Gunnera tinctoria: Difference between revisions

Gunnera tinctoria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Gunnerales
Family:	Gunneraceae
Genus:	Gunnera
Species:	G. tinctoria
Binomial name
	Gunnera tinctoria; (Molina) Mirb.
Synonyms
	Gunnera scabra Ruiz & Pav.; Panke tinctoria Molina

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Gunnera tinctoria, known as giant rhubarb,^[2] Chilean rhubarb, or nalca, is a flowering plant species native to southern Chile and neighboring zones in Argentina. It is unrelated to rhubarb, as the two plants belong to different orders, but looks similar from a distance and has similar culinary uses. It is a large-leaved perennial plant that grows to more than two metres tall. It has been introduced to many parts of the world as an ornamental plant. In some countries, such as New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland, it has spread from gardens and is becoming an introduced species of concern. It is known under the synonyms: Gunnera chilensis Lam. and Gunnera scabra Ruiz & Pav.

Taxonomy

It was first described in 1782 by Juan Ignacio Molina as Panke tinctoria,^[1]^[3] and was transferred to the genus Gunnera in 1805 by Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel.^[4]^[5]

Description

Gunnera tinctoria is a giant, clump-forming herbaceous perennial. The leaves can grow up to 2.5 m across, cordate and palmate with up to 9-lobed margins.^[6] The stems are covered in numerous spikes. It has erect spikes of cone-shaped inflorescences (to 1 m) from spring to early summer, with small flowers. The fruit is orange. The number of seeds is estimated from 80,000 per seedhead to 250,000 per plant.

*Gunnera tinctoria* flowering on the coast of Chiloé Island, Chile

Habitat

Stream and roadsides.^[6]

Uses

In its native Chile, where it is called nalca or pangue, it is used in a similar way to European rhubarb: after peeling, the stalks are eaten fresh or cooked into jam or cordial.^[7] The leaves are used in the preparation of the traditional Chilean dish curanto. The roots are also traditionally used to tan leather and as a black dye. ^[8]

As an invasive species

In parts of New Zealand, Chilean rhubarb has become a recognised pest plant; in Taranaki, on the western coast of North Island, it has spread to riparian zones and riverbeds, coastal cliffs and forest margins,^[9] thus placing the species on the National Pest Plant Accord. Under Section 52 and 53 of the Biosecurity Act, it is an offence in New Zealand to knowingly propagate, distribute, spread, sell or otherwise offer for possession.^[10] In Great Britain, the species was popular amongst gardeners for decades, but became rather well-established, and sometimes problematic, in western districts, and appeared to be spreading.^[11] In the west of Ireland, G. tinctoria is a major invasive species,^[12] in particular on Achill Island and on the Corraun Peninsula, County Mayo. Its large leaves create dense shade, preventing other species from germinating or growing.

Chilean rhubarb is classified in the European Union as an invasive species of Union concern, and it is illegal to import, grow, or sell it within the EU.^[13]

In the United Kingdom, the plant was classified under Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 as an invasive species. While it remained legal to cultivate privately, it was made illegal to allow the species to spread outside the bounds of one's property, or to deliberately sow it elsewhere.^[14]

Chilean rhubarb on sale at a street in Puerto Varas.

Similar species

A similar species is Gunnera manicata (Brazilian giant rhubarb). This species may also be invasive.

In popular culture

In October 2019, photos of a produce vendor in Puerto Montt dressing himself in nalca leaves began circulating on Chilean social media under the name "Nalcaman".^[15] Because these photos were being shared around the same time as the beginning of the 2019–20 Chilean protests, Nalcaman has since become an element of the iconography surrounding Chile's anti-government protests.^[16]

Notes

The blue-green alga Nostoc is a symbiont in Gunnera.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b "Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirb. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
^ Molina, G.I (1782), Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili del Signor Abate Giovanni Ignazio Molina, Bologna, p. 143
^ "Vascular Plants: Gunneria tinctoria". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
^ Mirbel, C.F.B. de (1805), Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulaire, des Plantes Edn. 2, 10: 141
^ ^a ^b Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora Cork University Press ISBN 978-185918-4783
^ "Nalca". TasteAtlas. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ Charles Darwin. "Chapter XIII — Chiloe and Chonos Islands". The Voyage of the Beagle. The inhabitants eat the stalks, which are subacid, and tan leather with the roots, and prepare a black dye from them
^ Giant problems for Taranaki Archived 2007-10-19 at the Wayback Machine; especially the pictures of Gunnera tinctoria on seacliffs (p. 17)
^ Department of Conservation 2005, p. 3
^ Anon. "Giant Rhubarb, Gunnera tinctoria". NNSS species information. GB Non-native species secretariat. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
^ ^a ^b Guiry, M.D., John, D.M., Rindi, F and McCarthy, T.K. (eds) 2007. New Survey of Clare Island 6: The Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 978-1-904890-31-7
^ Anon. "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern". European Commission. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
^ "Gunnera Removal | Environet". Japanese Knotweed and Invasive Plant Specialists | Environet UK. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
^ 24horas.cl. "Nalcaman: El nuevo superhéroe de Puerto Montt que encantó a las redes sociales" 24horas.cl, Santiago, 4 October 2019. Retrieved on 10 February 2020.
^ The Clinic. "Fotos épicas: Todos los superhéroes que han aparecido en las protestas en Chile" The Clinic, Santiago, 6 November 2019. Retrieved on 10 February 2020.

External links

Gunnera tinctoria
Gunnera tinctoria at Biosecurity New Zealand
images

[powo-1] "Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirb. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-02-10.

[BSBI07-2] BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.

[3] Molina, G.I (1782), Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili del Signor Abate Giovanni Ignazio Molina, Bologna, p. 143

[:0-4] "Vascular Plants: Gunneria tinctoria". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 2022-02-10.

[5] Mirbel, C.F.B. de (1805), Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulaire, des Plantes Edn. 2, 10: 141

[Parnell-6] Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora Cork University Press ISBN 978-185918-4783

[7] "Nalca". TasteAtlas. Retrieved 6 May 2023.

[8] Charles Darwin. "Chapter XIII — Chiloe and Chonos Islands". The Voyage of the Beagle. The inhabitants eat the stalks, which are subacid, and tan leather with the roots, and prepare a black dye from them

[Taranaki-9] Giant problems for Taranaki Archived 2007-10-19 at the Wayback Machine; especially the pictures of Gunnera tinctoria on seacliffs (p. 17)

[instead-10] Department of Conservation 2005, p. 3

[11] Anon. "Giant Rhubarb, Gunnera tinctoria". NNSS species information. GB Non-native species secretariat. Retrieved 1 May 2017.

[Guiry-12] Guiry, M.D., John, D.M., Rindi, F and McCarthy, T.K. (eds) 2007. New Survey of Clare Island 6: The Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 978-1-904890-31-7

[13] Anon. "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern". European Commission. Retrieved 18 June 2019.

[14] "Gunnera Removal | Environet". Japanese Knotweed and Invasive Plant Specialists | Environet UK. Retrieved 2023-08-24.

[15] 24horas.cl. "Nalcaman: El nuevo superhéroe de Puerto Montt que encantó a las redes sociales" 24horas.cl, Santiago, 4 October 2019. Retrieved on 10 February 2020.

[16] The Clinic. "Fotos épicas: Todos los superhéroes que han aparecido en las protestas en Chile" The Clinic, Santiago, 6 November 2019. Retrieved on 10 February 2020.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
-{{speciesbox
+{{Speciesbox
-|image = Gunnera tinctoria 6.jpg
+|image = Gunnera tinctoria P2051284.jpg
 |genus = Gunnera
 |species = tinctoria
-|authority = ([[Juan Ignacio Molina|Molina]]) [[Mirbel.]]
+|authority = ([[Juan Ignacio Molina|Molina]]) [[Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel|Mirb.]]
+|synonyms = ''Gunnera scabra'' {{small|Ruiz & Pav.}}<br />
+''Panke tinctoria'' {{small|Molina}}
+|synonyms_ref = <ref name=powo/>
 }}
-'''''Gunnera tinctoria''''', known as '''giant rhubarb'''<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web |title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |accessdate=2014-10-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN?url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archivedate=2015-01-25 |df= }}</ref> or '''Chilean rhubarb''', is a flowering plant species native to southern Chile and neighbouring zones in Argentina. It is unrelated to [[rhubarb]], as the two plants belong into different [[Order (biology)|orders]], but looks similar from a distance and has similar culinary uses. It is a large-leaved  [[perennial plant]] that grows to more than two metres tall. It has been introduced to many parts of the world as an [[ornamental plant]] and in some countries (for instance New Zealand, Great Britain and Ireland) it has spread from gardens and is becoming a weed problem.
+'''''Gunnera tinctoria''''', known as '''giant rhubarb''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007|accessdate=2014-10-17}}</ref> '''Chilean rhubarb''', or ''nalca'', is a flowering plant species native to southern Chile and neighboring zones in Argentina. It is unrelated to [[rhubarb]], as the two plants belong to different [[order (biology)|orders]], but looks similar from a distance and has similar culinary uses. It is a large-leaved [[perennial plant]] that grows to more than two metres tall. It has been introduced to many parts of the world as an [[ornamental plant]]. In some countries, such as New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland, it has spread from gardens and is becoming an [[introduced species]] of concern. It is known under the [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]]: ''Gunnera chilensis'' [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]] and ''Gunnera scabra'' [[Hipólito Ruiz López|Ruiz]] & [[Pav.]]
-It is known under the [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]]: ''Gunnera chilensis'' [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]] and ''Gunnera scabra'' [[Hipólito Ruiz López|Ruiz]] & [[Pav.]]
+== Taxonomy ==
+It was first described in 1782 by [[Juan Ignacio Molina]] as ''Panke tinctoria'',<ref name=powo>{{Cite web|title=''Gunnera tinctoria'' (Molina) Mirb. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:430194-1|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Plants of the World Online|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Molina, G.I |date=1782|title= Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili del Signor Abate Giovanni Ignazio Molina|location=Bologna|pages=143| url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/9635/?offset=#page=144&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=}}</ref> and was transferred to the genus ''[[Gunnera]]'' in 1805 by [[Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Vascular Plants: ''Gunneria tinctoria''|url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services|access-date=2022-02-10|website=biodiversity.org.au}}</ref><ref>Mirbel, C.F.B. de (1805), ''Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulaire, des Plantes'' Edn. 2, 10: 141  </ref>
 ==Description==
-''Gunnera tinctoria'' is a giant, clump-forming herbaceous perennial. The leaves can grow up to 2.5m across, cordate and palmate with up to 9-lobed margins.<ref name="Parnell">Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. ''Webb's An Irish Flora'' Cork University Press {{ISBN|978-185918-4783}}</ref> It has erect spikes of cone-shaped [[inflorescence]]s (to 1m) from spring to early summer, with small flowers. The fruit is orange. The number of seeds is estimated from 80,000 per seedhead to 250,000 per plant.
+''Gunnera tinctoria'' is a giant, clump-forming herbaceous perennial. The leaves can grow up to 2.5{{nbsp}}m across, cordate and palmate with up to 9-lobed margins.<ref name="Parnell">Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. ''Webb's An Irish Flora'' Cork University Press {{ISBN|978-185918-4783}}</ref> The stems are covered in numerous spikes. It has erect spikes of cone-shaped [[inflorescence]]s (to 1{{nbsp}}m) from spring to early summer, with small flowers. The fruit is orange. The number of seeds is estimated from 80,000 per seedhead to 250,000 per plant.
+[[File:Gunnera Tinctoria flowering Stevage.jpg|thumb|250px|''Gunnera tinctoria'' flowering on the coast of [[Chiloé Island]], Chile]]
-Not closely related to the garden rhubarb - which it resembles.<ref name="Parnell"/>
-[[File:Gunnera Tinctoria flowering Stevage.jpg|thumb|250px|Gunnera tinctoria flowering on the coast of [[Chiloé Island]], Chile]]
 ==Habitat==
 Stream and roadsides.<ref name="Parnell"/>
+==Uses==
+In its native Chile, where it is called ''nalca'' or ''pangue'', it is used in a similar way to European rhubarb: after peeling, the stalks are eaten fresh or cooked into jam or cordial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nalca |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/nalca |website=TasteAtlas |access-date=6 May 2023}}</ref> The leaves are used in the preparation of the traditional Chilean dish [[curanto]]. The roots are also traditionally used to tan leather and as a black dye. <ref>{{cite book |author=Charles Darwin |title=The Voyage of the Beagle  |chapter=Chapter XIII — Chiloe and Chonos Islands |chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/944/944-h/944-h.htm#link2HCH0013 |quote=The inhabitants eat the stalks, which are subacid, and tan leather with the roots, and prepare a black dye from them}}</ref>
 ==As an invasive species==
-In parts of New Zealand the Chilean rhubarb has become a recognised pest plant. For instance in [[Taranaki Region|Taranaki]], on the west coast of the [[North Island]] it was spread to riverbeds, coastal cliffs and forest margins.<ref name=Taranaki>[http://www.biosecurity.org.nz/files/Giant_problem.pdf Giant problems for Taranaki]; especially the pictures of ''Gunnera tinctoria'' on seacliffs (p. 17)</ref>  ''G. tinctoria'' is on the [[National Pest Plant Accord]]. Under Section 52 and 53 of the [[Biosecurity Act]], it is an offence to knowingly propagate, distribute, spread, sell, offer for sale.<ref name=instead>Department of Conservation 2005, p. 3</ref> In Great Britain it has become well-established and sometimes problematic in western districts and appears to be spreading.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nonnativespecies.org/factsheet/factsheet.cfm?speciesId=1647|title=Giant Rhubarb, Gunnera tinctoria|last=Anon|work=NNSS species information|publisher=GB Non-native species secretariat|accessdate=1 May 2017}}</ref> In the west of Ireland, ''G. tinctoria'' is a major invasive species,<ref name="Guiry">Guiry, M.D., John, D.M., Rindi, F and McCarthy, T.K. (eds) 2007. ''New Survey of Clare Island  6: The Freshwater and Terrestial Algae.'' Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 978-904890-21-7</ref> in particular on [[Achill Island]] and on Corraun Peninsula, [[County Mayo]]. Its large leaves create dense shade, preventing other species from germinating or growing.
+In parts of New Zealand, Chilean rhubarb has become a recognised pest plant; in [[Taranaki Region|Taranaki]], on the western coast of [[North Island]], it has spread to [[Riparian zone|riparian]] zones and riverbeds, coastal cliffs and forest margins,<ref name=Taranaki>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061009035214/https://www.biosecurity.org.nz/files/Giant_problem.pdf Giant problems for Taranaki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019125754/http://www.biosecurity.org.nz/files/Giant_problem.pdf |date=2007-10-19 }}; especially the pictures of ''Gunnera tinctoria'' on seacliffs (p. 17)</ref> thus placing the species on the [[National Pest Plant Accord]]. Under Section 52 and 53 of the [[Biosecurity Act 1993|Biosecurity Act]], it is an offence in New Zealand to knowingly propagate, distribute, spread, sell or otherwise offer for possession.<ref name=instead>Department of Conservation 2005, p. 3</ref> In [[Great Britain]], the species was popular amongst gardeners for decades, but became rather well-established, and sometimes problematic, in western districts, and appeared to be spreading.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nonnativespecies.org/factsheet/factsheet.cfm?speciesId=1647|title=Giant Rhubarb, Gunnera tinctoria|last=Anon|work=NNSS species information|publisher=GB Non-native species secretariat|access-date=1 May 2017}}</ref> In the west of [[Ireland]], ''G. tinctoria'' is a major invasive species,<ref name="Guiry">Guiry, M.D., John, D.M., Rindi, F and McCarthy, T.K. (eds) 2007. ''New Survey of Clare Island 6: The Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae.'' Royal Irish Academy. {{ISBN|978-1-904890-31-7}}</ref> in particular on [[Achill Island]] and on the [[Corraun Peninsula]], [[County Mayo]]. Its large leaves create dense shade, preventing other species from germinating or growing.
+Chilean rhubarb is classified in the European Union as an invasive species of Union concern, and it is illegal to import, grow, or sell it within the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm|title=List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern|last=Anon|publisher=European Commission|access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref>
+In the [[United Kingdom]], the plant was classified under Schedule 9 of the [[Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981]] as an invasive species. While it remained legal to cultivate privately, it was made illegal to allow the species to spread outside the bounds of one's property, or to deliberately sow it elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunnera Removal {{!}} Environet |url=https://www.environetuk.com/invasive-species/gunnera/removal |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Japanese Knotweed and Invasive Plant Specialists {{!}} Environet UK |language=en-GB}}</ref>
 [[File:Gunnera tinctoria - Pto Varas.jpg|thumb|left|Chilean rhubarb on sale at a street in [[Puerto Varas]].]]
 [[File:Gunnera tinctoria MHNT.BOT.2015.2.42.jpg|thumb|left|''Gunnera tinctoria'' - [[MHNT]]]]
@@ Line 27: / Line 39: @@
 A similar species is ''[[Gunnera manicata]]'' (Brazilian giant rhubarb). This species may also be invasive.
+==In popular culture==
-[[File:Carretera austral.jpg|thumb|center|750px|center|Nalcas at Cuesta Queulat in [[Queulat National Park]], Chile]]
+In October 2019, photos of a produce vendor in [[Puerto Montt]] dressing himself in nalca leaves began circulating on Chilean social media under the name "Nalcaman".<ref>24horas.cl. [https://www.24horas.cl/tendencias/redessociales/nalcaman--el-nuevo-superheroe-de-puerto-montt-que-encanto-a-las-redes-sociales-3636459 "Nalcaman: El nuevo superhéroe de Puerto Montt que encantó a las redes sociales"] ''[[24horas.cl]]'', Santiago, 4 October 2019. Retrieved on 10 February 2020.</ref> Because these photos were being shared around the same time as the beginning of the [[2019–20 Chilean protests]], Nalcaman has since become an element of the iconography surrounding Chile's anti-government protests.<ref>The Clinic. [https://www.theclinic.cl/2019/11/06/fotos-epicas-todos-los-superheroes-que-han-aparecido-en-las-protestas-en-chile/ "Fotos épicas: Todos los superhéroes que han aparecido en las protestas en Chile"] ''[[The Clinic (newspaper)|The Clinic]]'', Santiago, 6 November 2019. Retrieved on 10 February 2020.</ref>
+[[File:Ejemplar de la planta herbácea "nalca" (Gunnera tinctoria), en Calen. Isla Grande de Chiloé. Chile.jpg|thumb|In [[Chiloé Island]], Chile]]
+{{Clear}}
 ==Notes==
-The blue-green alga ''[[Nostoc]]'' is a symbiont in ''Gunnera''.<ref name="Guiry"/>
+* The blue-green alga ''[[Nostoc]]'' is a symbiont in ''Gunnera''.<ref name="Guiry"/>
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist|30em}}
-==Literature==
+==Further reading==
-* {{cite book | author=Pink, A. | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11892|title=Gardening for the Million| year=2004 | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]]}}
+* {{cite book | author=Pink, A. | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11892|title=Gardening for the Million| year=2004 | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]]}}
 * Department of Conservation (NZ) - ''Plant me instead''. Wellington (New Zealand) 2005. {{ISBN|0-478-14007-X}}
 * Department of Conservation - leaflet: "Chilean Rhubarb; shading out our natives", Wanganui. March 2006.
 ==External links==
-{{commons|Gunnera tinctoria}}
+{{Commons|Gunnera tinctoria}}
 * [http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Gunnera+tinctoria ''Gunnera tinctoria'']
-* [http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pest-and-disease-response/pests-and-diseases-watchlist/chilean-rhubarb ''Gunnera tinctoria''] at Biosecurity New Zealand
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071202015408/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pest-and-disease-response/pests-and-diseases-watchlist/chilean-rhubarb ''Gunnera tinctoria''] at Biosecurity New Zealand
 * [http://www.flora33.com/en/magnoliophyta/magnoliopsida/gunneraceae/gunnera_tinctoria.php images]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q847582}}
-{{taxonbar}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Gunnera|tinctoria]]
@@ Line 52: / Line 70: @@
 [[Category:Edible plants]]
 [[Category:Garden plants]]
-[[Category:Invasive plant species]]
+[[Category:Flora of the Valdivian temperate forests]]