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{{Short description|Type of barnacle}}
{{distinguish|Barnacle goose}}
{{distinguish|Barnacle goose}}
{{Paraphyletic group
{{Taxobox
| auto = yes
⚫
| name = Pedunculata
| image = Pollicipes cornucopia.jpg
| image = Pollicipes cornucopia.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Pollicipes pollicipes]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Pollicipes pollicipes]]''
⚫
| taxon = Pedunculata
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1818
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| subphylum = [[Crustacean|Crustacea]]
| classis = [[Hexanauplia]]
| infraclassis = [[Barnacle|Cirripedia]]
| superordo = [[Thoracica]]
| ordo = '''Pedunculata'''
| ordo_authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1818&nbsp;<ref>{{ITIS |id=621153 |taxon=Pedunculata Lamarck, 1818 |accessdate=May 6, 2011}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Goose barnacles''' (order '''Pedunculata'''), also called '''stalked barnacles''' or '''gooseneck barnacles''', are [[filter feeding|filter-feeding]] [[crustacean]]s that live attached to hard surfaces of [[rocks]] and [[flotsam]] in the ocean [[intertidal zone]].
'''Goose barnacles''', also called '''percebes''' or '''turtle-claw barnacles''' or '''stalked barnacles''' or '''gooseneck barnacles''', are [[filter feeding|filter-feeding]] [[crustacean]]s that live attached to hard surfaces of [[rock (geology)|rock]]s and [[flotsam]] in the ocean [[intertidal zone]]. Goose barnacles formerly made up the taxonomic [[order (taxonomy)|order]] '''Pedunculata''', but the group has been found to be [[polyphyletic]], with its members scattered across multiple orders of the infraclass [[Thoracica]].<ref name=Chan2021/><ref name=Buckeridge2006/><ref name=worms/>


== Biology ==
== Biology ==
[[File:Gooseneckbarnacles.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.4|''[[Lepas anatifera]]'' in [[Thailand]]]]
[[File:Gooseneckbarnacles.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Lepas anatifera]]'' in [[Thailand]]]]
[[File:Goose Barnacles in a cave south of Cannon Beach, Oregon, Aug 2016.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.4|Gooseneck barnacles reaching down from the top of a tidal cave in Oregon]]
[[File:Goose Barnacles in a cave south of Cannon Beach, Oregon, Aug 2016.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|Gooseneck barnacles reaching down from the top of a tidal cave in Oregon]]


Some species of goose barnacles such as ''[[Lepas anatifera]]'' are [[pelagic]] and are most frequently found on [[:wikt:tidewrack|tidewrack]] on oceanic coasts. Unlike most other types of [[barnacles]], intertidal goose barnacles (e.g. ''[[Pollicipes pollicipes]]'' and ''[[Pollicipes polymerus]]'') depend on water motion rather than the movement of their [[cirrus (biology)|cirri]] for feeding, and are therefore found only on exposed or moderately exposed coasts.
Some species of goose barnacles such as ''[[Lepas anatifera]]'' are [[pelagic]] and are most frequently found on [[:wikt:tidewrack|tidewrack]] on oceanic coasts. Unlike most other types of [[barnacles]], intertidal goose barnacles (e.g. ''[[Pollicipes pollicipes]]'' and ''[[Pollicipes polymerus]]'') depend on water motion rather than the movement of their [[cirrus (biology)|cirri]] for feeding, so are found only on exposed or moderately exposed coasts.


== Spontaneous generation ==
== Spontaneous generation ==
{{main|Barnacle goose myth}}
{{main|Barnacle goose myth}}
[[File:PSM V04 D585 The goose tree.jpg|thumb|upright|"The goose-tree" from [[John Gerard|Gerard's]] ''Herbal'' (1597), displaying the belief that goose barnacles produced barnacle geese.]]
[[File:PSM V04 D585 The goose tree.jpg|thumb|upright|"The goose-tree" from [[John Gerard|Gerard's]] ''Herbal'' (1597), displaying the belief that goose barnacles produced barnacle geese.]]
In the days before it was realised that [[bird]]s [[bird migration|migrate]], it was thought that [[barnacle geese]], ''Branta leucopsis'', developed from this crustacean, since they were never seen to [[nest]] in temperate [[Europe]],<ref name="Allaby">{{cite book |author=Michael Allaby |year=2009 |title=Animals: from Mythology to Zoology |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8160-6101-3 |chapter=Barnacles |pages=75–77 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtKZ12YN9qcC&pg=PT91}}</ref> hence the [[English language|English]] names "goose barnacle", "barnacle goose" and the scientific name ''[[Lepas anserifera]]'' ({{lang-la|[[:wikt:anser|anser]]}}, "goose"). The confusion was prompted by the similarities in colour and shape. Because they were often found on [[driftwood]], it was assumed that the barnacles were attached to branches before they fell in the water. The [[archdeacon]] of [[Brecon]], [[Gerald of Wales]], made this claim in his ''[[Topographia Hiberniae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beatrice White |year=1945 |title=Whale-hunting, the barnacle goose, and the date of the "Ancrene Riwle". Three notes on Old and Middle English |journal=[[The Modern Language Review]] |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=205–207 |doi=10.2307/3716844 |jstor=3716844}}</ref>
In the days before [[bird]]s were known to [[bird migration|migrate]], [[barnacle geese]], ''Branta leucopsis'', were thought to have developed from this crustacean through [[spontaneous generation]], since they were never seen to [[nest]] in temperate Europe,<ref name="Allaby">{{cite book |author=Michael Allaby |year=2009 |title=Animals: from Mythology to Zoology |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8160-6101-3 |chapter=Barnacles |pages=75–77 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtKZ12YN9qcC&pg=PT91}}</ref> hence the [[English language|English]] names "goose barnacle" and "barnacle goose", and the scientific name ''[[Lepas anserifera]]'' ({{lang-la|[[:wikt:anser|anser]]}}, "goose"). The confusion was prompted by their similarities in colour and shape. Because they were often found on [[driftwood]], the barnacles were assumed to be attached to branches before they fell in the water. The [[archdeacon]] of [[Brecon]], [[Gerald of Wales]], made this claim in his ''[[Topographia Hiberniae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beatrice White |year=1945 |title=Whale-hunting, the barnacle goose, and the date of the "Ancrene Riwle". Three notes on Old and Middle English |journal=[[The Modern Language Review]] |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=205–207 |doi=10.2307/3716844 |jstor=3716844}}</ref>


Since barnacle geese were thought to be "neither flesh, nor born of flesh", they were allowed to be eaten on [[Meat-free day|days when eating meat was forbidden]] by [[Christianity]],<ref name="Allaby"/> though it was not universally accepted. The [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] examined barnacles and noted no evidence of any bird-like embryo in them, and the secretary of [[Leo of Rozmital]] wrote a very skeptical account of his reaction to being served the goose at a fast-day dinner in 1456.<ref>Henisch, Bridget Ann, ''Fast and Feast: Food in Medieval Society.'' The Pennsylvania State Press, University Park. 1976. {{ISBN|0-271-01230-7}}, pp. 48–49.</ref>
Since barnacle geese were thought to be "neither flesh, nor born of flesh", they were allowed to be eaten on [[Meat-free day|days when eating meat was forbidden]] by some [[Christianity|Christian churches]],<ref name="Allaby"/> though it was not universally accepted. [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] examined barnacles and noted no evidence of any bird-like embryo in them, and the secretary of [[Lev of Rozmital]] wrote a very skeptical account of his reaction to being served the goose at a fast-day dinner in 1456.<ref>Henisch, Bridget Ann, ''Fast and Feast: Food in Medieval Society.'' The Pennsylvania State Press, University Park. 1976. {{ISBN|0-271-01230-7}}, pp. 48–49.</ref>


One component of'' L. anatifera'' that continues to be researched today is the adhesive properties of its secretion. Following an observational study regarding the adhesive properties of goose barnacle, its adhesive gland cells were located inside the muscle layer on the back side of the main stalk (peduncle). These glands secrete protein-based adhesive to make attaching the barnacles to fixed or mobile items/entities possible. This research in the barnacle adhesive serves as inspiration to the healthcare community to conduct their own research in an attempt to improve medical adhesive.{{cn|date=May 2023}}
== Taxonomy ==

The order Pedunculata is divided into the following suborders and [[family (biology)|families]]:<ref name="M&D">{{cite book |url=http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf |title=An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea |author=Joel W. Martin & George E. Davis |year=2001 |pages=1–132 |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]]}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
;[[Heteralepadomorpha]] <small>Newman, 1987</small>
* [[Anelasmatidae]] <small>Gruvel, 1905</small>
* [[Heteralepadidae]] <small>Nilsson-Cantell, 1921</small>
* [[Koleolepadidae]] <small>Hiro, 1933</small>
* [[Malacolepadidae]] <small>Hiro, 1937</small>
* [[Microlepadidae]] <small>Zevina, 1980</small>
* [[Rhizolepadidae]] <small>Zevina, 1980</small>
;[[Iblomorpha]] <small>Newman, 1987</small>
* [[Iblidae]] <small>Leach, 1825</small>
;[[Lepadomorpha]] <small>Pilsbry, 1916</small>
* [[Lepadidae]] <small>Darwin, 1852</small>
* [[Oxynaspididae]] <small>Gruvel, 1905</small>
* [[Eolepadidae]]
* [[Poecilasmatidae]] <small>Annandale, 1909</small>
;[[Scalpellomorpha]] <small>Newman, 1987</small>
* [[Calanticidae]] <small>Zevina, 1978</small>
* [[Lithotryidae]] <small>Gruvel, 1905</small>
* [[Pollicipedidae]] <small>Leach, 1817</small>
* [[Scalpellidae]] <small>Pilsbry, 1907</small>
{{div col end}}


==As food==
==As food==
⚫
[[File:Percebes.iguaria.jpg|thumb|Goose barnacles served in a Spanish restaurant in [[Madrid]].]]


⚫
In [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]], ''P. pollicipes'' is a widely consumed and expensive delicacy known as '''''percebes''''', which are harvested commercially in the Iberian northern coast, mainly in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[Asturias]], but also in the southwestern Portuguese coast ([[Alentejo]]) and are also imported from other countries within its range of distribution, particularly from [[Morocco]]. A larger but less palatable species (''P. polymerus'') was also exported to Spain from [[Canada]] until 1999, when the Canadian government ceased exports due to depletion of stocks.
⚫
[[File:Percebes.iguaria.jpg|thumb|250px|Gooseneck barnacles being enjoyed in a Spanish restaurant in [[Madrid]].]]


⚫
In Spain, ''percebes'' are lightly boiled in brine and served whole and hot under a napkin. To eat them, the diamond-shaped foot is pinched between thumb and finger and the inner tube pulled out of the scaly case. The claw is removed and the remaining flesh is swallowed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/730170/Percebes-Grail-trail.html |title=Percebes: Grail trail |date=23 April 2004 |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=2024-04-07}}</ref> Historically, the [[indigenous peoples of California]] ate the stem after cooking it in hot ashes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jpvrxVA0PGYC&dq=%22Strongylocentrotus+purpuratus%22+native&pg=PA91 ''The Natural World of the California Indians'']. By Robert F. Heizer and Albert B. Elsasser. Via books.google.com, Accessed 2024-04-07</ref>
⚫
In [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]], the species ''[[Pollicipes pollicipes]]'' is a widely consumed and expensive delicacy known as ''percebes''. ''Percebes'' are harvested commercially in the Iberian northern coast, mainly in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[Asturias]], but also in the Southwestern Portuguese coast ([[Alentejo]]) and are also imported from other countries within its range of distribution, particularly from [[Morocco]]. A larger but less palatable species (''[[Pollicipes polymerus]]'') was also imported to Spain from [[Canada]] until 1999, when the Canadian government ceased exports due to depletion of stocks.

⚫
In Spain, percebes are lightly boiled in brine and served whole and hot under a napkin. To eat percebes, the diamond shaped foot is pinched between thumb and finger and the inner tube pulled out of the scaly case. The claw is removed and the remaining flesh is swallowed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/730170/Percebes-Grail-trail.html|title=Percebes: Grail trail|date=23 April 2004|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
Historically, the [[indigenous peoples of California]] used to eat the stem after cooking it in hot ashes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jpvrxVA0PGYC&pg=PA91&dq=%22Strongylocentrotus+purpuratus%22+native&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-446UbD_L6mH0QH9p4GYBg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%22Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%22%20native&f=false ''The Natural World of the California Indians'']. By Robert F. Heizer and Albert B. Elsasser.</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
⚫
{{Reflist|32em|refs=
<ref name=worms>
{{Cite web| title=World Register of Marine Species, Thoracica
|url=http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1107
|website=marinespecies.org
| access-date=2021-08-26
}}</ref>


<ref name=Chan2021>
{{Portal|Crustaceans|Arthropods}}
{{Cite journal
⚫
{{Reflist|32em}}
| title = The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms
|year = 2021
| last1 = Chan | first1 = Benny K. K.
| last2 = Dreyer | first2 = Niklas
| last3 = Gale | first3 = Andy S.
| last4 = Glenner | first4 = Henrik
| last5 = Ewers-Saucedo | first5 = Christine
| last6 = Pérez-Losada | first6 = Marcos
| last7 = Kolbasov | first7 = Gregory A.
| last8 = Crandall | first8 = Keith A.
| last9 = Høeg | first9 = Jens T.
| display-authors = 4
| journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
| volume = 193
| issue = 3
| pages = 789–846
| doi = 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160| doi-access = free
| hdl = 11250/2990967
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref>


<ref name=Buckeridge2006>
⚫
== External links ==
{{Cite journal
| title = A revision of the Iblidae and the stalked barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica), including new ordinal, familial and generic taxa, and two new species from New Zealand and Tasmanian waters
|year = 2006
| last1 = Buckeridge| first1 = John| last2 = Newman| first2 = William
| journal = Zootaxa
| volume = 1136
| page = 1
| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.1136.1.1| doi-access = free
}}</ref>
}}


⚫
== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Thoracica}}
* {{commons category-inline|Thoracica}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Pedunculata}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Thoracica}}


{{Edible crustaceans}}
{{Edible crustaceans}}
Line 79: Line 88:
[[Category:Edible crustaceans]]
[[Category:Edible crustaceans]]
[[Category:Seafood in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Seafood in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Arthropod common names]]

Revision as of 07:42, 11 August 2024

Not to be confused with Barnacle goose.

Goose barnacle
Pollicipes pollicipes
Pollicipes pollicipes
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Thecostraca
Subclass: Cirripedia
Infraclass: Thoracica
Order: Pedunculata
Lamarck, 1818

Goose barnacles, also called percebes or turtle-claw barnacles or stalked barnacles or gooseneck barnacles, are filter-feeding crustaceans that live attached to hard surfaces of rocks and flotsam in the ocean intertidal zone. Goose barnacles formerly made up the taxonomic order Pedunculata, but the group has been found to be polyphyletic, with its members scattered across multiple orders of the infraclass Thoracica.[1][2][3]

Biology

Lepas anatifera in Thailand
Gooseneck barnacles reaching down from the top of a tidal cave in Oregon

Some species of goose barnacles such as Lepas anatifera are pelagic and are most frequently found on tidewrack on oceanic coasts. Unlike most other types of barnacles, intertidal goose barnacles (e.g. Pollicipes pollicipes and Pollicipes polymerus) depend on water motion rather than the movement of their cirri for feeding, so are found only on exposed or moderately exposed coasts.

Spontaneous generation

Main article: Barnacle goose myth
"The goose-tree" from Gerard's Herbal (1597), displaying the belief that goose barnacles produced barnacle geese.

In the days before birds were known to migrate, barnacle geese, Branta leucopsis, were thought to have developed from this crustacean through spontaneous generation, since they were never seen to nest in temperate Europe,[4] hence the English names "goose barnacle" and "barnacle goose", and the scientific name Lepas anserifera (Template:Lang-la, "goose"). The confusion was prompted by their similarities in colour and shape. Because they were often found on driftwood, the barnacles were assumed to be attached to branches before they fell in the water. The archdeacon of Brecon, Gerald of Wales, made this claim in his Topographia Hiberniae.[5]

Since barnacle geese were thought to be "neither flesh, nor born of flesh", they were allowed to be eaten on days when eating meat was forbidden by some Christian churches,[4] though it was not universally accepted. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II examined barnacles and noted no evidence of any bird-like embryo in them, and the secretary of Lev of Rozmital wrote a very skeptical account of his reaction to being served the goose at a fast-day dinner in 1456.[6]

One component of L. anatifera that continues to be researched today is the adhesive properties of its secretion. Following an observational study regarding the adhesive properties of goose barnacle, its adhesive gland cells were located inside the muscle layer on the back side of the main stalk (peduncle). These glands secrete protein-based adhesive to make attaching the barnacles to fixed or mobile items/entities possible. This research in the barnacle adhesive serves as inspiration to the healthcare community to conduct their own research in an attempt to improve medical adhesive.[citation needed]

As food

Goose barnacles served in a Spanish restaurant in Madrid.

In Portugal and Spain, P. pollicipes is a widely consumed and expensive delicacy known as percebes, which are harvested commercially in the Iberian northern coast, mainly in Galicia and Asturias, but also in the southwestern Portuguese coast (Alentejo) and are also imported from other countries within its range of distribution, particularly from Morocco. A larger but less palatable species (P. polymerus) was also exported to Spain from Canada until 1999, when the Canadian government ceased exports due to depletion of stocks.

In Spain, percebes are lightly boiled in brine and served whole and hot under a napkin. To eat them, the diamond-shaped foot is pinched between thumb and finger and the inner tube pulled out of the scaly case. The claw is removed and the remaining flesh is swallowed.[7] Historically, the indigenous peoples of California ate the stem after cooking it in hot ashes.[8]

References

  1. ^ Chan, Benny K. K.; Dreyer, Niklas; Gale, Andy S.; Glenner, Henrik; et al. (2021). "The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 193 (3): 789–846. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160. hdl:11250/2990967.
  2. ^ Buckeridge, John; Newman, William (2006). "A revision of the Iblidae and the stalked barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica), including new ordinal, familial and generic taxa, and two new species from New Zealand and Tasmanian waters". Zootaxa. 1136: 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1136.1.1.
  3. ^ "World Register of Marine Species, Thoracica". marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
  4. ^ a b Michael Allaby (2009). "Barnacles". Animals: from Mythology to Zoology. Infobase Publishing. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-0-8160-6101-3.
  5. ^ Beatrice White (1945). "Whale-hunting, the barnacle goose, and the date of the "Ancrene Riwle". Three notes on Old and Middle English". The Modern Language Review. 40 (3): 205–207. doi:10.2307/3716844. JSTOR 3716844.
  6. ^ Henisch, Bridget Ann, Fast and Feast: Food in Medieval Society. The Pennsylvania State Press, University Park. 1976. ISBN 0-271-01230-7, pp. 48–49.
  7. ^ "Percebes: Grail trail". The Daily Telegraph. 23 April 2004. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  8. ^ The Natural World of the California Indians. By Robert F. Heizer and Albert B. Elsasser. Via books.google.com, Accessed 2024-04-07
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