Galindian language: Difference between revisions
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* Proto-Baltic ''*Galind-'' meaning 'outsider' ({{lang-lt|gãlas}} 'wall; border').<ref>{{cite book|first=Kazimieras|last=Būga|year=1924|language=lt|title=Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai|trans-title=The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives|place=Kaunas}}</ref> This is supported by the etymology of the common Old Russian term for the Galindians {{lang-ru|Голядь}} {{lang|ru-latn|Goljad'}} > *golędь > Baltic *Galind-); |
* Proto-Baltic ''*Galind-'' meaning 'outsider' ({{lang-lt|gãlas}} 'wall; border').<ref>{{cite book|first=Kazimieras|last=Būga|year=1924|language=lt|title=Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai|trans-title=The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives|place=Kaunas}}</ref> This is supported by the etymology of the common Old Russian term for the Galindians {{lang-ru|Голядь}} {{lang|ru-latn|Goljad'}} > *golędь > Baltic *Galind-); |
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* It is derived from the root *gal-/*gil found in Baltic Hydronyms;<ref>{{cite book|last=Nalepa|first=Jerzy|year=1971|chapter=Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź|language=pl|trans-chapter=Proposal of a new etymology of the name Galindia or Golędź|title=Opuscula slavica 1|series=Slaviska och baltiska studier|volume=9|publisher=Slaviska institutionen vid Lunds universitet|place=Lund|pages=93-115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Vytautas|last=Mažiulis|author-link=Vytautas Mažiulis|year=1981|pages=318-319|title=Prūsų kalbos paminklai|trans-title=Monuments of the Prussian language|language=lt|publisher=Mokslas|volume=II|place=Vilnius}}</ref> and |
* It is derived from the root *gal-/*gil found in Baltic Hydronyms;<ref>{{cite book|last=Nalepa|first=Jerzy|year=1971|chapter=Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź|language=pl|trans-chapter=Proposal of a new etymology of the name Galindia or Golędź|title=Opuscula slavica 1|series=Slaviska och baltiska studier|volume=9|publisher=Slaviska institutionen vid Lunds universitet|place=Lund|pages=93-115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Vytautas|last=Mažiulis|author-link=Vytautas Mažiulis|year=1981|pages=318-319|title=Prūsų kalbos paminklai|trans-title=Monuments of the Prussian language|language=lt|publisher=Mokslas|volume=II|place=Vilnius}}</ref> and |
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* The name means "the powerful ones" ({{lang-lt|galià}} 'power, strengh') and also Celtic languages ({{lang-ga|gal}} 'strengh', {{lang-cy|gallus}} 'power', Galli, Gallia).<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmid|first=Wolfgang P.|year=1998|chapter=Galinder|trans-chapter=Galindians|title=Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde|language=de|volume=10|edition=2nd revised and enlarged|editor-first1=Heinrich|editor-last1=Beck|editor-first2=Dieter|editor-last2=Geuenich|editor-first3=Heiko|editor-last3=Steuer|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|pages=325-327|isbn=978-3-11-015102-2}}</ref> |
* The name means "the powerful ones" ({{lang-lt|galià}} 'power, strengh') and also Celtic languages ({{lang-ga|gal}} 'strengh', {{lang-cy|gallus}} 'power', Galli, Gallia).<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmid|first=Wolfgang P.|year=1998|chapter=Galinder|trans-chapter=Galindians|title=Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde|trans-title=Dictionary of Germanic antiquities|language=de|volume=10|edition=2nd revised and enlarged|editor-first1=Heinrich|editor-last1=Beck|editor-first2=Dieter|editor-last2=Geuenich|editor-first3=Heiko|editor-last3=Steuer|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|pages=325-327|isbn=978-3-11-015102-2}}</ref> |
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==Proposed relation== |
==Proposed relation== |
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Revision as of 17:48, 20 November 2022
| Galindan | |
|---|---|
| Galindian | |
| Region | North-eastern Poland |
| Extinct | Fourteenth century |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xgl |
xgl | |
| Glottolog | None |
The term Galindian is sometimes ascribed to two separate Baltic languages, both of which where peripheral dialects:
- First, a Western Baltic language referred to as West Galindian; and
- Second, a Baltic language previously spoken in Mozhaysk region (present day Russia), referred to as East Galindian[1]
Name
There are three poposed etymologies for the denomination Galindian:[2]: 308–309
- Proto-Baltic *Galind- meaning 'outsider' (Lithuanian: gãlas 'wall; border').[3] This is supported by the etymology of the common Old Russian term for the Galindians Russian: Голядь Goljad' > *golędь > Baltic *Galind-);
- It is derived from the root *gal-/*gil found in Baltic Hydronyms;[4][5] and
- The name means "the powerful ones" (Lithuanian: galià 'power, strengh') and also Celtic languages (Irish: gal 'strengh', Welsh: gallus 'power', Galli, Gallia).[6]
Proposed relation
Based on the common name used for the two people by ancient authors, some scientists propose a common origine of the two people and languages.[2]: 309 [7] In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between Old Prussian/West Galindian and East Galindian.[2]: 309–310
West Galindian
West Galindian is the poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Galindians previously spoken in what is today North-eastern Poland and thought to have been a dialect of Old Prussian,[2]: 290 or a Western Baltic language similar to Old Prussian.[8] There are no extant writings in Galindian.
East Galindian
East Galindian is the poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Balts living in the Protva Basin in present-day Russia.[2]: 307
References
- ^ "galindai" [The Galindians]. Visuotinę lietuvių enciklopediją (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
- ^ a b c d e Dini, Pietro U. (2014). Foundations of Baltic languages. Translated by Richardson, Milda B.; Richardson, Robert E. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. ISBN 978-609-437-263-6.
- ^ Būga, Kazimieras (1924). Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai [The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives] (in Lithuanian). Kaunas.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Nalepa, Jerzy (1971). "Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź" [Proposal of a new etymology of the name Galindia or Golędź]. Opuscula slavica 1. Slaviska och baltiska studier (in Polish). Vol. 9. Lund: Slaviska institutionen vid Lunds universitet. pp. 93–115.
- ^ Mažiulis, Vytautas (1981). Prūsų kalbos paminklai [Monuments of the Prussian language] (in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Vilnius: Mokslas. pp. 318–319.
- ^ Schmid, Wolfgang P. (1998). "Galinder" [Galindians]. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde [Dictionary of Germanic antiquities] (in German). Vol. 10 (2nd revised and enlarged ed.). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 325–327. ISBN 978-3-11-015102-2.
- ^ Otrębski, Jan Szczepan (1958). "Zagadnienie Galindów" [The Problem of Galindians]. In Gieysztor, Aleksander (ed.). Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego [Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. pp. 37–41.
- ^ Tarasov, Iliya (January 2017). "The Balts in the migration period". Istoričeskij Format Исторический Формат (in Russian). 3–4: 95–124.
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