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National identity card (France)

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French national identity card
Carte nationale d’identité
Front of the card
Back of the card
TypeIdentity card,
optional replacement for passport in the listed countries
Issued by France
Valid in
Expiration10 years

The French national identity card (French: carte nationale d’identité or CNI) is an official identity document consisting of an electronic ID-1 card bearing a photograph, name and address. While the identity card is non-compulsory, all persons must possess some form of valid government-issued identity documentation.[2]

Identity cards, valid for a period of 10 years, are issued by the local préfecture, sous-préfecture, mairie (in France) or in French consulates (abroad) free of charge. A fingerprint of the holder is taken, which is stored in paper files and which can only be accessed by a judge in closely defined circumstances. A central database duplicates the information on the card, but strict laws limit access to the information and prevent it being linked to other databases or records.

The card may be used to verify identity and nationality and may also be used as a travel document within Europe (except Belarus, Russia, Ukraine and United Kingdom) as well as French overseas territories, Anguilla, Egypt, Turkey, Georgia, Dominica (max 14 days), Montserrat, Saint Lucia and on organized tours to Tunisia[3] instead of a French passport. The cards are widely used for other purposes — for example, when opening a bank account, or when making a payment by cheque.

History

While passports have been issued in France, under one form or another, since the Middle Ages, the identity card is a 20th-century innovation. The first ID was issued to foreigners in residence in France in 1917, in order to control the foreign population in a time of war and spy scare. The first card for Frenchmen was created by the Police Prefect of the Seine département, then the Paris local authority, in 1921. This carte d'identité des Français was a non-compulsory ID document and was only issued in the Paris region.

Following defeat in the Battle of France, the Vichy government created a new national identity card under the law of October 27, 1940. This new ID was compulsory for every French person over the age of 16. A central record was also instituted. From 1942, French Jews had the word "Jew" added to their card in red, which helped the Vichy authorities identify 76,000 for deportation as part of the Holocaust.

Under the decree 55-1397 of October 22, 1955[4] a revised non-compulsory card, the carte nationale d'identité (CNI) was introduced, and the central records abandoned. With the introduction of lamination in 1988 it was renamed the carte nationale d’identité sécurisée (CNIS) (secure national identity card). In 1995 the cards were made machine-readable. It became free in 1998.

On 15 March 2021 a new electronic model has been released.[5]

The card before 1988
Front of the card issued between 1988 and 2021
Back of the card issued between 1988 and 2021

Use

Identification document

The French national identity card can be used as an identification document in France in situations such as opening a bank account, identifying oneself to government agencies, proving one's identity and regular immigration status to a law enforcement official etc.

Similarly, French citizens exercising their right to free movement in another EU/EEA member state or Switzerland are entitled to use their French national identity card as an identification document when dealing not just with government authorities, but also with private sector service providers. For example, if a supermarket in Ireland refuses to accept a French national identity card as proof of age when a French citizen attempts to purchase an age-restricted product, and insists on the production of an Irish passport, driving license or other identity document, the supermarket would, in effect, be discriminating against this individual on this basis of his/her nationality in the provision of a service, thereby contravening the prohibition in Art 20(2) of Directive 2006/123/EC of discriminatory treatment relating to the nationality of a service recipient in the conditions of access to a service which are made available to the public at large by a service provider.[6]

In practice, the ID card can often be used for various identification purposes worldwide, such as for age verification in bars or checking in at hotels.

Travel document

The French national identity card can be used as a travel document (instead of a French passport) to/from the following countries:

Previously, the  Dominican Republic,  Mauritius,  Morocco,  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,  Senegal,  Sint Maarten and the  United Kingdom permitted French citizens to travel to their countries on the strength of a French national identity card alone.[12]  Greenland does not accept French ID cards.[13]

Prior to 1 January 2013, unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 who travelled outside metropolitan France using their French national identity cards were required to obtain an autorisation de sortie du territoire (AST).[14] In order to obtain an AST, one of the minor's legal ascendant(s) had to visit the local mayor's office. On 1 January 2013, the obligation to obtain an AST was removed, and all minors are now able solely to use their French national identity cards when leaving/re-entering France without a legal ascendant.[15] However, whilst the Border Police unit of the French National Police no longer require an AST from the legal ascendant(s) of an unaccompanied minor when he/she leaves or re-enters France, the border authorities of other countries may require the minor to present some form of written approval from his/her legal ascendant(s) before admitting him/her.

Validity

Prior to 1 January 2014, French national identity cards were issued with a maximum period of validity of 10 years.

On 1 January 2014, the period of validity of new cards issued to adults was increased from 10 to 15 years.

In addition, on the same day, a retroactive change in the period of validity came into effect by virtue of Decree 2013-1188.[16] As a result, all French national identity cards issued between 2 January 2004 and 31 December 2013 to adults had their period of validity automatically extended from 10 years to 15 years.[17] This extension took place without the need for any physical amendment to the expiry date which appears on eligible cards — for example, the holder of a French national identity card issued on 1 February 2004 (when he/she was already an adult) will actually be valid until 1 February 2019 automatically without the need for any amendment to the card (even though it states on the card that it will expire on 1 February 2014).

As of 15 March 2021, the new id card lasts 10 years.[5]

Design

The card measures 105 x 74 mm. The paper card was laminated and had rounded corners until a new credit card sized plastic format was introduced as part of an overhaul in 2021. All the information on the card was given in the French language only until English was added with the new card design.

Whilst French passports and residence permits (issued to non-EU/EEA/Swiss citizens residing in France) contain an RFID chip, the design of the French national identity card remained unchanged from 1994 to 2021 and so cards were issued without an RFID chip (unlike a number of other EU member states which have updated the design of their national identity cards to include an RFID chip) until 2021. Whilst fingerprints are collected as part of the application process for the card, fingerprint images were neither printed on the card nor stored in an RFID chip embedded within the card.

Front side

The front side of the previous design (used from 1994 to 2021) featured the words "RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE" across the top and "Carte nationale d'identité/ National Identity Card" as well on cards issues since 2021 on the front, plus the following information:

At the bottom of the front side (the back on the new design) is a two-line machine readable zone.

Machine-readable zone

The format of the first row is:

positions length chars meaning
1 1 alpha I
2 1 alpha Type, at discretion of states (D in that case)
3–5 3 alpha FRA // issuing country (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code with modifications)
6–30 25 alpha Card holder's last name followed by '<' symbols to fill any unused space
31-33 3 alpha+num Digits 5-7 of ID card number, department of issuance.
34-36 3 num Office of issuance
31-36 6 alpha On some cards 31-36 will instead be filled with <<<<<<

The format of the second row is:

positions length chars meaning
1-4 4 num Digits 1-2 are year of issuance, 3-4 are month of issuance
5-7 3 alpha+num Department of issuance. Same as characters 31-33 on the first line.
8–12 5 num Assigned by the Management Center in chronological order in relation to the place of issue and the date of application.
13 1 num Check digit over digits 1–12
14–27 14 alpha First name followed by given names separated by two filler characters
28-33 6 num Birth date (YYMMDD)
34 1 num Check digit over digits 28-33
35 1 alpha Gender (M or F)
36 1 num Check digit over digits 1-36 in first row combined with digits 1-35 in second row

Rear side

The rear side contains the following information:

  • Residential address of the holder
  • Date of expiry (dd.mm.yyyy, on the front of new cards)
  • Date of issue (dd.mm.yy)
  • Issuing authority
  • Signature of the issuing authority
  • Credit card like microchip and datamatrix code on cards issued since 2021

See also

References

  1. ^ "Visiting the UK as an EU, EEA or Swiss citizen". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
  2. ^ Art. 78-1 to 78-6 of the French Code of criminal procedure (Code de procédure pénale)
  3. ^ "Republic of Macedonia, Ministry of foreign affairs". Archived from the original on 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
  4. ^ "Fac-similé JO du 27/10/1955, page 10604 | Legifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  5. ^ a b "La nouvelle carte nationale d'identité".
  6. ^ "Answer to a written question - Validity of national ID cards - E-004933/2014". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  7. ^ http://www.gov.ai/documents/immigration/PRESS%20RELEASE%20-%20CHANGES%20TO%20THE%20IMMIGRATION%20POLICY%20EFFECTIVE%20JUNE%201ST%202017.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  8. ^ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Dominique- Sécurité". France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (in French). Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  9. ^ "Egypt Visa on Arrival (Voa) | Obtain a Visa upon Arrival in Egypt".
  10. ^ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Sainte-Lucie- Sécurité". France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (in French). Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  11. ^ "From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  12. ^ "Voyage en République dominicaine : le passeport désormais obligatoire". Voyages & Voyageurs (in French). Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  13. ^ "To and from Greenland". Grønlands Repræsentation. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  14. ^ Circular N°INTD9000124e of 11 May 1990
  15. ^ "Suppression des autorisations de sortie de territoire à partir du 1er janvier 2013". www.service-public.fr (in French). Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  16. ^ Décret n° 2013-1188 du 18 décembre 2013 relatif à la durée de validité et aux conditions de délivrance et de renouvellement de la carte nationale d'identité
  17. ^ l'Intérieur, Ministère de. "Durée de validité de la CNI" (in French). Retrieved 2019-10-23.

In English

In French

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