Heisman Trophy: Difference between revisions

Heisman Trophy
Sport	College football
Awarded for	Outstanding performance which best exhibits the pursuit of excellence with integrity. Winners epitomize great ability combined with diligence, perseverance, hard work.
Presented by	The Heisman Trophy Trust (2003–present); Downtown Athletic Club (1935–2002);
History
First winner	Jay Berwanger RB, 1935
Most recent	Jayden Daniels QB, 2023
Website	www.heisman.com

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The Heisman Memorial Trophy (/ˈhaɪzmən/ HYZE-mən; also known simply as the Heisman Trophy) is awarded annually since 1935 to the most outstanding player in college football. It is considered the most prestigious award in college football and is presented by the Heisman Trophy Trust in early December. The most recent winner is former LSU Tigers quarterback Jayden Daniels.^[1]

The award was created by the Downtown Athletic Club to recognize "the most valuable college football player east of the Mississippi" and was first awarded to University of Chicago halfback Jay Berwanger.^[2]^[3] The award was given its name in 1936 after the death of the club's athletic director John Heisman and broadened to include players west of the Mississippi.^[4]^[5]

Winners

As of 2022, USC has the most Heisman trophies won with eight; Ohio State, Oklahoma, and Notre Dame each have seven; Ohio State has had six different players win the award. The closest margin of votes was in 2009 between winner Mark Ingram II of Alabama and Toby Gerhart of Stanford.^[6] Ten Heisman Trophy winners are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame,^[7]^[8] and four winners have also been named Most Valuable Player in a Super Bowl. Some winners have gone on to play in other professional sports, including Bo Jackson in baseball and Charlie Ward in basketball. Pete Dawkins and Dick Kazmaier are the only winners not to pursue a professional sports career: Dawkins had a career with the United States Army, where he achieved the rank of Brigadier General, while Kazmaier attended Harvard Business School, founded a consulting company specializing in sports marketing, and chaired the President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition in 1988–89.

Trophy

The trophy itself, designed by sculptor Frank Eliscu, is modeled after Ed Smith, a leading player in 1934 for the now-defunct New York University football team.^[9]^[10] The trophy is made out of cast bronze, is 13.5 inches (34 cm) tall, 14 inches (36 cm) long, 16 inches (41 cm) in width and weighs 45 pounds (20 kg).^[11] Eliscu had asked Smith, his former George Washington High School classmate, to pose for a commissioned sculpture of a football player. Smith did not realize until 1982 that the sculpture had become the Heisman Trophy. The Downtown Athletic Club presented Smith with a Heisman Trophy of his own in 1985.^[12]

From its inception in 1935, the statue was cast by Dieges & Clust in New York (and later Providence, Rhode Island) until 1980, when Dieges and Clust was sold to Herff Jones.^[13] For a time until at least 2008, the statues were cast by Roman Bronze Works in New York.^[14] Since 2005 the trophy has been made by MTM Recognition in Del City, Oklahoma.^[15]

Selection process

Originally only players east of the Mississippi were eligible, but since 1936 all football players playing in all divisions of college football nationwide are eligible for the award, though winners usually represent Division I Football Bowl Subdivision schools.^[16]

There are three categories of eligible voters for the award winner:

Sports journalists: Heisman.com states that sports journalists are to be the determinants of the award since they are "informed, competent, and impartial."^[17] There are 870 media voters: 145 voters from each of six regions.
Previous Heisman winners (and in cases where an underclassman wins the award and remains in school to play, a prior winner may also be a current candidate). According to Heisman.com there are currently 57 prior winners eligible to vote^[17] and, thus, 57 potential votes (a prior winner is not required to vote and does not lose his voting privileges by not voting).
Fans: Trophy sponsor Nissan USA holds an ESPN-conduced fan survey through its Heisman/college football advertising campaign website. This constitutes one Heisman vote.

Except for the one vote based on the fan voting, the balloting is based on positional voting, whereby each voter identifies three selections, ranking them in order. Each first-place selection is awarded three points, each second-place selection is awarded two points, and each third-place selection is awarded one point. Voters must make three selections and cannot duplicate a selection, else the ballot is invalid and none of the selections count.^[17] The accounting firm Deloitte is responsible for the tabulation of votes, which has moved almost exclusively to online voting since 2007.^[17]

Position

The Heisman has usually been awarded either to a running back or a quarterback; very few players have won the trophy playing a position other than those two. Three wide receivers have been named winner: Tim Brown (1987), Desmond Howard (1991), and DeVonta Smith (2020). Two tight ends have also won the trophy, Larry Kelley (1936) and Leon Hart (1949). Charles Woodson is the only primarily defensive player to win the award, doing so as a defensive back, while also serving as kick returner and occasional wide receiver for Michigan in 1997.

The highest finish ever for any individual who played exclusively on defense is second, by defensive end Hugh Green of Pittsburgh in 1980, linebacker Manti Te'o of Notre Dame in 2012, and by defensive end Aidan Hutchinson of Michigan in 2021. Although the Heisman is named in honor of an interior lineman, no interior lineman on either side of the ball has ever won the award. Legendary linebacker Dick Butkus placed sixth in 1963 and third in 1964 and could qualify as an interior lineman, as he played center on offense during his era when two-way players were still common. Offensive guard Tom Brown of Minnesota and the offensive tackle John Hicks of Ohio State placed second in 1960 and 1973, respectively. Rich Glover, a defensive lineman from Nebraska, finished 3rd in the 1972 vote—which was won by his Cornhusker teammate Johnny Rodgers. Washington's DT Steve Emtman finished 4th in voting in 1991. Ndamukong Suh of Nebraska finished fourth in 2009 as a defensive tackle. Also, Kurt Burris, a center for the Oklahoma team, was a runner-up for the award in 1954 and Orlando Pace finished fourth in 1996 as an offensive tackle for Ohio State.^{[citation needed]}

Class and age

For most of its history, most winners of the Heisman have been seniors.^[18] Texas A&M quarterback Johnny Manziel was the first freshman to win the Heisman in 2012. The following year, freshman Florida State quarterback Jameis Winston also won the Heisman. Both, however, were in their second year of college, having been redshirted during their first year of attendance, meaning that no true freshman has yet won the award. No sophomore won the Heisman in its first 72 years, at which point there were three consecutive sophomore winners—Tim Tebow in 2007, followed by Sam Bradford and Mark Ingram II—with Lamar Jackson, who also surpassed Winston's record as the youngest Heisman winner, becoming the fourth in 2016. Of the four sophomores to have won the award, only Bradford had been redshirted; the others all won during their second year of college attendance. Only a few juniors have won the award, starting with the eleventh winner in 1945, Doc Blanchard.

Five players have finished in the top three of the Heisman voting as freshmen or sophomores before later winning the award: Angelo Bertelli, Glenn Davis, Doc Blanchard, Doak Walker, and Herschel Walker. Eight players have finished in the top three as freshmen or sophomores but never won a Heisman: Clint Castleberry, Marshall Faulk, Michael Vick, Rex Grossman, Larry Fitzgerald, Adrian Peterson, Deshaun Watson, and Christian McCaffrey. Four players have specifically finished second in consecutive years: Glenn Davis (second in 1944 and 1945, winner in 1946), Charlie Justice (second 1948 and 1949), Darren McFadden (second 2006 and 2007), and Andrew Luck (second 2010 and 2011).

The oldest and youngest Heisman winners ever both played for Atlantic Coast Conference schools. The oldest, Chris Weinke, was 28 years old when he won in 2000; he spent six years in minor league baseball before enrolling at Florida State. The youngest winner is 2016 recipient Lamar Jackson of Louisville at the age of 19 years, 338 days, four days younger than Jameis Winston was when he won in 2013.

History

The award was first presented in 1935 by the Downtown Athletic Club (DAC) in New York City, a privately owned recreation facility located on the lower west side near the later World Trade Center site. It was first known simply as the DAC Trophy. The first winner, Jay Berwanger, was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles but declined to sign for them. He never played professional football for any team. In 1936, John Heisman died and the trophy was renamed in his honor.^[19] Larry Kelley, the second winner of the award, was the first man to win it as the "Heisman Trophy".^[20]

The first African American player to win the Heisman was Syracuse's Ernie Davis, who never played a snap in the NFL. He was diagnosed with leukemia shortly after winning the award and died in 1963. In 1966, former Florida Gators quarterback Steve Spurrier gave his Heisman trophy to the university president, Dr. J. Wayne Reitz, so that the award could be shared by Florida students and faculty.^[9] The gesture caused Florida's student government to raise funds to purchase a replacement trophy for Spurrier.^[9] Since then, the Downtown Athletic Club has issued two trophies to winners, one to the individual and a replica to his college.^[9]

Several Heisman trophies have been sold over the years; although there is a ban on the sale of all trophies awarded since 1999, trophies awarded in previous years can be sold.^[21] O. J. Simpson's 1968 trophy was sold in February 1999 for $230,000 as part of the settlement of the civil trial following the acquittal in his murder case.^[9] Yale end Larry Kelley sold his 1936 Heisman in December 1999 for $328,110 to settle his estate and to provide a bequest for his family.^[9] Charles White's 1979 trophy first sold for $184,000 and then for nearly $300,000 in December 2006 to help pay back federal income taxes.^[9] The current record price for a Heisman belongs to the trophy won by Minnesota halfback Bruce Smith in 1941 at $395,240.^[9] Paul Hornung sold his Heisman for $250,000 to endow scholarships for University of Notre Dame students from his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky.^[9] Eliscu's original plaster cast sold at Sotheby's for $228,000 in December 2005.^[9]

Venues

List of venues hosting the trophy presentation
Venue	Years
Downtown Athletic Club (New York, New York)	1935–2000
New York Marriott Marquis (New York, New York)	2001; 2017
The Yale Club of New York City (New York, New York)	2002–2003
Hilton New York (New York, New York)	2004
Palladium Times Square (New York, New York)	2005–2016; 2018–2019
ESPN headquarters (Bristol, Connecticut)	2020^[a]
Jazz at Lincoln Center (New York, New York)	2021–present

Due to the neighborhood housing the Downtown Athletic Club's facilities becoming blockaded after the attacks on 9/11, the 2001 award ceremony was moved to the New York Marriott Marquis in Times Square. After the DAC filed for bankruptcy in 2002, the Yale Club hosted the presentation at its facility in 2002 and 2003. The ceremony moved to the Hilton New York for 2004, and was presented annually at Palladium Times Square (then Nokia Theatre Times Square) from 2005 until its closure in 2019 (except in 2017, when the presentation was moved back to the Marquis because of a scheduling conflict).^[22]^[23]

The 2008 Heisman press conference was held at the Sports Museum of America at 26 Broadway near the old Downtown Club building. There was an entire gallery with the museum-attraction dedicated to the Trophy, including the making of the Trophy, the history of the DAC, and information on John Heisman and all the Trophy's winners. There was also a dedicated area celebrating the most recent winner, and the opportunity for visitors to cast their vote for the next winner (with the top vote-winner receiving 1 official vote on their behalf).^[24] The Sports Museum of America closed permanently in February 2009.^[25]

After Palladium Times Square (then PlayStation Theater) closed in December 2019, the Heisman Trust began searching for a new location to conduct the trophy presentation. The 2020 ceremony would ultimately be held at the studios of ESPN in Bristol, Connecticut due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the ceremony was a virtual event with all participants appearing via remote interviews.^[26] The 2021 ceremony returned to an in-person event, with the presentation held at The Appel Room at Jazz at Lincoln Center.^[27]

Television coverage

WOR-TV broadcast the 1949 ceremonies.^[28] Before 1977, the presentation of the award was not televised as a stand-alone special, but rather as a quick in-game feature. The ceremony usually aired on ABC as a feature at halftime of the last major national telecast (generally a rivalry game) of the college football season. ABC essentially showed highlights since the award was handed out as part of an annual weeknight dinner at the DAC. At the time, the event had usually been scheduled for the week following the Army–Navy Game.^{[citation needed]} The most watched Heisman ceremony ever was in 2009 when Mark Ingram won over Toby Gerhart and Colt McCoy.^[29]

Broadcasters include:^{[citation needed]}

CBS (1977–1980, 1986–1990)
ABC (1981–1984) – owned-and-operated stations only
Syndication (1981–1985)
NBC (1985) – owned-and-operated stations only
NBC (1991–1993)
ESPN (1994–present)

Controversies and politics

Regional bias controversy

A number of critics have expressed concern about the unwritten rules regarding player position and age, as noted above.^{[citation needed]}

Over the years, there has been substantial criticism of a regional bias, suggesting that the Heisman balloting process has ignored West Coast players.^[30] At present, the Pac-12 Conference (formerly Pac-10 and Pac-8) represents 12 of the 65 teams (roughly 18.5%) in the Power Five conferences. The Heisman can be, and has been, presented to players from other conferences, but a random sample over a long period of time might suggest that Pac-10/12 players might win somewhere close to 18% of the Heisman awards.^[31] In the 20 seasons between 1981 (Marcus Allen) and 2002 (Carson Palmer), not a single Pacific-10 Conference or other West Coast player won the Heisman Trophy. Four Southern California (USC) players have won the Trophy in the early years of the 21st century and three won it subsequent to Palmer. Although Terry Baker, quarterback from Oregon State, won the trophy in 1962, and Gary Beban from UCLA won in 1967, no non-USC player from the West Coast had won between Stanford's Jim Plunkett in 1970 and Oregon's Marcus Mariota in 2014. Other than Mariota's win, the closest since Plunkett's win have been Chuck Muncie, John Elway, Toby Gerhart, Andrew Luck, Christian McCaffrey, and Bryce Love. Muncie was a running back for the California Golden Bears who finished second in the Heisman balloting in 1975. The other five were Stanford players who finished second in the Heisman balloting in 1982, and each year from 2009 to 2011, 2015, and 2017.

The West Coast bias discussion usually centers on the idea that East Coast voters see few West Coast games, because of television coverage contracts, time zone differences, or cultural interest. At Heisman-projection website StiffArmTrophy.com, commentator Kari Chisholm claims that the Heisman balloting process itself is inherently biased:

For Heisman voting purposes, the nation is divided into six regions—each of which get 145 votes. Put another way, each region gets exactly 16.67 percent of the votes. However, each region does not constitute an even one-sixth of the population. Three regions (Far West, Midwest, and Mid-Atlantic) have larger populations than 16.67% of the national population; and three have less (Northeast, South, and Southwest). In fact, the Far West has the greatest population at 21.2% of the country and the Northeast has the least at 11.9%.^[32]

Nullification of 2005 award and reinstatement

In 2010 University of Southern California athletic director Pat Haden announced the university would return its replica of the 2005 Heisman Trophy due to NCAA sanctions requiring the university to dissociate itself from Reggie Bush. The NCAA found that Bush had received gifts from an agent while at USC. On September 14, 2010, Bush voluntarily forfeited his title as a Heisman winner. The next day, the Heisman Trust announced the 2005 award would remain vacated and removed all mention of the 2005 award from its official website.^[33] Bush eventually returned the trophy itself to the Heisman Trust in 2012.^[34]

Critical responses from the national media were strident and varied. CBSSports.com producer J. Darin Darst opined that Bush "should never have been pressured to return the award." Kalani Simpson of Fox Sports wrote, "Nice try Heisman Trust...It's a slick move to try to wipe the slate clean." Former Football Writers Association of America president Dennis Dodd, on the other hand, decided to fictitiously award Bush's vacated 2005 award to Vince Young, the original runner-up that year. He wrote, "Since the Heisman folks won't re-vote, we did. Vince Young is the new winner of the 2005 Heisman." A Los Angeles Times piece argued that Bush's Heisman was "tainted," but lamented that the decision came five years after Bush was awarded the trophy and, therefore, four years after the expiration of Bush's term as current holder of the Heisman title.^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]

On April 24, 2024, the Heisman Trust announced the formal reinstatement of Reggie Bush's trophy amid what it called "enormous changes in the college football landscape". The Trust cited "fundamental changes in college athletics" in which rules that have allowed student athlete compensation to become an accepted practice and the 2021 United States Supreme Court decision against the NCAA in the Alston case, which the Trust said "questioned the legality of the NCAA's amateurism model and opened the door to student athlete compensation".^[39]

Elections involving notable controversy

1967
- Despite his team's beating the Bruins during the hours before the ceremony, USC's O. J. Simpson lost the 1967 trophy to UCLA quarterback Gary Beban; Simpson did win the trophy the next year.^[40]
2010
- Auburn quarterback Cam Newton won the 2010 Heisman Trophy amidst an NCAA eligibility inquiry.^[41]
2013
- Florida State quarterback Jameis Winston won the 2013 Heisman Trophy amidst a sexual assault investigation.^[42]

Notes

^ Held remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic

References

^ Cobb, David (December 9, 2023). "2023 Heisman Trophy winner: LSU QB Jayden Daniels claims award becoming third Tigers player to receive honor". CBS Sports. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
^ "Gridiron Scene for Trophy" (PDF). New York Times. November 14, 1935. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
^ "New York Pays High Honors to Berwanger". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 11, 1935. p. 27. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
^ "Heisman Trophy Awarded Kelley" (PDF). New York Times. December 2, 1936. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
^ "Heisman Trophy to Be Presented to Kelly Today". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 16, 1936. p. 30. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
^ Chisholm, Kari. "A plea to sportswriters for statistical accuracy". Stiff Arm Trophy. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
^ "Heisman Trophy winners in the HOF". profootballhof.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2008.
^ "Heroes of the Game". Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Lukacs, John D. (December 7, 2007). "From the legendary to the little-known, Heisman history is never dull". ESPN. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved February 19, 2008.
^ "Heisman Trophy Design". Heisman. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
^ "Heisman Trophy Design". Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
^ Harmon, Jim. "Striking a Pose for Posterity". Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
^ "Hornreich Collection of U.S. & World Medal Plaques Robert T. Dieges (Dieges & Clust)". NGC Collectors Society. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
^ Johnston, Joey (December 14, 2008). "Winning One Heisman Is Tough Enough, And Tebow Has His". Tampa Tribune.
^ Tracy, Marc (December 7, 2017). "'No Two Are Exactly the Same': How the Heisman Trophy Is Made". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
^ "Berwanger Gains Trophy" (PDF). New York Times. December 5, 1935. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Heisman Trophy Balloting". heisman.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012.
^ "Heisman Winners". The Heisman Trophy. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
^ "Heisman Trophy - John W. Heisman". Heisman.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
^ "The Heisman Trophy". Heisman.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
^ Witz, Billy (December 14, 2019). "Congrats on the Heisman Trophy. Now Sign Here and Promise to Not Sell It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
^ Aswad, Jem (August 20, 2019). "New York's PlayStation Theater to Close (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
^ Weiss, Brad (August 1, 2017). "When is the (2017) Heisman Trophy Presentation?". Archived from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
^ Sandomir, Richard (May 1, 2008). "The Heisman Trophy Moves Into Its New Home". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
^ Sandomir, Richard (February 20, 2009). "Financial Problems Close Sports Museum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
^ "Heisman Trophy to be awarded virtually Jan. 5". ESPN.com. November 14, 2020. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
^ "ESPN to debut new look for Heisman Trophy presentation telecast". sportsbusinessjournal.com. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
^ "Radio and Television: The Aces, Comedy Team Since 1930, to Make Video Debut on WABD Next Wednesday". The New York Times. November 28, 1949. p. 42. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
^ Sen, Paul (December 13, 2012). "Heisman Trophy Presentation Second-Most Watched on Record — Sports Media Watch". SportsMediaWatch.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
^ Condotta, Bob. "A how-to guide to Heisman voting". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
^ Wilner, Jon (December 11, 2009). "Toby Gerhart and the Heisman Trophy: Analyzing the voting blocs". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "West Coast Bias". StiffArmTrophy. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2007.
^ "Reggie Bush's Heisman to stay vacated". ESPN.com. September 16, 2010. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012.
^ Moura, Pedro (August 16, 2012). "Former USC RB Bush returned his '05 Heisman". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
^ "Vince Young: Heisman Trophy Should Not Be Mine". Sports. Huffington Post. 16 September 2010. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
^ "Vince Young wins the 2005 Heisman!". CBS Sports. September 22, 2010. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
^ "Bush's return of Heisman is wrong move". FOX Sports. 14 September 2010.
^ "Reggie Bush's tainted Heisman". Los Angeles Times. 16 September 2010. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
^ "Reggie Bush to have Heisman Trophy returned". ESPN. 24 April 2024.
^ "10 Biggest Heisman Snubs Ever". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "Auburn's Cam Newton timeline: From recruitment to NCAA ruling". AL.com. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "Jameis Winston's Heisman win dogged by fallout from sexual assault case". The Guardian. December 16, 2013. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.

External links

Official website

[22] Held remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic

[1] Cobb, David (December 9, 2023). "2023 Heisman Trophy winner: LSU QB Jayden Daniels claims award becoming third Tigers player to receive honor". CBS Sports. Retrieved December 9, 2023.

[NYTimes-2] "Gridiron Scene for Trophy" (PDF). New York Times. November 14, 1935. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2013.

[3] "New York Pays High Honors to Berwanger". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 11, 1935. p. 27. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2016.

[NYTimes3-4] "Heisman Trophy Awarded Kelley" (PDF). New York Times. December 2, 1936. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2013.

[5] "Heisman Trophy to Be Presented to Kelly Today". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 16, 1936. p. 30. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2016.

[stiffarm-6] Chisholm, Kari. "A plea to sportswriters for statistical accuracy". Stiff Arm Trophy. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.

[7] "Heisman Trophy winners in the HOF". profootballhof.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2008.

[8] "Heroes of the Game". Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.

[info-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Lukacs, John D. (December 7, 2007). "From the legendary to the little-known, Heisman history is never dull". ESPN. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved February 19, 2008.

[10] "Heisman Trophy Design". Heisman. Retrieved 13 July 2022.

[11] "Heisman Trophy Design". Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2019.

[12] Harmon, Jim. "Striking a Pose for Posterity". Sports Illustrated Vault | Si.com. Retrieved 13 July 2022.

[13] "Hornreich Collection of U.S. & World Medal Plaques Robert T. Dieges (Dieges & Clust)". NGC Collectors Society. Retrieved 13 July 2022.

[foundry-14] Johnston, Joey (December 14, 2008). "Winning One Heisman Is Tough Enough, And Tebow Has His". Tampa Tribune.

[Tracy-2017-15] Tracy, Marc (December 7, 2017). "'No Two Are Exactly the Same': How the Heisman Trophy Is Made". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2018.

[NYTimes2-16] "Berwanger Gains Trophy" (PDF). New York Times. December 5, 1935. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2013.

[balloting-17] "Heisman Trophy Balloting". heisman.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012.

[18] "Heisman Winners". The Heisman Trophy. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2009.

[19] "Heisman Trophy - John W. Heisman". Heisman.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.

[20] "The Heisman Trophy". Heisman.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.

[21] Witz, Billy (December 14, 2019). "Congrats on the Heisman Trophy. Now Sign Here and Promise to Not Sell It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.

[23] Aswad, Jem (August 20, 2019). "New York's PlayStation Theater to Close (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.

[24] Weiss, Brad (August 1, 2017). "When is the (2017) Heisman Trophy Presentation?". Archived from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2017.

[25] Sandomir, Richard (May 1, 2008). "The Heisman Trophy Moves Into Its New Home". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2020.

[26] Sandomir, Richard (February 20, 2009). "Financial Problems Close Sports Museum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.

[27] "Heisman Trophy to be awarded virtually Jan. 5". ESPN.com. November 14, 2020. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

[28] "ESPN to debut new look for Heisman Trophy presentation telecast". sportsbusinessjournal.com. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021.

[29] "Radio and Television: The Aces, Comedy Team Since 1930, to Make Video Debut on WABD Next Wednesday". The New York Times. November 28, 1949. p. 42. Retrieved August 3, 2024.

[30] Sen, Paul (December 13, 2012). "Heisman Trophy Presentation Second-Most Watched on Record — Sports Media Watch". SportsMediaWatch.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.

[31] Condotta, Bob. "A how-to guide to Heisman voting". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.

[32] Wilner, Jon (December 11, 2009). "Toby Gerhart and the Heisman Trophy: Analyzing the voting blocs". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2010.

[33] "West Coast Bias". StiffArmTrophy. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2007.

[34] "Reggie Bush's Heisman to stay vacated". ESPN.com. September 16, 2010. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012.

[35] Moura, Pedro (August 16, 2012). "Former USC RB Bush returned his '05 Heisman". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.

[36] "Vince Young: Heisman Trophy Should Not Be Mine". Sports. Huffington Post. 16 September 2010. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2018.

[37] "Vince Young wins the 2005 Heisman!". CBS Sports. September 22, 2010. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.

[38] "Bush's return of Heisman is wrong move". FOX Sports. 14 September 2010.

[39] "Reggie Bush's tainted Heisman". Los Angeles Times. 16 September 2010. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2018.

[40] "Reggie Bush to have Heisman Trophy returned". ESPN. 24 April 2024.

[41] "10 Biggest Heisman Snubs Ever". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.

[42] "Auburn's Cam Newton timeline: From recruitment to NCAA ruling". AL.com. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.

[43] "Jameis Winston's Heisman win dogged by fallout from sexual assault case". The Guardian. December 16, 2013. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.

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 {{Short description|Annual award for the outstanding college football player}}
-{{Redirect|Heisman|the name|Heisman (surname)|the list of Heisman winners|List of Heisman Trophy winners}}
+{{Redirect|Heisman|the name|Heisman (surname)}}
 {{Infobox sports award
 | name        = Heisman Trophy
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 | url         = {{URL|http://www.heisman.com/}}
 }}
-The '''Heisman Memorial Trophy''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|aɪ|z|m|ə|n}} {{respell|HYZE|mən}}; usually known colloquially as the '''Heisman Trophy''' or '''The Heisman''') is awarded annually to the most outstanding player in [[college football]]. Winners epitomize great ability combined with diligence, perseverance, and hard work. It is presented by the Heisman Trophy Trust in early December before the postseason [[bowl games]].
+The '''Heisman Memorial Trophy''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|aɪ|z|m|ə|n}} {{respell|HYZE|mən}}; also known simply as the '''Heisman Trophy''') is awarded annually since 1935 to the most outstanding player in [[college football]]. It is considered the most prestigious award in college football and is presented by the Heisman Trophy Trust in early December. The most recent [[List of Heisman Trophy winners|winner]] is former [[LSU Tigers football|LSU Tigers]] quarterback [[Jayden Daniels]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cobb |first=David |date=December 9, 2023 |title=2023 Heisman Trophy winner: LSU QB Jayden Daniels claims award becoming third Tigers player to receive honor |url=https://www.cbssports.com/college-football/news/2023-heisman-trophy-winner-lsu-qb-jayden-daniels-claims-award-becoming-third-tigers-player-to-receive-honor/ |access-date=December 9, 2023 |website=[[CBS Sports]] |language=en}}</ref>
-The award was created by the [[Downtown Athletic Club]] in 1935 to recognize "the most valuable college football player east of the Mississippi", and was first awarded to [[University of Chicago]] halfback [[Jay Berwanger]].<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |title=Gridiron Scene for Trophy |newspaper=New York Times |date=November 14, 1935 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/11/14/88618140.pdf |access-date=December 15, 2013 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210092358/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/11/14/88618140.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New York Pays High Honors to Berwanger|newspaper=Chicago Daily Tribune|date=December 11, 1935|page=27|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7388156/new_york_pays_high_honors_to_berwanger/|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108034622/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7388156/new_york_pays_high_honors_to_berwanger/|url-status=live}}</ref> After the death in October 1936 of the club's athletic director, [[John Heisman]], the award was named in his honor and broadened to include players west of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]].<ref name="NYTimes3">{{cite news |title=Heisman Trophy Awarded Kelley |newspaper=New York Times |date=December 2, 1936 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/12/02/88090299.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210092357/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/12/02/88090299.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Heisman Trophy to Be Presented to Kelly Today|newspaper=Chicago Daily Tribune|date=December 16, 1936|page=30|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7388196/heisman_trophy_to_be_presented_to/|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107222248/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7388196/heisman_trophy_to_be_presented_to/|url-status=live}}</ref> Heisman had been active in college athletics as a football player; a head football, basketball, and baseball coach; and an athletic director.
+The award was created by the [[Downtown Athletic Club]] to recognize "the most valuable college football player east of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]" and was first awarded to [[University of Chicago]] halfback [[Jay Berwanger]].<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |title=Gridiron Scene for Trophy |newspaper=New York Times |date=November 14, 1935 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/11/14/88618140.pdf |access-date=December 15, 2013 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210092358/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/11/14/88618140.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New York Pays High Honors to Berwanger|newspaper=Chicago Daily Tribune|date=December 11, 1935|page=27|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7388156/new_york_pays_high_honors_to_berwanger/|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108034622/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7388156/new_york_pays_high_honors_to_berwanger/|url-status=live}}</ref> The award was given its name in 1936 after the death of the club's athletic director [[John Heisman]] and broadened to include players west of the Mississippi.<ref name="NYTimes3">{{cite news |title=Heisman Trophy Awarded Kelley |newspaper=New York Times |date=December 2, 1936 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/12/02/88090299.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210092357/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/12/02/88090299.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Heisman Trophy to Be Presented to Kelly Today|newspaper=Chicago Daily Tribune|date=December 16, 1936|page=30|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7388196/heisman_trophy_to_be_presented_to/|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107222248/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7388196/heisman_trophy_to_be_presented_to/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+==Winners==
-It is the oldest of several overall awards in college football, including the [[Maxwell Award]], [[Walter Camp Award]], and the [[Associated Press College Football Player of the Year Award|AP Player of the Year]]. The most recent winner is [[LSU Tigers football|LSU Tigers]] quarterback [[Jayden Daniels]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cobb |first=David |date=December 9, 2023 |title=2023 Heisman Trophy winner: LSU QB Jayden Daniels claims award becoming third Tigers player to receive honor |url=https://www.cbssports.com/college-football/news/2023-heisman-trophy-winner-lsu-qb-jayden-daniels-claims-award-becoming-third-tigers-player-to-receive-honor/ |access-date=December 9, 2023 |website=[[CBS Sports]] |language=en}}</ref>
+{{Main|List of Heisman Trophy winners}}
+As of 2022, [[USC Trojans football|USC]] has the most Heisman trophies won with eight; Ohio State, Oklahoma, and Notre Dame each have seven; Ohio State has had six different players win the award. The closest margin of votes was in 2009 between winner [[Mark Ingram II]] of [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] and [[Toby Gerhart]] of [[Stanford Cardinal football|Stanford]].<ref name="stiffarm">{{cite web|last=Chisholm|first=Kari|title=A plea to sportswriters for statistical accuracy |url=http://www.stiffarmtrophy.com/2011/12/08/plea-sportswriters-statistical-accuracy/|work=Stiff Arm Trophy|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-date=7 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107054130/http://www.stiffarmtrophy.com/2011/12/08/plea-sportswriters-statistical-accuracy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ten Heisman Trophy winners are in the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/heisman-hall-of-famers/ |title=Heisman Trophy winners in the HOF |publisher=profootballhof.com |access-date=February 19, 2008 |archive-date=February 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213220058/http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/story.jsp?story_id=1992 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.profootballhof.com/heroes-of-the-game/years/ |title=Heroes of the Game |access-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-date=January 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118140212/http://www.profootballhof.com/heroes-of-the-game/years/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and four winners have also been named Most Valuable Player in a [[Super Bowl]].<!-- [[Roger Staubach]], [[Jim Plunkett]], [[Marcus Allen]], and [[Desmond Howard]].--> Some winners have gone on to play in other professional sports, including [[Bo Jackson]] in baseball and [[Charlie Ward]] in basketball. [[Pete Dawkins]] and [[Dick Kazmaier]] are the only winners not to pursue a professional sports career: Dawkins had a career with the [[United States Army]], where he achieved the rank of [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]], while Kazmaier attended [[Harvard Business School]], founded a consulting company specializing in sports marketing, and chaired the [[President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition]] in 1988–89.
-==Trophy design==
+===Trophy===
 [[File:Cappelletti Heisman Trophy crop 1.jpg|thumb|The Heisman Trophy]]
-The trophy itself, designed by sculptor [[Frank Eliscu]], is modeled after [[Ed Smith (running back)|Ed Smith]], a leading player in 1934 for the now-defunct [[NYU Violets|New York University]] football team.<ref name="info">{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/news/story?id=3145185 |title=From the legendary to the little-known, Heisman history is never dull |publisher=ESPN |first=John D. |last=Lukacs |date=December 7, 2007 |access-date=February 19, 2008 |archive-date=December 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211230441/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3145185 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Heisman Trophy Design |url=https://www.heisman.com/about-the-heisman/heisman-trophy-design/ |website=Heisman |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> The trophy is made out of cast [[bronze]], is {{convert|13.5|in|cm}} tall, {{convert|14|in|cm}} long, {{convert|16|in|cm}} in width and weighs {{convert|45|lb|kg}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heisman.com/about-the-heisman/heisman-trophy-design/|title=Heisman Trophy Design|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412190539/https://www.heisman.com/about-the-heisman/heisman-trophy-design/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The trophy itself, designed by sculptor [[Frank Eliscu]], is modeled after [[Ed Smith (running back)|Ed Smith]], a leading player in 1934 for the now-defunct [[NYU Violets|New York University]] football team.<ref name="info">{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/news/story?id=3145185 |title=From the legendary to the little-known, Heisman history is never dull |publisher=ESPN |first=John D. |last=Lukacs |date=December 7, 2007 |access-date=February 19, 2008 |archive-date=December 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211230441/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3145185 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Heisman Trophy Design |url=https://www.heisman.com/about-the-heisman/heisman-trophy-design/ |website=Heisman |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> The trophy is made out of cast [[bronze]], is {{convert|13.5|in|cm}} tall, {{convert|14|in|cm}} long, {{convert|16|in|cm}} in width and weighs {{convert|45|lb|kg}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heisman.com/about-the-heisman/heisman-trophy-design/|title=Heisman Trophy Design|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412190539/https://www.heisman.com/about-the-heisman/heisman-trophy-design/|url-status=live}}</ref> Eliscu had asked Smith, his former George Washington High School classmate, to pose for a commissioned sculpture of a football player. Smith did not realize until 1982 that the sculpture had become the Heisman Trophy. The Downtown Athletic Club presented Smith with a Heisman Trophy of his own in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harmon |first1=Jim |title=Striking a Pose for Posterity |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1988/12/05/striking-a-pose-for-posterity-ed-smith-learned-late-in-life-that-he-was-the-very-model-of-college-football-excellence |newspaper=Sports Illustrated Vault &#124; Si.com |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
-Eliscu had asked Smith, his former George Washington High School classmate, to pose for a commissioned sculpture of a football player. Smith did not realize until 1982 that the sculpture had become the Heisman Trophy. The Downtown Athletic Club presented Smith with a Heisman Trophy of his own in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harmon |first1=Jim |title=Striking a Pose for Posterity |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1988/12/05/striking-a-pose-for-posterity-ed-smith-learned-late-in-life-that-he-was-the-very-model-of-college-football-excellence |newspaper=Sports Illustrated Vault &#124; Si.com |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
-From its inception in 1935, the statue was cast by [[Dieges & Clust]] in New York (and later Providence, Rhode Island) until 1980, when Dieges and Clust was sold to [[Herff Jones]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hornreich Collection of U.S. & World Medal Plaques Robert T. Dieges (Dieges & Clust) |url=https://coins.www.collectors-society.com/wcm/CoinView.aspx?sc=321042 |website=NGC Collectors Society |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> For a time until at least 2008, the statues were cast by [[Roman Bronze Works]] in New York.<ref name="foundry">{{cite news |title=Winning One Heisman Is Tough Enough, And Tebow Has His|first=Joey|last=Johnston |newspaper=Tampa Tribune |date=December 14, 2008 }}</ref>
-Since 2005 the trophy has been made by MTM Recognition in [[Del City, Oklahoma]].<ref name="Tracy-2017">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/sports/heisman-trophy.html |title='No Two Are Exactly the Same': How the Heisman Trophy Is Made |last=Tracy |first=Marc |date=December 7, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 14, 2018 |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212171006/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/sports/heisman-trophy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+From its inception in 1935, the statue was cast by [[Dieges & Clust]] in New York (and later Providence, Rhode Island) until 1980, when Dieges and Clust was sold to [[Herff Jones]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hornreich Collection of U.S. & World Medal Plaques Robert T. Dieges (Dieges & Clust) |url=https://coins.www.collectors-society.com/wcm/CoinView.aspx?sc=321042 |website=NGC Collectors Society |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> For a time until at least 2008, the statues were cast by [[Roman Bronze Works]] in New York.<ref name="foundry">{{cite news |title=Winning One Heisman Is Tough Enough, And Tebow Has His|first=Joey|last=Johnston |newspaper=Tampa Tribune |date=December 14, 2008 }}</ref> Since 2005 the trophy has been made by MTM Recognition in [[Del City, Oklahoma]].<ref name="Tracy-2017">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/sports/heisman-trophy.html |title='No Two Are Exactly the Same': How the Heisman Trophy Is Made |last=Tracy |first=Marc |date=December 7, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 14, 2018 |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212171006/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/sports/heisman-trophy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-==Selection==
+==Selection process==
 Originally only players east of the Mississippi were eligible, but since 1936 all football players playing in all divisions of college football nationwide are eligible for the award, though winners usually represent Division I [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|Football Bowl Subdivision]] schools.<ref name="NYTimes2">{{cite news |title=Berwanger Gains Trophy |newspaper=New York Times |date=December 5, 1935 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/12/05/93507898.pdf |access-date=December 15, 2013 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210092358/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/12/05/93507898.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 39: / Line 37: @@
 * Fans: Trophy sponsor [[Nissan USA]] holds an ESPN-conduced fan survey through its Heisman/college football advertising campaign website. This constitutes one Heisman vote.
-Except for the one vote based on the fan voting, the balloting is based on [[positional voting]], whereby each voter identifies three selections, ranking them in order. Each first-place selection is awarded three points, each second-place selection is awarded two points, and each third-place selection is awarded one point. Voters must make three selections and cannot duplicate a selection, else the ballot is invalid and none of the selections count.<ref name=balloting/>
+Except for the one vote based on the fan voting, the balloting is based on [[positional voting]], whereby each voter identifies three selections, ranking them in order. Each first-place selection is awarded three points, each second-place selection is awarded two points, and each third-place selection is awarded one point. Voters must make three selections and cannot duplicate a selection, else the ballot is invalid and none of the selections count.<ref name=balloting/> The accounting firm [[Deloitte]] is responsible for the tabulation of votes, which has moved almost exclusively to online voting since 2007.<ref name=balloting/>
+===Position===
-The accounting firm [[Deloitte]] is responsible for the tabulation of votes, which has moved almost exclusively to online voting since 2007.<ref name=balloting/>
+The Heisman has usually been awarded either to a [[running back]] or a [[quarterback]]; very few players have won the trophy playing a position other than those two. Three [[wide receiver]]s have been named winner: [[Tim Brown (American football)|Tim Brown]] ([[1987 NCAA Division I-A football season|1987]]), [[Desmond Howard]] ([[1991 NCAA Division I-A football season|1991]]), and [[DeVonta Smith]] ([[2020–21 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2020]]). Two [[tight end]]s have also won the trophy, [[Larry Kelley]] ([[1936 college football season|1936]]) and [[Leon Hart]] ([[1949 college football season|1949]]). [[Charles Woodson]] is the only primarily [[Defense (sport)|defensive]] player to win the award, doing so as a [[defensive back]], while also serving as kick returner and occasional wide receiver for [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan]] in [[1997 NCAA Division I-A football season|1997]].
+The highest finish ever for any individual who played exclusively on defense is second, by defensive end [[Hugh Green (American football)|Hugh Green]] of [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]] in [[1980 NCAA Division I-A football season|1980]], linebacker [[Manti Te'o]] of Notre Dame in [[2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2012]], and by defensive end [[Aidan Hutchinson]] of Michigan in [[2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2021]]. Although the Heisman is named in honor of [[John Heisman|an interior lineman]], no interior [[Lineman (American football)|lineman]] on either side of the ball has ever won the award. Legendary [[linebacker]] [[Dick Butkus]] placed sixth in [[1963 NCAA University Division football season|1963]] and third in [[1964 NCAA University Division football season|1964]] and could qualify as an interior lineman, as he played center on offense during his era when two-way players were still common. [[guard (gridiron football)|Offensive guard]] [[Tom Brown (guard)|Tom Brown]] of [[Minnesota Golden Gophers football|Minnesota]] and the offensive tackle [[John Hicks (American football)|John Hicks]] of [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]] placed second in 1960 and 1973, respectively. Rich Glover, a defensive lineman from Nebraska, finished 3rd in the 1972 vote—which was won by his Cornhusker teammate [[Johnny Rodgers]]. [[Washington Huskies football|Washington's]] DT [[Steve Emtman]] finished 4th in voting in 1991. [[Ndamukong Suh]] of [[Nebraska Cornhuskers football|Nebraska]] finished fourth in 2009 as a defensive tackle. Also, [[Kurt Burris]], a center for the [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma]] team, was a runner-up for the award in 1954 and [[Orlando Pace]] finished fourth in 1996 as an offensive tackle for [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
-==Notable moments==
-{{more citations needed section|date=December 2017}}<!--most entries in list are not cited-->
-*[[Larry Kelley]] and [[Clint Frank]] of [[Yale Bulldogs football|Yale]] were the first teammates to win the Trophy, in 1936 and 1937.
-*[[Nile Kinnick]] of [[Iowa Hawkeyes football|Iowa]] (1939) is the only winner to have a college stadium named after him.{{Efn|The field of Florida's [[Ben Hill Griffin Stadium]] is named for 1966 winner Steve Spurrier, though the stadium structure is named for Griffin (the facility's official full name is "Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium").}} He is also the only winner to die while in military service for the United States. His death in 1943 made him the first Heisman Trophy winner to die. The high school at the U.S. Navy's Yokosuka Naval Base in Japan is also named after Kinnick.
-*[[Doc Blanchard]], who played for [[Army Black Knights football|Army]], was the first junior to win (1945).
-*The 1946 Army versus [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]] game (called "Game of the Century") became notable as in that game there were four players who won or would go on to win the Trophy: Army's [[Doc Blanchard]] (1945 winner) and [[Glenn Davis (halfback)|Glenn Davis]] (1946 winner), and Notre Dame's [[Johnny Lujack]] (1947 winner) and [[Leon Hart]] (1949 winner).
-* [[Doak Walker]] of [[SMU Mustangs football|SMU]] was the earliest recipient (1948) ever to make it into the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]], though he wasn't selected until 1986, one year after [[Roger Staubach]] (the 1963 winner, who played for [[Navy Midshipmen football|Navy]]) became the first Heisman winner ever enshrined in Canton.
-*[[Paul Hornung]] was the only player to win the award as a player for a losing team: he took the award at Notre Dame in 1956, when the Irish finished 2–8.
-*[[Ernie Davis]] of [[Syracuse Orange football|Syracuse]] was the first black player recipient (1961).
-*[[Terry Baker]] of [[Oregon State Beavers football|Oregon State]] was the only player to win the award and play in the [[Final Four (college basketball)|Final Four]] in the NCAA basketball tournament in the same school year (1962–63).
-*[[Steve Spurrier]], the 1966 recipient as a [[Florida Gators football|University of Florida]] player, became the first winner to coach a winner (1996, [[Danny Wuerffel]], also of Florida).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/football/bios.php?year=2001&staff=spurrier |title=Florida Gators Football Head Coach Steve Spurrier |publisher=gatorzone.com |access-date=November 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322012138/http://www.gatorzone.com/football/bios.php?year=2001&staff=spurrier |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-*[[Archie Griffin]] of [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]] is the only player to receive the award twice, winning it as a [[Student#Post-second year|junior]] in 1974 and as a senior in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heisman.com/winners/a-griffin74.php |title=1974 & 1975 – 40th & 41st Awards |publisher=Heisman.com |access-date=January 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104142529/http://www.heisman.com/winners/a-griffin74.php |archive-date=January 4, 2012 }}</ref>
-*[[Andre Ware]] of the [[Houston Cougars football|University of Houston]] was the first black quarterback to win (1989).
-*[[Charles Woodson]] of the [[Michigan Wolverines football|University of Michigan]] is the only primarily defensive player to win the award, beating out favorite [[Peyton Manning]], quarterback for the [[Tennessee Volunteers football|University of Tennessee]], in 1997.
-*In 2000, former professional baseball player [[Chris Weinke]] became the oldest player ever to win at the age of 28, playing for [[Florida State Seminoles football|Florida State]].
-*In 2007, [[Tim Tebow]], playing for Florida, became the first sophomore to win. He also became the first major-college quarterback to rush for 20 touchdowns and pass for 20 touchdowns in a season.
-*In 2012, [[Johnny Manziel]] of [[Texas A&M Aggies football|Texas A&M]] became the first [[Redshirt (college sports)|redshirt]] freshman to win the award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khou.com/sports/Johnny-Heisman-Manziel-first-freshman-to-win-trophy-182692501.html |title='Johnny Heisman': Manziel first freshman to win trophy |publisher=[[KHOU]] |date=December 8, 2012 |access-date=December 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626160421/http://www.khou.com/sports/Johnny-Heisman-Manziel-first-freshman-to-win-trophy-182692501.html |archive-date=June 26, 2013 }}</ref>
-*In 2016, [[Lamar Jackson]] of the [[Louisville Cardinals football|University of Louisville]] became the youngest player to win at {{age in years and days|1997|1|7|2016|12|10}} old.
-*In 2017, [[Baker Mayfield]] of [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma]] became the first former walk-on player to win.
-*In 2018, [[Kyler Murray]] won the award the year after Mayfield, becoming the first quarterbacks from the same school to win in back-to-back years.
-*In 2019, quarterback [[Joe Burrow]] of [[LSU Tigers football|LSU]] broke numerous voting records. Burrow received the highest percentage of first-place votes ever, with 90.7%; he finished with 841 first-place votes, while runner-up [[Jalen Hurts]] of Oklahoma finished with 20 first-place votes. Burrow's win was the largest margin of victory ever, beating Hurts by 1,846 points. Burrow also received the highest-ever percentage of possible points with 93.8%, and the highest-ever percentage of ballots with 95.5%.<ref name="yahoo-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/lsu-qb-joe-burrow-wins-2019-heisman-trophy-015247749.html|title=LSU QB Joe Burrow wins 2019 Heisman Trophy in record-breaking landslide|website=sports.yahoo.com|date=15 December 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=December 15, 2019|archive-date=December 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215032403/https://sports.yahoo.com/lsu-qb-joe-burrow-wins-2019-heisman-trophy-015247749.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+===Class and age===
-As of 2022, [[USC Trojans football|USC]] has the most Heisman trophies won with eight; Ohio State, Oklahoma, and Notre Dame each have seven; Ohio State has had six different players win the award.
+For most of its history, most winners of the Heisman have been seniors.<ref>{{cite web |website=The Heisman Trophy |url=http://www.heisman.com/index.php/heismanWinners#winners-year |title=Heisman Winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801004040/http://www.heisman.com/index.php/heismanWinners#winners-year |archive-date=August 1, 2014 |access-date=December 13, 2009 }}</ref> Texas A&M quarterback [[Johnny Manziel]] was the first freshman to win the Heisman in 2012. The following year, freshman Florida State quarterback [[Jameis Winston]] also won the Heisman. Both, however, were in their second year of college, having been [[Redshirt (college sports)|redshirted]] during their first year of attendance, meaning that no ''true'' freshman has yet won the award. No sophomore won the Heisman in its first 72 years, at which point there were three consecutive sophomore winners—[[Tim Tebow]] in 2007, followed by [[Sam Bradford]] and [[Mark Ingram II]]—with [[Lamar Jackson]], who also surpassed Winston's record as the youngest Heisman winner, becoming the fourth in 2016. Of the four sophomores to have won the award, only Bradford had been redshirted; the others all won during their second year of college attendance. Only a few juniors have won the award, starting with the eleventh winner in 1945, [[Doc Blanchard]].
+Five players have finished in the top three of the Heisman voting as freshmen or sophomores before later winning the award: [[Angelo Bertelli]], [[Glenn Davis (halfback)|Glenn Davis]], [[Doc Blanchard]], [[Doak Walker]], and [[Herschel Walker]]. Eight players have finished in the top three as freshmen or sophomores but never won a Heisman: [[Clint Castleberry]], [[Marshall Faulk]], [[Michael Vick]], [[Rex Grossman]], [[Larry Fitzgerald]], [[Adrian Peterson]], [[Deshaun Watson]], and [[Christian McCaffrey]]. Four players have specifically finished second in consecutive years: Glenn Davis (second in 1944 and 1945, winner in 1946), Charlie Justice (second 1948 and 1949), [[Darren McFadden]] (second 2006 and 2007), and [[Andrew Luck]] (second 2010 and 2011).
-The closest margin of votes was in 2009 between winner [[Mark Ingram II]] of [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] and [[Toby Gerhart]] of [[Stanford Cardinal football|Stanford]].<ref name="stiffarm">{{cite web|last=Chisholm|first=Kari|title=A plea to sportswriters for statistical accuracy |url=http://www.stiffarmtrophy.com/2011/12/08/plea-sportswriters-statistical-accuracy/|work=Stiff Arm Trophy|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-date=7 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107054130/http://www.stiffarmtrophy.com/2011/12/08/plea-sportswriters-statistical-accuracy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The oldest and youngest Heisman winners ever both played for [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] schools. The oldest, [[Chris Weinke]], was 28 years old when he won in 2000; he spent six years in [[minor league baseball]] before enrolling at [[Florida State University|Florida State]]. The youngest winner is 2016 recipient Lamar Jackson of [[University of Louisville|Louisville]] at the age of {{age in years and days|1997|1|7|2016|12|10}}, four days younger than Jameis Winston was when he won in 2013.
-Ten Heisman Trophy winners are in the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/heisman-hall-of-famers/ |title=Heisman Trophy winners in the HOF |publisher=profootballhof.com |access-date=February 19, 2008 |archive-date=February 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213220058/http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/story.jsp?story_id=1992 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.profootballhof.com/heroes-of-the-game/years/ |title=Heroes of the Game |access-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-date=January 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118140212/http://www.profootballhof.com/heroes-of-the-game/years/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and four winners have also been named Most Valuable Player in a [[Super Bowl]].<!-- [[Roger Staubach]], [[Jim Plunkett]], [[Marcus Allen]], and [[Desmond Howard]].--> Some winners have gone on to play in other professional sports, including [[Bo Jackson]] in baseball and [[Charlie Ward]] in basketball.
+==History==
-[[Pete Dawkins]] and [[Dick Kazmaier]] are the only winners not to pursue a professional sports career: Dawkins had a career with the [[United States Army]], where he achieved the rank of [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]], while Kazmaier attended [[Harvard Business School]], founded a consulting company specializing in sports marketing, and chaired the [[President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition]] in 1988–89.
+The award was first presented in 1935 by the [[Downtown Athletic Club]] (DAC) in [[New York City]], a privately owned recreation facility located on the lower west side near the later [[World Trade Center site]]. It was first known simply as the DAC Trophy. The first winner, [[Jay Berwanger]], was drafted by the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] but declined to sign for them. He never played professional football for any team. In 1936, [[John Heisman]] died and the trophy was renamed in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heisman.com/sports/2014/9/10/FB_0910145750.aspx|title=Heisman Trophy - John W. Heisman|website=Heisman.com|access-date=September 27, 2017|archive-date=September 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907204020/http://heisman.com/sports/2014/9/10/FB_0910145750.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Larry Kelley]], the second winner of the award, was the first man to win it as the "Heisman Trophy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heisman.com/history/heisman_trophy.php|title=The Heisman Trophy|publisher=Heisman.com|access-date=January 4, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103181703/http://www.heisman.com/history/heisman_trophy.php|archive-date=January 3, 2012}}</ref>
+The first African American player to win the Heisman was [[Syracuse Orange football|Syracuse]]'s [[Ernie Davis]], who never played a snap in the NFL. He was diagnosed with [[leukemia]] shortly after winning the award and died in 1963. In 1966, former [[1966 Florida Gators football team|Florida Gators]] quarterback [[Steve Spurrier]] gave his Heisman trophy to the university president, Dr. [[J. Wayne Reitz]], so that the award could be shared by Florida students and faculty.<ref name="info" /> The gesture caused Florida's student government to raise funds to purchase a replacement trophy for Spurrier.<ref name="info" /> Since then, the Downtown Athletic Club has issued two trophies to winners, one to the individual and a replica to his college.<ref name="info" />
-==University success==
-In addition to personal statistics, team achievements play a heavy role in the voting—a typical Heisman winner represents a team that had an outstanding season and was most likely in contention for the [[College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS|national championship]] or a major conference championship at some point in that season.
+Several Heisman trophies have been sold over the years; although there is a ban on the sale of all trophies awarded since 1999, trophies awarded in previous years can be sold.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Witz|first=Billy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/14/sports/heisman-trophy-sales-auction.html|title=Congrats on the Heisman Trophy. Now Sign Here and Promise to Not Sell It.|date=December 14, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 12, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213001153/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/14/sports/heisman-trophy-sales-auction.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[O. J. Simpson]]'s 1968 trophy was sold in February 1999 for [[United States dollar|$]]230,000 as part of the settlement of the civil trial following the acquittal in his [[O. J. Simpson murder case|murder case]].<ref name="info" /> Yale end [[Larry Kelley]] sold his 1936 Heisman in December 1999 for $328,110 to settle his estate and to provide a bequest for his family.<ref name="info" /> [[Charles White (American football)|Charles White]]'s 1979 trophy first sold for $184,000 and then for nearly $300,000 in December 2006 to help pay back federal income taxes.<ref name="info" /> The current record price for a Heisman belongs to the trophy won by Minnesota halfback [[Bruce Smith (halfback)|Bruce Smith]] in 1941 at $395,240.<ref name="info" /> [[Paul Hornung]] sold his Heisman for $250,000 to endow scholarships for [[University of Notre Dame]] students from his hometown of [[Louisville, Kentucky]].<ref name="info" /> Eliscu's original plaster cast sold at [[Sotheby's]] for $228,000 in December 2005.<ref name="info" />
-The closest that a player outside the modern Division I FBS came to winning the Heisman is third place; in both cases, the players involved played for schools in what was at the time Division I-AA, now [[NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision|Division I FCS]]. The first was [[Gordon Lockbaum|Gordie Lockbaum]] from [[Holy Cross Crusaders football|Holy Cross]] in 1987, followed by [[Steve McNair]], from [[Alcorn State University|Alcorn State]] in 1993. [[Armanti Edwards]], from [[Appalachian State Mountaineers football|Appalachian State University]], was also briefly mentioned as a candidate for the award following [[2007 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team|Appalachian's]] [[2007 Appalachian State vs. Michigan football game|upset]] of No. 5-ranked [[2007 Michigan Wolverines football team|Michigan]] in 2007.
-Besides Griffin winning consecutive Heismans at Ohio State, five other programs had two different players win the Heisman Trophy in consecutive years: Yale (1936–37), [[Army Black Knights football|Army]] (1945–46), [[USC Trojans football|Southern California (USC)]] (2004–05), Oklahoma (2017–18), and Alabama (2020–21).
-Only three high schools have produced multiple Heisman trophy winners. The first was [[Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas, Texas)|Woodrow Wilson High School]] in [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] ([[Davey O'Brien]] in 1938 and [[Tim Brown (American football)|Tim Brown]] in 1987) (Woodrow remains the only ''public'' high school to be so recognized). Thereafter, two private high schools also achieved this distinction: [[Fork Union Military Academy]] in [[Fork Union, Virginia]] ([[Vinny Testaverde]] as a [[postgraduate year|postgraduate]] in 1982, and [[Eddie George]] in 1996) and [[Mater Dei High School (Santa Ana, California)|Mater Dei High School]] in [[Santa Ana, California]] ([[John Huarte]] in 1964, [[Matt Leinart]] in 2004, and [[Bryce Young]] in 2021).
-Of the colleges where trophy namesake [[John Heisman]] coached, only [[Auburn Tigers football|Auburn University]] has produced Heisman winners, with [[Pat Sullivan (American football)|Pat Sullivan]] in 1971, [[Bo Jackson]] in 1985, and [[Cam Newton]] in 2010.
-==Class and age==
-For most of its history, most winners of the Heisman have been seniors.<ref>{{cite web |website=The Heisman Trophy |url=http://www.heisman.com/index.php/heismanWinners#winners-year |title=Heisman Winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801004040/http://www.heisman.com/index.php/heismanWinners#winners-year |archive-date=August 1, 2014 |access-date=December 13, 2009 }}</ref>
-Texas A&M quarterback [[Johnny Manziel]] became the first freshman to win the Heisman in 2012. The following year, at {{age in years and days|1994|1|6|2013|12|14}} old, Florida State quarterback [[Jameis Winston]] became the youngest Heisman Trophy winner at that time as a freshman. Both, however, were in their second year of college, having been [[Redshirt (college sports)|redshirted]] during their first year of attendance, meaning that no ''true'' freshman has yet won the award. No sophomore won the Heisman in its first 72 years, at which point there were three consecutive sophomore winners—[[Tim Tebow]] in 2007, followed by [[Sam Bradford]] and [[Mark Ingram II]]—with [[Lamar Jackson]], who also surpassed Winston's record as the youngest Heisman winner, becoming the fourth in 2016. Of the four sophomores to have won the award, only Bradford had been redshirted; the others all won during their second year of college attendance. Only a few juniors have won the award, starting with the eleventh winner in 1945, [[Doc Blanchard]].
-Five players have finished in the top three of the Heisman voting as freshmen or sophomores before later winning the award: [[Angelo Bertelli]], [[Glenn Davis (halfback)|Glenn Davis]], [[Doc Blanchard]], [[Doak Walker]], and [[Herschel Walker]]. Eight players have finished in the top three as freshmen or sophomores but never won a Heisman: [[Clint Castleberry]], [[Marshall Faulk]], [[Michael Vick]], [[Rex Grossman]], [[Larry Fitzgerald]], [[Adrian Peterson]], [[Deshaun Watson]], and [[Christian McCaffrey]]. Four players have specifically finished second in consecutive years: Glenn Davis (second in 1944 and 1945, winner in 1946), Charlie Justice (second 1948 and 1949), [[Darren McFadden]] (second 2006 and 2007), and [[Andrew Luck]] (second 2010 and 2011).
-The oldest and youngest Heisman winners ever both played for [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] schools. The oldest, [[Chris Weinke]], was 28 years old when he won in 2000; he spent six years in [[minor league baseball]] before enrolling at [[Florida State University|Florida State]]. The youngest winner is 2016 recipient Lamar Jackson of [[University of Louisville|Louisville]] at the age of {{age in years and days|1997|1|7|2016|12|10}}, four days younger than Jameis Winston was when he won in 2013.<!--The 2013 ceremony was on December 14; the 2016 ceremony was on December 10.-->
-==Position==
-The Heisman has usually been awarded either to a [[running back]] or a [[quarterback]]; very few players have won the trophy playing a position other than those two. Three [[wide receiver]]s have been named winner: [[Tim Brown (American football)|Tim Brown]] ([[1987 NCAA Division I-A football season|1987]]), [[Desmond Howard]] ([[1991 NCAA Division I-A football season|1991]]), and [[DeVonta Smith]] ([[2020–21 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2020]]). Two [[tight end]]s have also won the trophy, [[Larry Kelley]] ([[1936 college football season|1936]]) and [[Leon Hart]] ([[1949 college football season|1949]]). [[Charles Woodson]] is the only primarily [[Defense (sport)|defensive]] player to win the award, doing so as a [[defensive back]], while also serving as kick returner and occasional wide receiver for [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan]] in [[1997 NCAA Division I-A football season|1997]].
-The highest finish ever for any individual who played exclusively on defense is second, by defensive end [[Hugh Green (American football)|Hugh Green]] of [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]] in [[1980 NCAA Division I-A football season|1980]], linebacker [[Manti Te'o]] of Notre Dame in [[2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season|2012]], and by defensive end [[Aidan Hutchinson]] of Michigan in [[2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2021]]. Although the Heisman is named in honor of [[John Heisman|an interior lineman]], no interior [[Lineman (American football)|lineman]] on either side of the ball has ever won the award. Legendary [[linebacker]] [[Dick Butkus]] placed sixth in [[1963 NCAA University Division football season|1963]] and third in [[1964 NCAA University Division football season|1964]] and could qualify as an interior lineman, as he played center on offense during his era when two-way players were still common. [[guard (gridiron football)|Offensive guard]] [[Tom Brown (guard)|Tom Brown]] of [[Minnesota Golden Gophers football|Minnesota]] and the offensive tackle [[John Hicks (American football)|John Hicks]] of [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]] placed second in 1960 and 1973, respectively. Rich Glover, a defensive lineman from Nebraska, finished 3rd in the 1972 vote—which was won by his Cornhusker teammate [[Johnny Rodgers]]. [[Washington Huskies football|Washington's]] DT [[Steve Emtman]] finished 4th in voting in 1991. [[Ndamukong Suh]] of [[Nebraska Cornhuskers football|Nebraska]] finished fourth in 2009 as a defensive tackle. Also, [[Kurt Burris]], a center for the [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma]] team, was a runner-up for the award in 1954 and [[Orlando Pace]] finished fourth in 1996 as an offensive tackle for [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
-==Venue==
+===Venues===
 {| class="wikitable"
+|+ List of venues hosting the trophy presentation
-|+ Venues
 |-
 ! Venue !! Years
@@ Line 114: / Line 74: @@
 | [[Palladium Times Square]]<br>(New York, New York) || 2005–2016; 2018–2019
 |-
-| [[ESPN]] headquarters/remote<br>([[Bristol, Connecticut|Bristol]], [[Connecticut]]) || 2020
+| [[ESPN]] headquarters<br>([[Bristol, Connecticut|Bristol]], [[Connecticut]]) || 2020{{efn|Held remotely due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]}}
 |-
 | [[Jazz at Lincoln Center]]<br>(New York, New York) || 2021–present
@@ Line 125: / Line 85: @@
 After Palladium Times Square (then PlayStation Theater) closed in December 2019, the Heisman Trust began searching for a new location to conduct the trophy presentation. The 2020 ceremony would ultimately be held at the studios of ESPN in [[Bristol, Connecticut]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]; the ceremony was a [[virtual event]] with all participants appearing via remote interviews.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 14, 2020|title=Heisman Trophy to be awarded virtually Jan. 5|url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/30316085/heisman-trophy-awarded-virtual-ceremony-jan-5|access-date=November 16, 2020|website=ESPN.com|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115162906/https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/30316085/heisman-trophy-awarded-virtual-ceremony-jan-5|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2021 ceremony returned to an in-person event, with the presentation held at The Appel Room at [[Jazz at Lincoln Center]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ESPN to debut new look for Heisman Trophy presentation telecast|url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Daily/Issues/2021/11/30/Media/Heisman-Telecast.aspx|access-date=December 9, 2021|website=sportsbusinessjournal.com|date=30 November 2021 |language=en|archive-date=December 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209031547/https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Daily/Issues/2021/11/30/Media/Heisman-Telecast.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
+===Television coverage===
-==History==
+[[WWOR-TV|WOR-TV]] broadcast the 1949 ceremonies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Radio and Television: The Aces, Comedy Team Since 1930, to Make Video Debut on WABD Next Wednesday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1949/11/28/archives/radio-and-television-the-aces-comedy-team-since-1930-to-make-video.html?searchResultPosition=1 |access-date=August 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=November 28, 1949 |page=42|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Before 1977, the presentation of the award was not televised as a stand-alone special, but rather as a quick in-game feature. The ceremony usually aired on [[College Football on ABC|ABC]] as a feature at halftime of the last major national telecast (generally a rivalry game) of the college football season. ABC essentially showed highlights since the award was handed out as part of an annual weeknight dinner at the DAC. At the time, the event had usually been scheduled for the week following the [[Army–Navy Game]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} The most watched Heisman ceremony ever was in 2009 when Mark Ingram won over Toby Gerhart and [[Colt McCoy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2012/12/heisman-trophy-presentation-second-most-watched-on-record/|title=Heisman Trophy Presentation Second-Most Watched on Record &mdash; Sports Media Watch|last=Sen|first=Paul|date=December 13, 2012|website=SportsMediaWatch.com|access-date=September 27, 2017|archive-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928055840/http://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2012/12/heisman-trophy-presentation-second-most-watched-on-record/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The award was first presented in 1935 by the [[Downtown Athletic Club]] (DAC) in [[New York City]], a privately owned recreation facility located on the lower west side near the later [[World Trade Center site]]. It was first known simply as the DAC Trophy. The first winner, [[Jay Berwanger]], was drafted by the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] but declined to sign for them. He never played professional football for any team. In 1936, [[John Heisman]] died and the trophy was renamed in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heisman.com/sports/2014/9/10/FB_0910145750.aspx|title=Heisman Trophy - John W. Heisman|website=Heisman.com|access-date=September 27, 2017|archive-date=September 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907204020/http://heisman.com/sports/2014/9/10/FB_0910145750.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Larry Kelley]], the second winner of the award, was the first man to win it as the "Heisman Trophy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heisman.com/history/heisman_trophy.php|title=The Heisman Trophy|publisher=Heisman.com|access-date=January 4, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103181703/http://www.heisman.com/history/heisman_trophy.php|archive-date=January 3, 2012}}</ref>
-The first African American player to win the Heisman was [[Syracuse Orange football|Syracuse]]'s [[Ernie Davis]], who never played a snap in the NFL. He was diagnosed with [[leukemia]] shortly after winning the award and died in 1963. In 1966, former [[1966 Florida Gators football team|Florida Gators]] quarterback [[Steve Spurrier]] gave his Heisman trophy to the university president, Dr. [[J. Wayne Reitz]], so that the award could be shared by Florida students and faculty.<ref name="info" /> The gesture caused Florida's student government to raise funds to purchase a replacement trophy for Spurrier.<ref name="info" /> Since then, the Downtown Athletic Club has issued two trophies to winners, one to the individual and a replica to his college.<ref name="info" />
-Several Heisman trophies have been sold over the years; although there is a ban on the sale of all trophies awarded since 1999, trophies awarded in previous years can be sold.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Witz|first=Billy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/14/sports/heisman-trophy-sales-auction.html|title=Congrats on the Heisman Trophy. Now Sign Here and Promise to Not Sell It.|date=December 14, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 12, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213001153/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/14/sports/heisman-trophy-sales-auction.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[O. J. Simpson]]'s 1968 trophy was sold in February 1999 for [[United States dollar|$]]230,000 as part of the settlement of the civil trial following the acquittal in his [[O. J. Simpson murder case|murder case]].<ref name="info" /> Yale end [[Larry Kelley]] sold his 1936 Heisman in December 1999 for $328,110 to settle his estate and to provide a bequest for his family.<ref name="info" /> [[Charles White (American football)|Charles White]]'s 1979 trophy first sold for $184,000 and then for nearly $300,000 in December 2006 to help pay back federal income taxes.<ref name="info" /> The current record price for a Heisman belongs to the trophy won by Minnesota halfback [[Bruce Smith (halfback)|Bruce Smith]] in 1941 at $395,240.<ref name="info" /> [[Paul Hornung]] sold his Heisman for $250,000 to endow scholarships for [[University of Notre Dame]] students from his hometown of [[Louisville, Kentucky]].<ref name="info" /> Eliscu's original plaster cast sold at [[Sotheby's]] for $228,000 in December 2005.<ref name="info" />
-==Television coverage==
-The presentation of the Heisman Trophy was not broadcast on television until [[1977 in television|1977]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the506.com/yabb/YaBB.pl?num=1229651343|title=Heisman Trophy Presentation broadcast history?|access-date=December 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212165832/http://the506.com/yabb/YaBB.pl?num=1229651343|archive-date=February 12, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Before 1977, the presentation of the award was not televised as a stand-alone special, but rather as a quick in-game feature. The ceremony usually aired on [[College Football on ABC|ABC]] as a feature at halftime of the last major national telecast (generally a rivalry game) of the college football season. ABC essentially showed highlights since the award was handed out as part of an annual weeknight dinner at the DAC. At the time, the event had usually been scheduled for the week following the [[Army–Navy Game]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} The most watched Heisman ceremony ever was in 2009 when Mark Ingram won over Toby Gerhart and [[Colt McCoy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2012/12/heisman-trophy-presentation-second-most-watched-on-record/|title=Heisman Trophy Presentation Second-Most Watched on Record &mdash; Sports Media Watch|last=Sen|first=Paul|date=December 13, 2012|website=SportsMediaWatch.com|access-date=September 27, 2017|archive-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928055840/http://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2012/12/heisman-trophy-presentation-second-most-watched-on-record/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-On December 8, 1977, CBS (who paid $200,000 for the rights) aired a one-hour (at 10:00&nbsp;p.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]]) special to celebrate the presentation of the Heisman Trophy to [[Earl Campbell]] of the [[Texas Longhorns football|University of Texas]]. [[Elliott Gould]] and O. J. Simpson were the co-hosts, with [[Connie Stevens]] and [[Leslie Uggams]] providing musical entertainment and [[Robert Klein]] providing some comic relief.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
-Since then, a number of companies have provided television coverage of the event:{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
+Broadcasters include:{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
 * [[CBS]] (1977–1980, 1986–1990)
 * [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] (1981–1984) – [[Owned-and-operated television stations in the United States#ABC 2|owned-and-operated stations]] only
@@ Line 160: / Line 111: @@
 In 2010 [[USC Trojans football|University of Southern California]] athletic director [[Pat Haden]] announced the university would return its replica of the 2005 Heisman Trophy due to [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] sanctions requiring the university to dissociate itself from [[Reggie Bush]]. The NCAA found that Bush had received gifts from an agent while at USC. On September 14, 2010, Bush voluntarily forfeited his title as a Heisman winner. The next day, the Heisman Trust announced the 2005 award would remain vacated and removed all mention of the 2005 award from its official website.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reggie Bush's Heisman to stay vacated |date=September 16, 2010 |work=[[ESPN.com]] |url=https://www.espn.com/los-angeles/ncf/news/story?id=5576729 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105141538/http://sports.espn.go.com/los-angeles/ncf/news/story?id=5576729 |archive-date=November 5, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bush eventually returned the trophy itself to the Heisman Trust in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.espn.com/los-angeles/ncf/story/_/id/8272932 |title=Former USC RB Bush returned his '05 Heisman |last=Moura |first=Pedro |date=August 16, 2012 |access-date=October 11, 2018 |work=[[ESPN.com]] |archive-date=October 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011172945/http://www.espn.com/los-angeles/ncf/story/_/id/8272932 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Critical responses from the national media were strident and varied. ''[[CBSSports.com]]'' producer J. Darin Darst opined that Bush "should never have been pressured to return the award." Kalani Simpson of [[Fox Sports (USA)|Fox Sports]] wrote, "Nice try Heisman Trust...It's a slick move to try to wipe the slate clean." Former Football Writers Association of America president Dennis Dodd, on the other hand, decided to fictitiously award Bush's vacated 2005 award to [[Vince Young]], the original runner-up that year. He wrote, "Since the Heisman folks won't re-vote, we did. Vince Young is the ''new'' winner of the 2005 Heisman." A ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' piece argued that Bush's Heisman was "tainted," but lamented that the decision came five years after Bush was awarded the trophy and, therefore, four years after the expiration of Bush's term as current holder of the Heisman title.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/16/vince-young-heisman-troph_n_718887.html |title=Vince Young: Heisman Trophy Should Not Be Mine |date=16 September 2010 |work=Huffington Post |access-date=October 11, 2018 |department=Sports |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920063822/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/16/vince-young-heisman-troph_n_718887.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbssports.com/mcc/blogs/entry/6270202/24752749 |title=Vince Young wins the 2005 Heisman! |date=September 22, 2010 |website=CBS Sports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045527/http://www.cbssports.com/mcc/blogs/entry/6270202/24752749 |archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/collegefootball/story/Reggie-Bush-Heisman-Trophy-asterisk-091410, |title=Bush's return of Heisman is wrong move |date=14 September 2010 |work=FOX Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/16/opinion/la-ed-bush-20100916 |title=Reggie Bush's tainted Heisman |date=16 September 2010 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=October 11, 2018 |issn=0458-3035 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306090318/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/16/opinion/la-ed-bush-20100916 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Critical responses from the national media were strident and varied. ''[[CBSSports.com]]'' producer J. Darin Darst opined that Bush "should never have been pressured to return the award." Kalani Simpson of [[Fox Sports (USA)|Fox Sports]] wrote, "Nice try Heisman Trust...It's a slick move to try to wipe the slate clean." Former Football Writers Association of America president Dennis Dodd, on the other hand, decided to fictitiously award Bush's vacated 2005 award to [[Vince Young]], the original runner-up that year. He wrote, "Since the Heisman folks won't re-vote, we did. Vince Young is the ''new'' winner of the 2005 Heisman." A ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' piece argued that Bush's Heisman was "tainted," but lamented that the decision came five years after Bush was awarded the trophy and, therefore, four years after the expiration of Bush's term as current holder of the Heisman title.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/16/vince-young-heisman-troph_n_718887.html |title=Vince Young: Heisman Trophy Should Not Be Mine |date=16 September 2010 |work=Huffington Post |access-date=October 11, 2018 |department=Sports |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920063822/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/16/vince-young-heisman-troph_n_718887.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbssports.com/mcc/blogs/entry/6270202/24752749 |title=Vince Young wins the 2005 Heisman! |date=September 22, 2010 |website=CBS Sports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045527/http://www.cbssports.com/mcc/blogs/entry/6270202/24752749 |archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/collegefootball/story/Reggie-Bush-Heisman-Trophy-asterisk-091410, |title=Bush's return of Heisman is wrong move |date=14 September 2010 |work=FOX Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-sep-16-la-ed-bush-20100916-story.html |title=Reggie Bush's tainted Heisman |date=16 September 2010 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=October 11, 2018 |issn=0458-3035 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306090318/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/16/opinion/la-ed-bush-20100916 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 On April 24, 2024, the Heisman Trust announced the formal reinstatement of Reggie Bush's trophy amid what it called "enormous changes in the college football landscape". The Trust cited "fundamental changes in college athletics" in which rules that have allowed [[student athlete compensation]] to become an accepted practice and the 2021 [[United States Supreme Court]] decision against the NCAA in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston|''Alston'' case]], which the Trust said "questioned the legality of the NCAA's amateurism model and opened the door to student athlete compensation".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/40014492/reggie-bush-heisman-trophy-returned |title=Reggie Bush to have Heisman Trophy returned |date=24 April 2024 |work=ESPN}}</ref>
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 * 2013
 ** Florida State quarterback Jameis Winston won the 2013 Heisman Trophy amidst a sexual assault investigation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/dec/16/jameis-winston-heisman-trophy-sexual-assault|title=Jameis Winston's Heisman win dogged by fallout from sexual assault case|date=December 16, 2013|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=March 3, 2019|archive-date=March 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043247/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/dec/16/jameis-winston-heisman-trophy-sexual-assault|url-status=live}}</ref>
-==Winners==
-{{Main|List of Heisman Trophy winners}}
 ==Notes==

v t e College football awards
Overall trophies	Heisman Trophy (winners) (Most outstanding) Maxwell Award (Player of the year) Walter Camp Award (Player of the year) Defunct: Archie Griffin Award (Most valuable) Chic Harley Award (Best player)
Overall media awards	AP Player of the Year (1998) Sporting News Player of the Year (1942) Defunct: UPI Player of the Year
Positional awards	Bronko Nagurski Trophy (Defensive player) Chuck Bednarik Award (Defensive player) Lott Trophy (Defensive player) Outland Trophy (Interior lineman) Manning Award (Quarterback) Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback) Doak Walker Award (Running back) Fred Biletnikoff Award (Receiver) John Mackey Award (Tight end) Joe Moore Award (Offensive line) Rimington Trophy (Center) Ted Hendricks Award (Defensive end) Butkus Award (Linebacker) Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive back) Lou Groza Award (Placekicker) Ray Guy Award (Punter) Patrick Mannelly Award (Long snapper) Jet Award (Return specialist) Peter Mortell (Holder)
Other national player awards	Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Senior quarterback) Paul Hornung Award (Most versatile) Lombardi Award (Best performance) Jacobs Blocking Trophy (Best blocker) Polynesian Football Player of the Year Award (Best player of Polynesian descent) Deacon Jones Trophy (HBCU's most outstanding player)
All-Americans	College Football All-America Team (unanimous selections) Little All-America team
Head coaching awards	AFCA Coach of the Year Award (1935) Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award (1957) Sporting News Coach of the Year (1963) Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award (1967) Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year (1976) Paul "Bear" Bryant Award (1986) George Munger Award (1989) Home Depot Coach of the Year (1994) AP Coach of the Year (1998) Defunct: Joseph V. Paterno Award (2010) Bobby Bowden Coach of the Year Award (2009) Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award (2006) Woody Hayes Trophy (1977)
Assistant coaching awards	Broyles Award (Assistant Coach of the Year) AFCA Assistant Coach of the Year
Conference awards	ACC awards American awards Big 12 awards Big Ten awards (MVP) MAC awards Pac-12 awards SEC awards Defunct: Big East awards SWC awards
Division I FCS awards	Walter Payton Award (Div. I FCS offensive player) Buck Buchanan Award (Div. I FCS defensive player) Jerry Rice Award (Div. I FCS freshman) Eddie Robinson Award (Div. I FCS coach) Defunct: Mickey Charles Award (Div. I FCS student-athlete) STATS FCS Offensive Player of the Year (Div. I FCS offensive player) STATS FCS Defensive Player of the Year (Div. I FCS defensive player) STATS FCS Freshman Player of the Year (Div. I FCS freshman) STATS FCS Coach of the Year (Div. I FCS coach)
Other divisions/associations	Harlon Hill Trophy (Div. II) Gagliardi Trophy (Div. III) Rawlings Award (NAIA) Hec Crighton Trophy (U Sports) Fred Mitchell Award (non-Div. I FBS placekicker) Defunct: Melberger Award (Div. III)
Academic, inspirational, and versatility awards	Academic All-America of the Year (Student-athlete) Disney's Wide World of Sports Spirit Award William V. Campbell Trophy (Student-athlete) Wuerffel Trophy (Humanitarian-athlete) Senior CLASS Award (Div. I FBS student-athlete) Burlsworth Trophy (Walk-on) Rudy Award (inspirational/motivational)
Service awards	Amos Alonzo Stagg Award Walter Camp Alumni of the Year Walter Camp Man of the Year National Football Foundation Distinguished American Award National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners Theodore Roosevelt Award
Regional awards	Champ Pickens Cup (1923–1926; Southern Conference champion) Conerly Trophy (Mississippi) Jon Cornish Trophy (top Canadian NCAA player) Dudley Award (Virginia) Norris Cup (North Carolina, school's best athlete) Porter Cup (South, school's best athlete) Earl Campbell Tyler Rose Award (Texas-related offensive player) Kent Hull Trophy (Mississippi; offensive lineman) Nils V. "Swede" Nelson Award (New England sportsmanship)
Awards organizations	Maxwell Football Club National Football Foundation Touchdown Club of Columbus (defunct) Walter Camp Football Foundation Washington D.C. Touchdown Club
Halls of fame	College Football Hall of Fame

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