Gypsy (musical): Difference between revisions
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* “Overture” – Orchestra |
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* “May We Entertain You?” – Baby June and Baby Louise |
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* “Some People” – Rose |
* “Some People” – Rose |
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* “Small World” – Rose and Herbie |
* “Small World” – Rose and Herbie |
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Revision as of 03:54, 21 July 2011
| Gypsy | |
|---|---|
| A Musical Fable | |
 Original Broadway Cast Album | |
| Music | Jule Styne |
| Lyrics | Stephen Sondheim |
| Book | Arthur Laurents |
| Basis | Gypsy: A Memoir by Gypsy Rose Lee |
| Productions | 1959 Broadway 1962 Film 1973 West End 1974 Broadway revival 1989 Broadway revival 1993 US Television 2003 Broadway revival 2006 Chicago 2008 Broadway revival |
| Awards | 1989 Tony Award for Best Revival |
Gypsy is a musical with music by Jule Styne, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and a book by Arthur Laurents. Gypsy is loosely based on the 1957 memoirs of Gypsy Rose Lee, the famous striptease artist, and focuses on her mother, Rose, whose name has become synonymous with "the ultimate show business mother." It follows the dreams and efforts of Rose to raise two daughters to perform onstage and casts an affectionate eye on the hardships of show business life. The character of Louise is based on Lee, and the character of June is based on Lee's sister, the actress June Havoc.
The musical contains many songs that became popular standards, including "Small World," "Everything's Coming up Roses", "Some People", "Let Me Entertain You", and "Rose's Turn". It is frequently considered one of the crowning achievements of the mid-20th century's conventional musical theatre art form, often called the "book musical".
Gypsy has been referred to as the greatest American musical by numerous critics and writers, among them Ben Brantley[1] and Frank Rich.[2] Rich even calls it the American musical theatre's answer to King Lear. Theater critic Clive Barnes wrote that "Gypsy is one of the best of musicals..." and described the character of Rose as "one of the few truly complex characters in the American musical...."[3]
Background
A musical based on the memoirs of Gypsy Rose Lee was a project of producer David Merrick and actress Ethel Merman. Merrick had read a chapter of Lee's memoirs in Harper's Magazine and approached Lee to obtain the rights. Jerome Robbins was interested, and wanted Leland Hayward as co-producer; Merman also wanted Hayward to produce her next show.[4] Merrick and Hayward approached Arthur Laurents to write the book. As he relates, Laurents initially was not interested until he saw that the story was one of parents living their children's lives. Composers Irving Berlin and Cole Porter declined the project. Finally, Robbins asked Stephen Sondheim, who agreed to do it. Sondheim had worked with Robbins and Laurents on the musical West Side Story. However, Merman did not want an unknown composer, and wanted Jule Styne to write the music. Although Sondheim initially refused to write only the lyrics, he was persuaded by Oscar Hammerstein to accept the job. The creative team was in place.[5]
In analyzing the character of Rose, Clive Barnes described her as "bossy, demanding, horrific...."[3] Rich described Rose as "a monster".[2] Critic Walter Kerr commented that though Rose is a monster, she must be liked and understood.[6] Patti LuPone describes Rose: "She has tunnel vision, she's driven, and she loves her kids.... And she is a survivor. I do not see her as a monster at all — she may do monstrous things, but that does not make a monster."[7] Sondheim has said of the character: "The fact that she's monstrous to her daughters and the world is secondary.... She's a very American character, a gallant figure and a life force."[8] Sondheim also noted, "Yet the end of Gypsy is not entirely bleak. Louise comes out a star and forgives her mother. There is hope for her. Rose does confront who she is in 'Rose's Turn.' There is a catharsis. It's not Rodgers and Hammerstein, but you feel maybe the mother and daughter will come to an understanding and maybe triumph over Rose's craziness and Louise's bitterness."[8]
Synopsis
- Act I
Rose and her two daughters, Baby June and Louise, play the vaudeville circuit around the United States around the early 1920s. Rose, the archetype of a stage mother, is aggressive and domineering, pushing her children to perform. While June is an extroverted, talented child star, the older girl, Louise, is shy. The kiddie act has one song, "Let Me Entertain You", that they sing over and over again, with June always as the center-piece and Louise often as one of the "boys". Rose has big dreams for the girls but encounters setbacks, as she tells her father ("Some People"). When Rose meets a former agent, Herbie, she persuades him to become their manager using her seductive and feminine wiles ("Small World"). The girls grow up, and June, now billed as Dainty June, and her act have a chance to perform for Mr. Goldstone ("Mr. Goldstone, I love you"). Herbie wants Rose to marry him, but she keeps making excuses. Dainty June, is offered a shot at a Performing Arts school after an audition. However, Rose turns this down immediately, refusing to break up the act. Louise and June fantasize what life would be like if Rose were married and finished with show business ("If Mama was Married"). A few months later, still on the road from show to show, Tulsa, one of the boys from the act, confides in Louise that he has been working on his own act ("All I Need Is The Girl"), Louise fantasizes that she and he could do the act together. Shortly after, before leaving for another city, June is missing. Louise runs in with a note she found. June wrote it, explaining she has grown sick of her mother and has eloped with Tulsa, and they will do the new act. Rose is hurt, but then optimistically vows that she will make Louise a star, proclaiming that "Everything's Coming up Roses."
- Act II
Louise is now a young woman, and Rose has built a pale imitation of the Dainty June act for her. Using all girls, instead of boys, Rose and Herbie try valiantly to sell "Madame Rose's Toreadorables" to a fading vaudeville industry. However, they are still together ("Together, Wherever We Go"). With no vaudeville venues left, Louise and her second-rate act wind up accidentally booked at a burlesque house in Wichita, Kansas, as a means to deter police raids. Rose is anguished, as she sees what a booking in burlesque means to her dreams of success, but Louise persuades her that two weeks' pay for the new act is better than unemployment. As they are introduced to Louise, three of the strippers on the bill advise her on what it takes to be a successful stripper, a "gimmick," something that "makes your strip special" ("You Gotta Get a Gimmick"). Backstage, Rose proposes to Herbie. He asks her to break up the act and let Louise have a normal life, and she reluctantly accepts, agreeing they will marry the day after their show closes. On the last day of the booking, the star stripper in the burlesque show is arrested for solicitation. Desperate, Rose cannot resist the urge to give Louise another nudge toward stardom, and she volunteers Louise to do the strip tease as a last-minute replacement. Disgusted at Rose's blind ambition for her daughter, Herbie walks out on Rose forever ("Small World Reprise"). Although reluctant, Louise wants to please her mother and she goes on, assured by Rose that she needn't actually strip, but simply walk elegantly and tease them by dropping a single shoulder strap. Shy and hesitant, she sings a titillating version of "Let Me Entertain You," the song that their kiddie act had used. She removes only her glove. The audience goes wild, and this becomes Louise's "gimmick."
In the months that follow she becomes secure, always following her mother's advice to "Make 'em beg for more, and then don't give it to them!" This is demonstrated in a montage in which the song becomes brasher and brassier, and more and more articles of clothing come off. Ultimately, Louise becomes a major burlesque star and does not need her mother any longer. After a bitter argument between Rose and Louise, who has become the sophisticated "Gypsy Rose Lee," Rose realizes Herbie and June are both gone, and now Louise is lost to her as well. Rose, feeling sad, useless and bitter asks "Why did I do it? What did it get me?" ("Rose's Turn"). It is during this number that all of Rose's unrequited dreams of her own stardom and her personal demons surface. She fantasizes about her own lit-up runway and cheering audience, but finally admits "I did it for me." After her admission to Louise, Mother and daughter tentatively step toward reconciliation in the end.
- In the 1974 and 2008 Broadway revivals, although the final dialogue scene remains, there is not a happy ending, but rather a bleak, sad one as all hopes of reconciliation for Rose and Louise fall flat when Louise walks away, laughing sarcastically at Rose's new "dream." The audience is then left with a Rose whose dream of her own lit up marquee slowly fades away to her craziness within taking over.
Songs
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Notes on the songs
† Titled "Mr. Goldstone" in the 2003 revival, and "Have an Eggroll, Mr. Goldstone" in the 2008 revival
†† Titled "The Strip" in the 2008 revival[9] and on the recording of the 1989 revival.[10]
- In the 1973 London and 1974 Broadway productions, this number featured an extended dance sequence in the middle of the song, which was not featured in the original score.
During the pre-Broadway tryout tour, several songs were cut, including a song for Herbie called "Nice She Ain't" (cut because it was given to Jack Klugman one week prior to opening and he could not memorize the keys and staging one week before. ),[5] and a song for Baby June and Baby Louise titled "Mama's Talkin' Soft". The latter song was cut because the staging required the little girls to stand on a platform elevated above the stage, and the young actress playing Baby Louise was terrified. It was also cut because the show was running too long.[5]"Mama's Talkin' Soft" was later recorded by Petula Clark and released as a single in the UK in 1959.[11] Other cut songs include "Mother's Day", a song for Baby June's act, "Smile, Girls", which involves Rose trying to teach the untalented girls to smile in order to make the act look good, "Who Needs Him?", which Rose sings to herself after Herbie leaves Rose, and "Three Wishes for Christmas", a burlesque number similar to one that would be performed at Minsky's Burlesque.[12]
Productions
Original production
The original Broadway production opened on May 21, 1959 at The Broadway Theatre and subsequently transferred to the Imperial Theatre, running for 702 performances after two previews. The show was produced by David Merrick and directed/choreographed by Jerome Robbins. Ethel Merman starred as Rose, with Jack Klugman as Herbie and Sandra Church as Louise. The orchestrations, including a thrilling overture,[13] were supplied by Sid Ramin and Robert Ginzler.
Critic Frank Rich has referred to Robbins' work as one of the most influential stagings of a musical in American theatrical history.[2] The original production received eight Tony Award nominations, including Best Musical, Best Actress in a Musical, Best Featured Actor in a Musical, Best Featured Actress in a Musical, Best Scenic Design, Best Costume Design and Best Direction of a Musical, but failed to win any.
When the show closed in March 1961, two national touring companies toured the US. The first company starred Merman and opened in March 1961 at the Rochester, New York Auditorium, and closed in December 1961 at the American, St. Louis, Missouri. The second national company starred Mitzi Green as Rose, followed by Mary McCarty, and a young Bernadette Peters in various ensemble roles. It opened in September 1961 at the Shubert Theatre, Detroit and closed in January 1962 at the Hanna, Cleveland, Ohio.
1973 London production
In 1973, it was announced that Elaine Stritch would be starring in the first London production of the show. However, when ticket sales proved to be unsuccessful, producers hired the more familiar Angela Lansbury. (According to Craig Zadan, "The ...producers were not able to raise the required capital on Stritch's name, and the promise of a new production...became ominously distant."[14]) The London production opened at the Piccadilly Theatre in the West End on May 29, 1973 and closed on March 2, 1974 after 300 performances. It was produced by Barry M. Brown and Fritz Holt, in association with Edgar Lansbury (Angela's brother) and directed by the show's author, Arthur Laurents with choreography reproduced by Robert Tucker. The supporting cast featured Zan Charisse, Barry Ingham, Debbie Bowen and Bonnie Langford.
1974 Broadway Revival
On September 23, 1974, Lansbury's West End production transferred to Broadway's Winter Garden Theatre for a planned limited run of 120 performances after four previews. The cast remained mostly the same in New York, except that Rex Robbins played Herbie, Maureen Moore (later Bernadette Peters' understudy as Rose in the 2003 revival) played the adult June, and Mary Louise Wilson was Tessie Tura. Angela Lansbury, having reprised her role as Rose, won the 1975 Tony Award.
1989 Broadway Revival
On November 16, 1989, a second revival opened on Broadway at the St. James Theatre, and then moved to the Marquis Theatre. This production ran for 476 performances after 23 previews. Laurents returned as director, with Tyne Daly as Rose, Jonathan Hadary as Herbie and Crista Moore as Louise. Linda Lavin and Jamie Ross replaced Daly and Hadary respectively. This production won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival and Daly won the Tony Award for her performance.
2003 Broadway Revival
A brand new production, without the supervision of Laurents, opened on May 1, 2003, at Broadway's Shubert Theatre. Directed by Sam Mendes and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell, it starred Bernadette Peters as Rose with John Dossett as Herbie, Tammy Blanchard as Louise, Kate Reinders as June and David Burtka as Tulsa. New York Times theatre critic Ben Brantley wrote that Peters, "a beloved eternal daughter of the American musical", was the first "to have broken the Merman mold."[15] This production became somewhat controversial when Peters missed performances during previews and early in the run due to illness. The production was expected to recoup a little more than half its $8 million investment.[16] The show closed on May 30, 2004 after 451 performances and 33 previews. The production was nominated for four Tony Awards, including Best Revival of a Musical and Best Actress in a Musical.
Patti LuPone had voiced interest in playing Rose in this production, but author Arthur Laurents had reportedly banned her from any future work with his involvement, as she had previously walked out on a production of Jolson Sings Again, written by Laurents, in 1995.[17]
Laurents has since expressed disappointment in this production, and especially in Mendes's direction. In his 2009 book, Mainly on Directing "Gypsy", "West Side Story" and Other Musicals, he states that Mendes does not have the "musical in his bones". The basis of the book stemmed from a series of notes that Laurents had given to Mendes, instructing him on how to direct the production.[18]
2008 Broadway revival
Patti LuPone had performed in Gypsy prior to Broadway. She has stated that when she was thirteen years old, she starred as Louise in a high-school production of the show. In August 2006, she starred in a semi-staged concert production of Gypsy at the Chicago Ravinia Festival, directed by Lonny Price and accompanied by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.[19]
Enough excitement was generated around LuPone playing the role of Rose, that producers were eager to see Price's production, with the hope of moving it to New York. Jack Viertel, of City Center Encores! saw the production and was so impressed that he contacted Arthur Laurents, requesting him to direct a new fully staged production of the show for a new program, as part of the Encores! series. From July 9 to 29, 2007, the show was presented at City Center with LuPone once again. Directed by Arthur Laurents, the presentation also featured Laura Benanti as Louise, Boyd Gaines as Herbie and Leigh Ann Larkin as June. Lenora Nemetz, Marilyn Caskey, and Alison Fraser played the strippers Mazeppa, Electra, and Tessie Tura.
LuPone recounted in her memoirs that, when Laurents began directing this production, he based his direction initially on the 1989 revival, "because, I think that in Arthur's mind, the Tyne Daly 'Gypsy' had been the last successful production." However, the cast "questioned Arthur relentlessly about...the scenes", and he "tossed the old prompt book out and freed" the actors to explore.[20]
The Encores! production was a success, and despite Ben Brantley's slightly negative review of LuPone's performance in the New York Times, the show transferred to Broadway, where it opened at the St. James Theatre on March 27, 2008. Brantley gave the production a rave review, praising LuPone, Laurents and the rest of the cast, and describing the characterizations in the production:
"You see, everyone's starved for attention in 'Gypsy.' That craving, after all, is the motor that keeps showbiz puttering along. And Mr. Laurents makes sure that we sense that hunger in everyone.... I was so caught up in the emotional wrestling matches between the characters (and within themselves), that I didn't really think about the songs as songs.... There is no separation at all between song and character, which is what happens in those uncommon moments when musicals reach upward to achieve their ideal reasons to be."[21]
This production won numerous awards including the Tony Awards and Drama Desk Awards for LuPone, Gaines and Benanti. The show was originally scheduled to close in March 2009 on Lupone's final performance, but closed on January 11, 2009 due to decreases in ticket sales.[22] Like the 2003 production, this revival also closed at a loss. When it closed it played 332 performances and 27 previews. On the eve before the final curtain call, Patti LuPone made news when she literally stopped the show in the middle of the song "Rose's Turn", to scold a patron for taking illegal photographs during the performance.
Other Productions
- 1992 Argentinian production
The production opened at the Teatro Astral in Buenos Aires, directed by Víctor García Peralta. Mabel Manzotti starred. The cast includes Sandra Guida, as Gypsy; Eleonora Wexler, Luis Medina Castro, Ambar La Fox, Kristine Philbrook.
- 1998 Mexico production
The production opened at the Teatro Silvia Pinal in Mexico City, produced and directed by the well-know actress Silvia Pinal (legendary Luis Buñuel's Viridiana muse). Pinal and her daughter, the rock singer Alejandra Guzmán starred. Guzmán was replaced by Irán Castillo.
- 1998 Paper Mill Playhouse
Betty Buckley and Deborah Gibson starred in a production of the show at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey. Laura Bell Bundy played June. It was rumored to be Broadway bound, but this did not materialize.
- 2005 Shaw Festival production
This production ran in rep at the Shaw Festival, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario starring Nora McLellan as Rose and Julie Martell as Louise. Martell understudied Tammy Blanchard in the 2003 Broadway revival. Also, Kate Hennig, who has appeared on Broadway as Ms. Wilkinson in Billy Elliot, played Ms. Cratchitt as well as understudying and playing Rose at certain scheduled performances.[23]
- 2007 North American tour
Gypsy was presented by Phoenix Entertainment with Kathy Halenda starring as Rose and Missy Dowse as Louise. The production was directed by Sam Viverto and assisted by Aja Kane. Principal casting also included Ruby Lewis as June, Rachel Abrams as Mazeppa, Claire Norden as Baby June, Loriann Freda as Tessie Tura, Nick Hamel as Herbie, and Maria Egler as Electra. The tour ended in May 2008.
- 2012 Leicester UK revival
Australian actress/singer Caroline O'Connor will star as Rose in a new production of the show at the Curve theatre in Leicester, England. This revival will be directed by artistic director Paul Kerryson, and will run from March 13 to April 14, 2012.[24]
Film and TV versions
Rosalind Russell, Karl Malden, and Natalie Wood starred in the 1962 Warner Bros. film adaptation of the musical. Russell won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for her portrayal of Rose.
Gypsy was also adapted as 1993 television movie with Bette Midler playing Rose. Cynthia Gibb portrayed Louise and Jennifer Beck portrayed Dainty June. Bette Midler won the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV; Michael Rafter won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Direction. This production was a rare example of a film/TV project in which some of the songs are sung live, and not Lip synced to a prerecorded track.[25]
In January 2011 the New York Post reported that Barbra Streisand is in negotiations to produce, direct and star in a new film version of Gypsy. In an interview with the New York Post, Arthur Laurents said: "We've talked about it a lot, and she knows what she's doing. She has my approval." He said that he would not write the screenplay.[26][27] In a claryfying statement and report, the New York Times wrote that Streisand would star, but would not produce or direct. Streisand's spokesperson confirmed that "there have been conversations".[28] However, Frank Rizzo of courant.com reported on March 12, 2011 that the film with Streisand "is not going to happen, according to playwright-director Arthur Laurents, one of the rights holders to the work."[29]
Stage casts
Principal casts and directors of the Broadway and West End stage productions of Gypsy (Original Broadway Cast and Revivals) (this list shows original cast only, not replacements):
| Productions | Rose | Louise | Dainty June | Herbie | Director |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1959 Original Broadway | Ethel Merman | Sandra Church | Lane Bradbury | Jack Klugman | Jerome Robbins |
| 1973 West End | Angela Lansbury | Zan Charisse | Maureen Moore | Barrie Ingham | Arthur Laurents |
| 1989 Broadway Revival | Tyne Daly | Crista Moore | Tracy Venner | Jonathan Hadary | Arthur Laurents |
| 2003 Broadway Revival | Bernadette Peters | Tammy Blanchard | Kate Reinders | John Dossett | Sam Mendes |
| 2008 Broadway Revival | Patti LuPone | Laura Benanti | Leigh Ann Larkin | Boyd Gaines | Arthur Laurents |
Recordings
There are recordings of each of the Broadway and London productions, as well as the film and television productions. The original 1959 and revival 2003 cast albums each won the Grammy Award, Best Original Cast Show Album.
The original Broadway cast album is notable as Ethel Merman's first recording in the then-new stereophonic sound technology. Motion pictures recorded in stereo had been steadily made since 1953, and stereo was first used on magnetic tape in 1954, but it was not until 1958, a year before Gypsy opened, that it became possible to use this technology on records.
The 1974 Broadway recording was not an actual recording of the Broadway revival, but a remix of the London Cast recording of 1973 with a new recording of "Some People".
The 2008 Broadway cast recording was released August 28, 2008.
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
| Year | Award Ceremony | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1959 | Tony Award | Best Musical | Nominated | |
| Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical | Ethel Merman | Nominated | ||
| Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical | Jack Klugman | Nominated | ||
| Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical | Sandra Church | Nominated | ||
| Best Direction of a Musical | Jerome Robbins | Nominated | ||
| Best Conductor and Musical Director | Milton Rosenstick | Nominated | ||
| Best Scenic Design | Jo Mielziner | Nominated | ||
| Best Costume Design | Raoul Pène Du Bois | Nominated | ||
1974 Broadway revival
| Year | Award Ceremony | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | Drama Desk Award | Outstanding Actress in a Musical | Angela Lansbury | Won |
| Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical | Bonnie Langford | Won | ||
| Outstanding Director of a Musical | Arthur Laurents | Won | ||
| Tony Award | Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical | Angela Lansbury | Won | |
| Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical | Zan Charisse | Nominated | ||
| Best Direction of a Musical | Arthur Laurents | Nominated |
1989 Broadway revival
| Year | Award Ceremony | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Drama Desk Award | Outstanding Revival of a Musical | Won | |
| Outstanding Actress in a Musical | Tyne Daly | Won | ||
| Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical | Jonathan Hadary | Nominated | ||
| Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical | Crista Moore | Nominated | ||
| Tony Award | Best Revival of a Musical | Won | ||
| Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical | Tyne Daly | Won | ||
| Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical | Jonathan Hadary | Nominated | ||
| Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical | Crista Moore | Nominated | ||
2003 Broadway revival
| Year | Award Ceremony | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Drama Desk Award | Outstanding Revival of a Musical | Nominated | |
| Outstanding Actress in a Musical | Bernadette Peters | Nominated | ||
| Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical | John Dossett | Nominated | ||
| Tony Award | Best Revival of a Musical | Nominated | ||
| Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical | Bernadette Peters | Nominated | ||
| Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical | John Dossett | Nominated | ||
| Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical | Tammy Blanchard | Nominated | ||
2008 Broadway revival
References
- ^ Brantley, Ben. "New Momma Takes Charge" New York Times May 2, 2003
- ^ a b c Rich, Frank. The Hot Seat:Theater Criticism for The New York Times, 1980-1993 Random House, 1998, ISBN 100679453008
- ^ a b Barnes, Clive. "Gypsy Bounces Back With Zest and Lilt" New York Times, September 24, 1974.
- ^ Millstein, Gilbert. "Culled From a Stripper's Past", The New York Times, May 17, 1959, p. X1
- ^ a b c Zadan, Craig.Sondheim & Co., Second Edition (1986), pp37-39, pp50-51, ISBN 0-06-015649-X
- ^ Kerr, Walter. "Two Musicals We Need Have Checked In" The New York Times, December 17, 1989, p. H7
- ^ NPR story npr.org, April 13, 2008
- ^ a b Rich, Frank."Theatre – 'Gypsy': Then, Now and Always"The New York Times, May 4, 2003, p.AR1 (Retrieved May 6, 2008)
- ^ IBDB for 2008 revival
- ^ 1989 Album tracklist
- ^ Petula Clark discography at PetulaClark.net
- ^ Sondheim, Stephen, Finishing the Hat, New York: Alfred Knopf, 2010 p. 58-77 ISBN 978-0-679-43907-3
- ^ Kantor, Michael and Laurence Maslon, Broadway: The American Musical, Bulfinch Press, New York, p. 286.
- ^ Zadan, Craig. Sondheim & Co. (1974, 1986 2nd Ed.), Harper & Row, ISBN 0-06-015649-X, p. 54
- ^ Brantley, Ben."New Momma Takes Charge"The New York Times, May 2, 2003
- ^ "Final Curtain to Fall on 'Gypsy' May 30"The New York Times April 22, 2004
- ^ Green, Jesse."Let Her Entertain You. Please!, page 2"The New York Times, July 8, 2007
- ^ Laurents, Arthur. Mainly on Directing: 'Gypsy', 'West Side Story', and Other Musicals. Random House, Inc., 2009, ISBN 0-307-27088-2, p. 7
- ^ Gans, Andrew. Patti's Turn: LuPone Is Mama Rose in Ravinia's Gypsy Beginning Aug. 11" playbill.com, August 11, 2006
- ^ LuPone, Patti. "'Gypsy'" Patti LuPone: A Memoir, Random House, Inc., 2010, ISBN 0307460738, p. 288
- ^ Brantley, Ben."Curtain Up! It’s Patti’s Turn",New York Times, March 28, 2008
- ^ Gans, Andrew."LuPone Gypsy Will Now Close in January 2009" playbill.com, December 14, 2008
- ^ DePalma, Kristen.Shawfest plays up the art of striptease with Gypsy media.www.brockpress.com, May 24, 2005
- ^ Shenton, Mark."Caroline O'Connor to Star as Mama Rose in New U.K. Production of 'Gyspy' at Leicester's Curve" playbill.com, May 17, 2011
- ^ "It's surely the first time in a long time that the actors singing the songs are actually singing them, instead of just moving their lips to a pre-recording." Hodges, Ann. "Cast shines in latest version of musical hit 'Gypsy'", The Houston Chronicle, December 12, 1993, Section: Television, p. 3
- ^ Riedel, Michael. "Babs Comes up Rose" New York Post, January 5, 2011 (updated from January 4, 2011)
- ^ Gans, Andrew. Will Barbra Streisand Star and Direct New Film Version of Gypsy?" playbill.com, January 5, 2011 (updated)
- ^ Healy, Patrick. "Streisand in Talks to Play Mama Rose in Film Remake of 'Gypsy'" The New York Times, January 5, 2011
- ^ Streisand/"Gypsy" Film Project a No-Go, Says Arthur Laurents" Hartford Courant (courant.com), March 12, 2011