Geel: Difference between revisions

Gheel
Municipality
The 'Markt' in Gheel with the Church of Sint-Amands The 'Markt' in Gheel with the Church of Sint-Amands
Flag of Gheel Flag Coat of arms of Gheel Coat of arms
Location of Gheel
Gheel Location in Belgium Location of Gheel in the province of Antwerp File:GheelLocatie.png
Coordinates: 51°10′N 05°00′E
Country	Belgium
Community	Flemish Community
Region	Flemish Region
Province	Antwerp
Arrondissement	Turnhout
Government
• Mayor	Vera Celis (N-VA)
• Governing party/ies	N-VA, CD&V
Area
• Total	110.2 km2 (42.5 sq mi)
Population  (2022-01-01)
• Total	41,146
• Density	370/km2 (970/sq mi)
Postal codes	2440
NIS code	13008
Area codes	014
Website	www.geel.be

Gheel (Dutch pronunciation: [ɣeːl]) is a city located in the Belgian province of Antwerp, which acquired city status in the 1980s. It comprises Central-Gheel which is constituted of 4 old parishes a/o towns: Sint-Amand, Sint-Dimpna, Holven and Elsum. Further on around the center are the parish-towns of Ten Aard (N), Bel (E), Winkelomheide (SE), Stelen, Oosterlo and Zammel (S), Punt (SW) and Larum (W). On December 31, 2016, Gheel had a total population of 39,535. The total area is 109.85 km² (42 sq mi) which gives a population density of 320 inhabitants per km². Gheel’s patron saint, the Irish Saint Dymphna, inspired the town’s pioneering de-institutionalized method of care for the mentally ill.

History

Origins and Middle Ages

Archaeological finds in the area point to Iron Age settlements, but the name of Gheel (until mid-20th century spelled as Gheel) hails from a Germanic root meaning “yellow” and dates from the early Middle Ages. A hamlet already existed in the mid-13th century, at which time a certain Petrus Cameracencis, canon of Cambrai, wrote the Vita Sanctae Dimpnae (i.e., life of Saint Dymphna, an Irish woman) set in Gheel according to oral tradition. The cult of the saint attracted numerous pilgrims to the area, leading to a substantial population growth: 2,136 inhabitants in 1374.

In the 12th century, the extended territory around Geel was given to the Grimbergen Abbey. It then became property of one noble family after another throughout medieval times. The noble lords or dames were masters of their community, but pledged feudal allegiance to the Dukes of Brabant. Some form of municipal government was granted to Gheel as early as the first half of the 13th century. Throughout the Middle Ages to the end of the 18th century, the history of Gheel follows that of the Duchy of Brabant. During all this time, the economy of the city depended on the breeding of sheep for the cloth industry, complemented by the cultivation of flax for the manufacture and trade of linen. A cloth hall was built at the beginning of the 15th century, which was later transformed into the city hall. The Eighty Years' War greatly damaged the Geel economy as well as its buildings and churches. The textile industry recovered to last until the early 19th century, but the economy was now mostly supported by agriculture, specifically rye, oat, barley, and buckwheat. Gheel was also known at that time for its Latin School, which attracted students from far away to prepare them for entry at the Catholic University of Leuven.

From the French Revolution until today

In 1795, the Duchy of Brabant was dissolved and Gheel made part of the French department of Deux-Nèthes, the precursor of the present province of Antwerp. The nobles and clerics of the Ancien Régime gave way to a mayor, who was now answerable to the town’s people. Geel actively participated in the Belgian Revolution of 1830, resulting in the award of an honorary flag from King Leopold II. The 19th century also saw the building of several new churches at the demand of the various parishes. A major occurrence in the history of Gheel is the battle of Gheel (also referred to as the "Gheel bridgehead") in September 1944, one of the heaviest and bloodiest fights during the liberation of Belgium. Eventually the territory of Gheel, and the smaller villages around it, were finally liberated on September 23, but it had claimed numerous military and civilian casualties.

A model of psychiatric care

Gheel is well known for the early adoption of de-institutionalization in psychiatric care. This practice is based on the positive effects that placement in a host family gives the patient, most importantly access to family life that would otherwise have been denied. The legendary 7th-century Saint Dymphna, who had fled to the Gheel area from Ireland, is usually credited with this type of care. The earliest Gheel infirmary and the model where patients go into town, interact with the community during the day, and return to the hospital at night to sleep, date from the 13th century.

Originally, this practice was religiously motivated and organized by a chapter of canons, attached to the church of Saint Dymphna. By the 18th century, however, the placement of patients was mostly done directly, without the intervention of the canons. The number of patients grew in proportion to the growing city’s reputation abroad and the economic benefits flowing to the city provided further motivation to the inhabitants. Attracted by the gentle care of patients, Vincent van Gogh's father considered sending his famous son to Geel in 1880. The high point came in 1938, with a total of 3,736 placed patients, compared with only 700 a hundred years earlier.

This novel type of psychiatric care was evaluated by various other institutions around the world (see for instance Eastern State Hospital in Virginia), but often seen as too revolutionary to implement. It is only in the early 20th century that the idea of deinstitutionalization was adopted more widely elsewhere. Today, a modern psychiatric centre stands on the place of the old infirmary, and close to 500 patients are still placed with inhabitants.

The fact that people with mental illness are living with relatively non-judgmental (formerly) strangers and not with family members has been cited as a partial explanation of the success of this model, because it creates an environment that avoids emotional over-involvement, critical comments, and hostility (measured collectively in psychiatry as "expressed emotion"). Another aspect cited as helpful is that people with mental illness are allowed to live their lives relatively freely, without being labeled as "broken" or "in recovery".

Sights

• The market square, facing the Sint-Amands church and bordered by attractive café terraces, is the focal point of the city. The oldest part of the city hall dates from the 17th century. Not far away, the Sint-Dimpna church marks the place where the saint was buried.
• Gheel is located along the river Nete, in the Campine region noted for varied landscape of forests and dunes.
• Nature reserve De Zegge, belonging to the society which owns the Antwerp Zoo.
• Among the city's attractions one counts a field of orchids, a centenary linden tree, three wind mills, a military cemetery, and a handful a museums including a clock museum, a lamp museum, and an old bakery. The Saint-Alexis college is emblazoned with Art Nouveau sgraffiti by Gabriel Van Dievoet.

File:Belgium Gheel 05.jpg

Geel train station

Education

Gheel is a regional educational centre with several basic schools, high schools and the Katholieke Hogeschool Kempen as an institute for higher education.

The European School, Mol is in Mol, near Gheel.

Economic activity

Gheel is a regional agricultural, industrial, and commercial center offering medical and educational services to the neighboring communities. The city is the location of a Janssen Pharmaceutica chemical factory and a production site for the biotech company Genzyme. It also hosts the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, which is one of the seven scientific institutes of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre. Innotek a technology centre and CIPAL are located in Gheel. The town is also the home of the influential Brandweerinformatiecentrum voor gevaarlijke stoffen/Information Centre for Dangerous Goods (BIG).

Sports and cultural events

• Gheel is home to the former football club K.F.C. Verbroedering Geel. Due to bankruptcy, Verbroedering Geel merged with the local football club of the neighbouring village of Meerhout. The newly created football club was named Verbroedering Geel-Meerhout.
• The Reggae Geel festival, one of the larger reggae festivals in Europe, takes place usually early in August just outside the city centre.

Notable inhabitants

• Patrik Vankrunkelsven, physician and politician (b. 1957)
• Ludo Dierckxsens, racing cyclist (b. 1964)
• Marc Goossens, race car driver (b. 1969)
• Jan Heylen, racecar driver (b. 1980)
• Sepp De Roover, soccer player (b. 1984)
• Kirsten Flipkens, tennis player (b. 1986)
• Alois Verwaest, physician, poet, playwright and doctor (Jan 28th, 1900 - June 6, 1981)
• Kevin Strijbos, motocross racer (b. 1985)
• Eddy Voordeckers, soccer player (b. 1960)

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Belgium

Twin towns — Sister cities

Gheel is twinned with:

• Ireland: Tydavnet, County Monaghan
• Germany: Xanten

References

Further reading

• Jay, Mike (9 January 2014). "The Gheel question". Aeon.
• "A Report on the Care of the Insane Poor: II—Old Gheel". British Medical Journal. 1 (2298): 96. 14 January 1905. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2298.96. PMC 2318836. PMID 20761871.
• "A Report on the Care of the Insane Poor: III—Modern Gheel". British Medical Journal. 1 (2299): 150–3. 21 January 1905. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2299.150. PMC 2318899. PMID 20761887.

External links

•  "A Free Colony of Lunatics" in Popular Science Monthly Volume 28, November 1885
• Goldstein, J. "Geel, Belgium: A Model of 'Community Recovery'". Birmingham, AL: Psychology Department, Samford University.
• Geel official website – in Dutch language
• Geel Online - popular website among the youth of Geel, in Dutch language