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{{Short description|81st Emperor of Japan (reigned 1180 to 1185)}}
'''Emperor Antoku''' (安徳天皇 ''Antoku Tennō'') ([[December 22]], [[1178]] – [[April 25]], [[1185]]) was the 81st [[Emperor of Japan|imperial ruler]] of [[Japan]], according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled during the late [[Heian Period|Heian period]] from the fourth month, 22nd day of [[1180]] to [[April 25]], [[1185]]. His personal name was '''Tokihito''' (言仁).
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Emperor Antoku<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|安徳天皇}}}}
| succession = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| image = Emperor Antoku.jpg
| caption =
| reign = March 18, 1180 – April 25, 1185
| coronation = May 18, 1180
| cor-type = Japan
| predecessor = [[Emperor Takakura|Takakura]]
| successor = [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]]
| posthumous name = [[Posthumous name#Chinese-style (Han-style) shigō|Chinese-style ''shigō'']]:<br/>Emperor Antoku ({{lang|ja|安徳天皇}})
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| father = [[Emperor Takakura]]
| mother = [[Taira no Tokuko]]
| birth_date = December 22, 1178
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1185|4|25|1178|12|22}}
| death_place = [[Shimonoseki|Dan-no-ura]], [[Kanmon Straits]], [[Heian period|Japan]]
| place of burial = Amida-ji no ''Misasagi'' (阿弥陀寺陵) (Shimonoseki)|
}}


{{nihongo|'''Emperor Antoku'''|安徳天皇|Antoku-tennō|December 22, 1178 – April 25, 1185}} was the 81st [[emperor of Japan]], according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1180 through 1185.<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du Japon,'' pp. 200–207; Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' pp. 333–334; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki.'' pp. 214–215.</ref>
== Genealogy ==
His father was [[Emperor Takakura]]. His mother was Taira no Tokuko (平徳子), second daughter of [[Taira no Kiyomori]] (平清盛), later referred to as Empress Dowager Kenrei (建礼門院).


During this time, the [[Imperial House of Japan|Imperial family]] was involved in a bitter [[Genpei War|struggle]] between warring clans. [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] with his cousin [[Minamoto no Yoshinaka]], led a force from the [[Minamoto clan]] against the [[Taira clan|Taira]], who controlled the emperor. During the climactic sea [[Battle of Dan-no-ura]] in April 1185, Antoku's grandmother [[Taira no Tokiko]] took him and plunged with him into the water in the Shimonoseki Straits, drowning the child emperor rather than allowing him to be captured by the opposing forces.
== Life ==
Antoku was named crown prince at around one month of age. He ascended the throne at one year of age. Naturally, he held no actual power, but rather his grandfather Taira no Kiyomori ruled in his name, though not officially, as [[sessho|''sesshō'']] (regent).


This clash of clans led to numerous legends and tales. The story of Emperor Antoku and his mother's family became the subject of the [[Kamakura period]] [[epic poem]] ''[[The Tale of the Heike]]'' (Heike is an alternative reading of the [[kanji|Japanese characters]] for "House of the Taira"). Antoku's tomb is said to be located in a number of places around western Japan, including the island of [[Iwo Jima]], a result of the spreading of legends about the emperor and the battle.<ref>Jeremy Roberts: Japanese Mythology A to Z, 2nd edition, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-60413-435-3}}.</ref>
In the year of his enthronement, the capital was moved to modern-day [[Kobe, Hyogo|Kōbe]], [[Hyogo Prefecture|Hyōgo]], but it was soon moved back to [[Kyoto|Kyōto]]. In [[1183]], when [[Minamoto no Yoshinaka]] entered the capital, the [[Taira clan]] fled with the young emperor and the [[Japanese imperial regalia|sacred treasures]] to Yashima (the name of a place inside modern-day [[Takamatsu, Kagawa|Takamatsu]], [[Kagawa prefecture|Kagawa]]). Being defeated in the Battle of Yashima, they fled westward. In [[1185]] the [[Taira]] and the [[Minamoto]] clashed in the [[Battle of Dan-no-ura]]. The Taira were defeated, and his grandmother, Taira no Tokiko, the widow of Taira no Kiyomori, drowned herself along with Antoku. His mother also drowned herself, but apparently, according to the [[The Tale of the Heike]] (''Heike Monogatari''), she was pulled out with a [[rake]] by her long [[hair]]. According to legend, the sacred jewels and the [[Kusanagi|sacred sword]] (two of the three [[Japanese imperial regalia|sacred treasures]]) sunk to the bottom of the sea, and although the sacred jewels were recovered, the sword was lost.


==Genealogy==
The story of Emperor Antoku and his mother's family became the subject of the [[Kamakura period]] [[epic poem]] ''[[The Tale of the Heike]]'' (Heike is an alternate reading of the [[kanji|Japanese characters]] for "House of the Taira").
Before his ascension to the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]], his personal name (his ''imina'')<ref>Brown, pp. 264; n.b., up until the time of [[Emperor Jomei]], the personal names of the emperors (their ''imina'') were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.</ref> was Tokihito''-shinnō'' (言仁親王).<ref>Brown, p. 333; Varley, p. 214.</ref> He was also known as Kotohito''-shinnō''.<ref>Titsingh, p. 200.</ref>


His father was [[Emperor Takakura]], and thus a grandson of [[Daijō Tennō|retired]] [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]]. His mother, [[Taira no Tokuko]] (平徳子), second daughter of [[Taira no Kiyomori]] (平清盛), was later referred to as Empress Dowager Kenrei (建礼門院, ''[[Kenrei-mon In]]'').
== Burial Site ==
After his drowning, in order to mourn the [[Bodhi]], the [[Amidaji]] Goeidō was built. Later, Antoku was enshrined at the Kurume-Suitengū in [[Kurume, Fukuoka|Kurume]], [[Fukuoka prefecture|Fukuoka]], and he came to be worshipped as Mizu-no-kami (水の神, lit. "water-god" or "god of water"), the god of easy delivery at ''Suitengū'' (水天宮, lit. "water-heaven/emperor-shrine") everywhere.


== Events of Antoku's life ==
With the establishment of [[Shinto|Shintō]] as the [[state religion]] of [[Japan]], the Amida was abandoned and the Akama Shrine was established in [[Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi|Shimonoseki]], [[Yamaguchi prefecture|Yamaguchi]] to celebrate Antoku.
Antoku was named [[crown prince]] at around one month of age. He ascended the throne at the age of two. Naturally, he held no actual power, but rather his grandfather Taira no Kiyomori ruled in his name, though not officially, as [[sessho|''sesshō'']] (regent).


* '''1180''' (''[[Jishō]] 4, 21st day of the 4th month''): In the 12th year of Takakura''-tennō''{{'}}s reign (高倉天皇十二年), the emperor was forced to abdicate; and the succession (''senso'') was received by his infant son, the grandson of Taira Kiyomori. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Antoku is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Titsingh, p. 200; Brown, p. 333; Varley, p. 44; n.b., a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to [[Emperor Tenji]]; and all sovereigns except [[Empress Jitō|Jitō]], [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]], [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]], and [[emperor Fushimi|Fushimi]] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of [[Emperor Go-Murakami]].</ref>
== [[Japanese era name|Eras]] of his reign ==
* [[Jijo|Jijō]]
* [[Yowa|Yōwa]]
* [[Juei]]


In the year of his enthronement, the capital was moved to modern-day [[Kobe, Hyogo|Kōbe]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]], but it was soon moved back to [[Kyoto|Heian-kyō]].
{{start box}}
{{succession box | before=[[Emperor Takakura]] | title=[[List of Emperors of Japan|Emperor of Japan]] | after=[[Emperor Go-Toba]] | years=1180-1185}}
{{end box}}


* '''1183''' (''[[Juei]] 2, 20th day of the 8th month''): Go-Toba is proclaimed emperor by the Minamoto; and consequently, there were two proclaimed emperors, one living in Heian-kyō and another in flight towards the south.<ref>Titsingh, p. 207.</ref>


In 1183, when [[Minamoto no Yoshinaka]] entered the capital, the [[Taira clan]] fled with the young emperor and the [[Japanese imperial regalia|sacred treasures]] to Yashima (the name of a place inside modern-day [[Takamatsu, Kagawa|Takamatsu]], [[Kagawa prefecture|Kagawa]]). Being defeated in ensuing battle, they fled westward.
[[Category:Japanese emperors|Antoku]]
[[Category:Royalty who committed suicide|Antoku]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning|Antoku]]
[[Category:1178 births|Antoku]]
[[Category:1185 deaths|Antoku]]


* '''1185''' (''[[Genryaku]] 2, 24th day of the 3rd month''): The Taira and the Minamoto clashed in the [[Battle of Dan-no-ura]].<ref>Kitagawa, Hiroshi ''et al.'' (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike,'' p. 787; Titsingh, pp. 211–212.</ref>
[[de:Antoku]]

[[fr:Antoku]]
The Taira were defeated. Antoku's grandmother, [[Taira no Tokiko]], Kiyomori's widow, drowned herself along with the young emperor. His mother also drowned herself, but apparently, according to [[The Tale of the Heike]] (''Heike Monogatari''), she was pulled out with a [[rake (tool)|rake]] by her long [[hair]].
[[ja:安徳天皇]]

[[pl:Antoku]]
According to Yoshitsune's dispatch, the sacred seal was found, but the [[Kusanagi|sacred sword]] was lost. The sword was one of the three [[Japanese imperial regalia|sacred treasures]].<ref name=Sansom>{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=George |title=A History of Japan to 1334 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1958 |isbn=0804705232 |pages=303–305}}</ref>
[[pt:Imperador Antoku]]

[[zh:安德天皇]]
===''Kugyō''===
''[[Kugyō]]'' (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Antoku's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' included:
* ''[[Sesshō]]'', [[Konoe Motomichi]], 1160–1233.<ref name="b333">Brown, p. 333.</ref>
* ''[[Udaijin]]''
* ''[[Nadaijin]]'', Taira Munemori, 1147–1185.<ref name="b333"/>
* ''[[Dainagon]]''

===Memorial site===
After his drowning, in order to mourn the body and placate any restless spirits, the [[Amidaji]] Goeidō was built. Later, Antoku was enshrined at the Kurume-Suitengū in [[Kurume, Fukuoka|Kurume]], [[Fukuoka prefecture|Fukuoka]], and he came to be worshipped as Mizu-no-kami (水の神, lit. "water-god" or "god of water"), the god of easy delivery at ''Suitengū'' (水天宮, lit. "water-heaven/emperor-shrine") everywhere.

With the establishment of [[Shinto|Shintō]] as the [[state religion]] of [[Japan]], the Amidaji Temple was abandoned and the [[Akama Shrine]] was established in [[Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi|Shimonoseki]] in [[Yamaguchi prefecture]] to celebrate Antoku.

The [[Imperial Household Agency]] designates ''Amida-ji no misasagi'' (阿彌陀寺陵) near [[Akama Shrine]] in Shimonoseki as Antoku's tomb.<ref name="pf422">Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' p. 422; n.b., although Ponsonby-Fane indicates that the official shrine was in Kyoto in the 1930s, the credible, but unsourced text at the bottom of this article explains that the current location of the shrine is in Shimonoseki.</ref>

==Eras of Antoku's reign==
The years of Antoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names|era name]] or ''[[nengō]]''.<ref>Titsingh, pp. 200–207; Brown, pp. 333–334.</ref>
* ''[[Jishō]]'' (1177–1181)
* ''[[Yōwa]]'' (1181–1182)
* ''[[Juei]]'' (1182–1184)
* ''[[Genryaku]]'' (1184–1185)
* ''[[Bunji (Japanese era)|Bunji]]'' (1185–1190)

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|ref=<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp081|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=30 April 2010 |access-date=31 December 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
|1= 1. '''Emperor Antoku'''
|2= 2. [[Emperor Takakura]] (1161–1181)
|3= 3. [[Taira no Tokuko]] (1155–1214)
|4= 4. [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]] (1127–1192)
|5= 5. [[:ja:平滋子|Taira no Shigeko]] (1142–1176)
|6= 6. [[Taira no Kiyomori]] (1118–1181)
|7= 7. [[Taira no Tokiko]] (1126–1185)
|8= 8. [[Emperor Toba]] (1103–1156)
|9= 9. [[Fujiwara no Tamako]] (1101–1145)
|10=10. [[:ja:平時信|Taira no Tokinobu]] (d. 1149) (=14)
|11=11. Fujiwara no Yūko
|12=12. [[Taira no Tadamori]] (1096–1153)
|13=13. Sister of Gion no Nyogo
|14=14. [[:ja:平時信|Taira no Tokinobu]] (d. 1149) (=10)
|15=
}}

==Popular culture==
* In manga and anime [[Angolmois: Record of Mongol Invasion]], he was said to survive, and he's Teruhi's great-grandfather. He met Jinzaburo Kuchii, a former samurai under Hojo disgraced in an incident and exiled to [[Tsushima Island]] to help the people there repel a joint [[Mongol Empire]]-[[Yuan Dynasty]]-[[Goryeo]] armies.

==See also==
* [[Emperor of Japan]]
* [[List of Emperors of Japan]]
* [[Imperial cult]]
* [[Akama Shrine]] (''Akama jingū'')
* [[Emperor Bing of Song]], a child emperor who was also forced to commit suicide in a naval battle
* [[Shimonoseki City Information]] [http://www.city.shimonoseki.yamaguchi.jp/seisaku/kokusai/y_english/history/ Mentions death of Emperor Antoku following the battle of Dan No Ura]

==Notes==
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] – a stylized [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]]
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho ''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past.''] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251325323 OCLC 251325323]
* Helmolt, Hans Ferdinand and James Bryce Bryce. (1907). [https://archive.org/details/worldshistorysur02helmuoft ''The World's History: A Survey of Man's Progress.''] Vol. 2. London: William Heinemann.[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20279012#reviews OCLC 20279012]
* Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, ed. (1975). The Tale of the Heike. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. {{ISBN|0-86008-128-1}} [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/164803926 OCLC 164803926]
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan ''The Imperial House of Japan.''] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887]
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Odai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.''] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul.]] (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.''] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59145842 OCLC 59145842]
* According to [http://www.city.shimonoseki.yamaguchi.jp/seisaku/kokusai/y_english/history/ Shimonoseki City Information]: "In the Middle Age, the last battle between the Genji clan and the Heike clan broke out in Dannoura on 24 March 1185 and Yoshitsune won the battle by using the tides."

{{S-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box | before=[[Emperor Takakura]] | title=[[List of Emperors of Japan|Emperor]] or [[Tennō]]:<br>Antoku | after=[[Emperor Go-Toba]] | years=1180–1185}}
{{S-end}}

{{Emperors of Japan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antoku}}
[[Category:1178 births]]
[[Category:1185 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:Emperors of Japan]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in Japan]]
[[Category:Child monarchs from Asia]]
[[Category:Monarchs who died as children]]
[[Category:People of Heian-period Japan]]
[[Category:Heian period Buddhist clergy]]
[[Category:Japanese Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:Sons of Japanese emperors]]

Latest revision as of 14:44, 12 July 2024

Emperor Antoku
安徳天皇
Emperor of Japan
ReignMarch 18, 1180 – April 25, 1185
EnthronementMay 18, 1180
PredecessorTakakura
SuccessorGo-Toba
BornDecember 22, 1178
DiedApril 25, 1185(1185-04-25) (aged 6)
Dan-no-ura, Kanmon Straits, Japan
Burial
Amida-ji no Misasagi (阿弥陀寺陵) (Shimonoseki)
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Antoku (安徳天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Takakura
MotherTaira no Tokuko

Emperor Antoku (安徳天皇, Antoku-tennō, December 22, 1178 – April 25, 1185) was the 81st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1180 through 1185.[1]

During this time, the Imperial family was involved in a bitter struggle between warring clans. Minamoto no Yoritomo with his cousin Minamoto no Yoshinaka, led a force from the Minamoto clan against the Taira, who controlled the emperor. During the climactic sea Battle of Dan-no-ura in April 1185, Antoku's grandmother Taira no Tokiko took him and plunged with him into the water in the Shimonoseki Straits, drowning the child emperor rather than allowing him to be captured by the opposing forces.

This clash of clans led to numerous legends and tales. The story of Emperor Antoku and his mother's family became the subject of the Kamakura period epic poem The Tale of the Heike (Heike is an alternative reading of the Japanese characters for "House of the Taira"). Antoku's tomb is said to be located in a number of places around western Japan, including the island of Iwo Jima, a result of the spreading of legends about the emperor and the battle.[2]

Genealogy

[edit]

Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina)[3] was Tokihito-shinnō (言仁親王).[4] He was also known as Kotohito-shinnō.[5]

His father was Emperor Takakura, and thus a grandson of retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa. His mother, Taira no Tokuko (平徳子), second daughter of Taira no Kiyomori (平清盛), was later referred to as Empress Dowager Kenrei (建礼門院, Kenrei-mon In).

Events of Antoku's life

[edit]

Antoku was named crown prince at around one month of age. He ascended the throne at the age of two. Naturally, he held no actual power, but rather his grandfather Taira no Kiyomori ruled in his name, though not officially, as sesshō (regent).

  • 1180 (Jishō 4, 21st day of the 4th month): In the 12th year of Takakura-tennō's reign (高倉天皇十二年), the emperor was forced to abdicate; and the succession (senso) was received by his infant son, the grandson of Taira Kiyomori. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Antoku is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[6]

In the year of his enthronement, the capital was moved to modern-day Kōbe, Hyōgo, but it was soon moved back to Heian-kyō.

  • 1183 (Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month): Go-Toba is proclaimed emperor by the Minamoto; and consequently, there were two proclaimed emperors, one living in Heian-kyō and another in flight towards the south.[7]

In 1183, when Minamoto no Yoshinaka entered the capital, the Taira clan fled with the young emperor and the sacred treasures to Yashima (the name of a place inside modern-day Takamatsu, Kagawa). Being defeated in ensuing battle, they fled westward.

The Taira were defeated. Antoku's grandmother, Taira no Tokiko, Kiyomori's widow, drowned herself along with the young emperor. His mother also drowned herself, but apparently, according to The Tale of the Heike (Heike Monogatari), she was pulled out with a rake by her long hair.

According to Yoshitsune's dispatch, the sacred seal was found, but the sacred sword was lost. The sword was one of the three sacred treasures.[9]

Kugyō

[edit]

Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Antoku's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Memorial site

[edit]

After his drowning, in order to mourn the body and placate any restless spirits, the Amidaji Goeidō was built. Later, Antoku was enshrined at the Kurume-Suitengū in Kurume, Fukuoka, and he came to be worshipped as Mizu-no-kami (水の神, lit. "water-god" or "god of water"), the god of easy delivery at Suitengū (水天宮, lit. "water-heaven/emperor-shrine") everywhere.

With the establishment of Shintō as the state religion of Japan, the Amidaji Temple was abandoned and the Akama Shrine was established in Shimonoseki in Yamaguchi prefecture to celebrate Antoku.

The Imperial Household Agency designates Amida-ji no misasagi (阿彌陀寺陵) near Akama Shrine in Shimonoseki as Antoku's tomb.[11]

Eras of Antoku's reign

[edit]

The years of Antoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[12]

Ancestry

[edit]
[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
Japanese Imperial kamon – a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 200–207; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 333–334; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 214–215.
  2. ^ Jeremy Roberts: Japanese Mythology A to Z, 2nd edition, 2010. ISBN 978-1-60413-435-3.
  3. ^ Brown, pp. 264; n.b., up until the time of Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
  4. ^ Brown, p. 333; Varley, p. 214.
  5. ^ Titsingh, p. 200.
  6. ^ Titsingh, p. 200; Brown, p. 333; Varley, p. 44; n.b., a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
  7. ^ Titsingh, p. 207.
  8. ^ Kitagawa, Hiroshi et al. (1975). The Tale of the Heike, p. 787; Titsingh, pp. 211–212.
  9. ^ Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford University Press. pp. 303–305. ISBN 0804705232.
  10. ^ a b Brown, p. 333.
  11. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 422; n.b., although Ponsonby-Fane indicates that the official shrine was in Kyoto in the 1930s, the credible, but unsourced text at the bottom of this article explains that the current location of the shrine is in Shimonoseki.
  12. ^ Titsingh, pp. 200–207; Brown, pp. 333–334.
  13. ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2018.

References

[edit]
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor or Tennō:
Antoku
1180–1185 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Antoku&oldid=1234090235"