bight, John Millars, Millar's and Bannerman Town.[25]

The largest of the settlements are Governor's Harbour (the administrative capital), Rock Sound, Tarpum Bay, Harbour Island with its unusual pink sandy beaches and Spanish Wells.[26] The largest settlements in terms of population in Eleuthera are Dunmore Town, Spanish Wells and Rock Sound.[26]

There is an annual Pineapple Festival in Gregory Town. Eleuthera is a destination for those interested in Bahamian history and nature, and neighbouring Harbour Island and Spanish Wells offer further tourism experiences. Natural attractions include the Glass Window Bridge, Hatchet Bay caves, and Surfer's Beach in the north, and Ocean Hole and Lighthouse Beach at the south end. Preacher's Cave on the north end was home to the Eleutherian Adventurers in the mid-17th century, and recent excavations have uncovered Arawak remains at the site.[27] As of 2000, per capita GDP for the island was: $5756 Bahamian,[verification needed] with a chief human economic activity being tourism, and 6% of the population being involved in fishing, agriculture, or mining.[8]

Education

There are 12 primary schools (grades 1 to 6) on Eleuthera; Deep Creek Primary, Emma E. Cooper Primary, Governor's Harbour Primary, Green Castle Primary, Gregory Town Primary, James Cistern Primary, Current Island Primary, North Eleuthera Primary, P.A. Gibson Primary, Rock Sound Primary, Tarpum Bay Primary, and Wemyss Bight Primary schools.[28]

There are three public high schools (grades 7-12) on Eleuthera: North Eleuthera High in Lower Bogue, Central Eleuthera High in North Palmetto Point, and Preston Albury High in Rock Sound.

The Island School is a private secondary school in Eleuthera.[29] The Deep Creek Middle School is an independent school on Eleuthera for grades seven to nine.[30] The Cape Eleuthera Institute is a research and summer education institute on the main island.[31] The Haynes Public library is located in Governors Harbour in a historical building constructed in 1897; it is the oldest Government Complex on the island.[32]

Transport

Beach scene at Current Island, Eleuthera

The island is reached by sea and by air links from the rest of The Bahamas. Three airports serve the island. North Eleuthera Airport, with a 1,835-metre (6,020 ft) runway on the north part of the island and located inland.[33] Governor's Harbour Airport is located in the middle of the main island and has services to Nassau.[34] Rock Sound Airport is an airport in the South Eleuthera district of the Bahamas.[35] Its name comes from the former district of Rock Sound.

The main island has one principal road, the Queens Highway, which runs the length of the island.[36] The road runs for a total length of 177 kilometres (110 mi).[37] In 2009, US$13 million was given by the Bahamas government for roadworks of 97 kilometres (60 mi).[36]

Ports and marinas open for traffic on Eleuthera include Governor's Harbour, Current Island, Harbour Island & North Eleuthera, Rock Sound, and Spanish Wells.[38] In 2011 several improvements were carried out to the docks at Current Island to improve access for vehicular traffic, including replacement of the wooden jetty.[39]

In 2021, the Minister of Works Desmond Bannister announced plans for a $30 million upgrade for the Glass Window Bridge. The new bridge will be constructed 18 m (60 feet) west of the existing bridge.[40]

U.S. military bases

25°16′11″N 76°18′53″W / 25.26972°N 76.31472°W / 25.26972; -76.31472

The United States Naval Facility (NAVFAC) Eleuthera, Bahamas was a shore terminus and processing facility for the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) operated by the U.S. Navy to detect submarines. In 1951 a six-element test array had been placed offshore to demonstrate the system's capability to detect submarines. After successful tests with a U.S. submarine, a functional forty-element array was installed in 1952 as one of a total of nine Atlantic systems ordered.[41] Though it was the first array to be installed, it was last to get the operational shore terminal under Navy command when NAVFAC Eleuthera was commissioned on 1 September 1957. The facility had a complement of 150 officers and enlisted men, a resident Western Electric engineer, some nineteen Pan-American Airway and RCA contractors, and 45 Bahamian employees who supported the facility. NAVFAC Eleuthera was decommissioned on 31 March 1980 after 23 years of service.[42][43] It was located near Governor's Harbour Airport.[42] The first U.S. Navy women to be assigned to a SOSUS facility were the eleven assigned to NAVFAC Eleuthera in 1972. Seventeen years earlier the Canadian contingent of the joint U.S./Canadian Forces SOSUS facility, Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Shelburne, included five women of the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service.[41][44]

Adjacent to the NAVFAC was the original site of the first experimental array and electronics, operated by two Western Electric engineers and a few military personnel, which continued in service as an avenue for experiments.[42]

Eleuthera AAFB

The U.S. Air Force Eastern Test Range (ETR) Range Tracking Station No. 4 was sited at Eleuthera AAFB (ELU AUXILIARY AIR FORCE BASE), supported by contractor employees of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) and Pan American Airways (PAA) in the 1960s and 1970s. This was used by the MISTRAM system.[42]

The island inspired a song named "Eleutheria" (freedom) by Lenny Kravitz in 1993.[45] Kravitz is a resident of the island and has stated many of his songs were written while on the island.[3] In an October 2020 interview from the island where he had been since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, he discussed the impact of the pandemic on the island and some of the crops he grows.[46]

References

  1. ^ "Census population and housing" (PDF). Bahamas Gov. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Eleuthera". Bahamas National Trust. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Heath, Chris (16 June 2009). "Lenny Kravitz interview". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  4. ^ "Bahamas Bridge the 'Narrowest Place on Earth' - Videos from The Weather Channel". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  5. ^ "Glass Window Bridge - Eleuthera & Harbour Island in The Bahamas". The Islands of The Bahamas. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  6. ^ "Eleuthera & Harbour Island". bahamas.com. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  7. ^ Porter, D (2007). Bahamas for Dummies. John Wiley. p. 46-47. ISBN 9780471962502.
  8. ^ a b c Dahl, Arthur & UNEP Staff (October 21, 1990). "UNEP Island Directory: Islands of Bahamas, Eleuthera [99]". Geneva, CHE: United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Archived from the original on October 31, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  9. ^ "Leon Levy Native Plant Preserve". Bahamas National Trust. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  10. ^ "What Sharks Mean to the Bahamian Economy". The Caribbean Journal. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  11. ^ a b c "History of Eleuthera". Glorious Bahamas. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  12. ^ BM Staff (January 6, 2017). "British Museum Online Collection: Stool". BritishMuseum.org. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  13. ^ Ahrens, Wolfgang P. (2015). "Naming the Bahamas Islands: History and Folk Etymology". Onomastica Canadiana. 94 (2): 101. ISSN 2816-7015.
  14. ^ Bethell, A. Talbot (June 2009). The Early Settlers of the Bahamas and Colonists of North America. Baltimore, MD: Clearfield Co. p. 82. ISBN 978-0806350509. Retrieved January 6, 2017. Page number and ISBN are for the revised reprint edition from the Genealogical Publishing Company, 2009.
  15. ^ "Caribbean: The Bahamas". British Empire. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  16. ^ Riley, Sandra (foreword by Thelma B. Peters) (2000). Homeward Bound: A History of the Bahama Islands to 1850 with a Definitive Study of Abaco in the American Loyalist Plantation Period. Miami, FL: Island Research. p. 28. ISBN 0966531027. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  17. ^ Jonathan Freedland (1992-09-02). "Storm Ravaged Island in Bahamas". The Washington Post. Nassau, Bahamas. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
  18. ^ Bahamas and U.S.A. – Hurricane Andrew Aug 1992 UN DHA Information Reports 1-3. United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (Report). New York City, New York: ReliefWeb. 1992-08-26. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
  19. ^ Tribou, Richard (March 11, 2019). "Disney Cruise Line completes a land purchase, enters agreement for second Bahamas destination". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  20. ^ Disney Cruise Line Destinations June 2024 Lighthouse Point
  21. ^ Peros, Evily Giannopoulos (March 9, 2023). "New Disney Cruise Line Island Destination at Lighthouse Point in The Bahamas to Welcome Guests in Summer 2024". disneyparks. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  22. ^ McKenzie, Natario (March 10, 2021). "Disney's Lighthouse Point development slated for early 2024 opening after pandemic delay". Eyewitness News. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  23. ^ a b c "ELEUTHERA: Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). The Commonwealth of The Bahamas. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  24. ^ "Eleuthera". The Official Site of The Bahamas. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  25. ^ "Eleuthera". The Bahamas Government Website. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  26. ^ a b "Eleuthera Districts". City Population. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  27. ^ Schroeder, Hannes; Sikora, Martin; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Cassidy, Lara M.; Delser, Pierpaolo Maisano; Velasco, Marcela Sandoval; Schraiber, Joshua G.; Rasmussen, Simon; Homburger, Julian R.; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Renaud, Gabriel; Gómez-Carballa, Alberto; Laffoon, Jason E.; Hopkins, Rachel J. A.; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Carr, Robert S.; Schaffer, William C.; Day, Jane S.; Hoogland, Menno; Salas, Antonio; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Nielsen, Rasmus; Bradley, Daniel G.; Hofman, Corinne L.; Willerslev, Eske (March 6, 2018). "Origins and genetic legacies of the Caribbean Taino". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (10): 2341–2346. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.2341S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1716839115. PMC 5877975. PMID 29463742.
  28. ^ "Eleuthera Primary Schools". Ministry of Education, Bahamas. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  29. ^ "About". The Island School. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  30. ^ "Home". Deep Creek Middle School. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  31. ^ "About". The Cape Eleuthera Institute. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  32. ^ "Haynes Library". The Official Site of the Bahamas. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  33. ^ "North Eleuthera". World Aero Data. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  34. ^ "Governor's Harbour". World Aero Data. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  35. ^ "Rock Sound". World Aero Data. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  38. ^ "Bahamas Ports of Entry". Out Islands. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  39. ^ The Government of the Bahamas, Press Release. The Government enhances Public Infrastructure in Eleuthera. August 2011
  40. ^ McKenzie, Natario (13 August 2021). "FACELIFT FOR ELEUTHRA: Govt to undertake $30M Glass Window Bridge development in 2022". EW News. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  41. ^ a b "Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) History 1950 - 2010". IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  42. ^ a b c d "Ruins and Ghost Towns". Project Eleuthera. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  43. ^ Commander Undersea Surveillance. "Naval Facility Eleuthera September 1957 - March 1980". U.S. Navy. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  44. ^ "Four of the "Original Five" WRENs at Shelburne 1955". IUSS/Caesar Alumni Association. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  45. ^ Norment, Lynn (June 1994). "Lenny Kravitz: Brother With A Different Beat". Ebony. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  46. ^ Pappademas, Alex (October 1, 2020). "Lenny Kravitz's Guide to Immortality". Men's Health. Retrieved 3 October 2020.

Further reading

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