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{{Short description|Programmable calculator, 1982–1984}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Infobox Calculator
{{Infobox Calculator
| name = HP-10C
| name = HP-10C
| image = HP-10C programmable calculator.jpg
| image = HP-10C programmable calculator.jpg
| caption = HP-10C
| caption = HP-10C
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]] [[Scientific calculator|Scientific]]
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]] [[Scientific calculator|scientific]]
| entry = [[Calculator input methods#Reverse Polish Notation .28RPN.29 .28Postfix notation.29|RPN]]
| entry = [[Calculator input methods#RPN|RPN]]
| introduced = 1982
| introduced = 1982
| discontinued = 1984
| discontinued = 1984
| cost = USD 80
| cost = 80 $USD
| manufacturer = [[Hewlett-Packard]]
| manufacturer = [[Hewlett-Packard]]
| precision =
| precision =
Line 14: Line 16:
| processor = [[HP Nut]] core (1LF5<ref name="Smith_2009">{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Smith |title=HP Voyager Calculator Variants |url=http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/hpcalc/voyager/variants.html |date=2009-07-28 |access-date=2015-11-20}}</ref>)
| processor = [[HP Nut]] core (1LF5<ref name="Smith_2009">{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Smith |title=HP Voyager Calculator Variants |url=http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/hpcalc/voyager/variants.html |date=2009-07-28 |access-date=2015-11-20}}</ref>)
| prog_lang = [[Keystroke programmable]] (fully merged)
| prog_lang = [[Keystroke programmable]] (fully merged)
| memory_data = 0…9 registers<!-- amount, not name --> (''R0''…''R9'') plus ''X'', ''Y'', ''Z'', ''T'', ''LAST X''<ref name="HP-10C_1982">{{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-10C Owner's Handbook |date=February 1982 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]], Corvallis Division |location=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |id=HP part-number 00010-90025 |url=http://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/hp10c_oh.pdf |dead-url=no |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20151005115920/http://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/hp10c_oh.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-05}}</ref>
| memory_data = 0…9 registers<!-- amount, not name --> (''R0''…''R9'') plus ''X'', ''Y'', ''Z'', ''T'', ''LAST X''<ref name="HP-10C_1982">{{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-10C Owner's Handbook |date=February 1982 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]], Corvallis Division |location=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |id=HP part-number 00010-90025 |url=http://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/hp10c_oh.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005115920/http://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/hp10c_oh.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-05}}</ref>
| memory_step = 9…79 lines<ref name="HP-10C_1982"/>
| memory_step = 9…79 lines<ref name="HP-10C_1982"/>
| supply =
| supply =
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| image = hp11c2.jpg
| image = hp11c2.jpg
| caption = HP-11C
| caption = HP-11C
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]] [[Scientific calculator|Scientific]]
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]] [[Scientific calculator|scientific]]
| entry = [[Calculator input methods#Reverse Polish Notation .28RPN.29 .28Postfix notation.29|RPN]]
| entry = [[Calculator input methods#RPN|RPN]]
| introduced = 1981
| introduced = 1981
| discontinued = 1989
| discontinued = 1989
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| processor = [[HP Nut]] core (1LF5 / 1LM2 / 1LQ9<ref name="Smith_2009"/>)
| processor = [[HP Nut]] core (1LF5 / 1LM2 / 1LQ9<ref name="Smith_2009"/>)
| prog_lang = [[Keystroke programmable]] (fully merged)
| prog_lang = [[Keystroke programmable]] (fully merged)
| memory_data = 0…20 registers<!-- amount, not name --> (''R0''…''R9'', ''R.0''…''R.9'') plus ''RI'', ''X'', ''Y'', ''Z'', ''T'', ''LAST X''<ref name="HP-11C_1985">{{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-11C Owner's Handbook and Problem-Solving Guide |date=November 1985 |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]], Corvallis Division |location=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |edition=G |id=HP part-number 00011-90001 |url=http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00503576.pdf |dead-url=no |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20151005115920/http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00503576.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-05}}</ref>
| memory_data = 0…20 registers<!-- amount, not name --> (''R0''…''R9'', ''R.0''…''R.9'') plus ''RI'', ''X'', ''Y'', ''Z'', ''T'', ''LAST X''<ref name="HP-11C_1985">{{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-11C Owner's Handbook and Problem-Solving Guide |date=November 1985 |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]], Corvallis Division |location=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |edition=G |id=HP part-number 00011-90001 |url=http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00503576.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005115920/http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00503576.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-05}}</ref>
| memory_step = 63…203 lines<ref name="HP-11C_1985"/>
| memory_step = 63…203 lines<ref name="HP-11C_1985"/>
| supply =
| supply =
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*[[#11C|HP-11C]] &ndash; mid-range scientific calculator (1981–1989).
*[[#11C|HP-11C]] &ndash; mid-range scientific calculator (1981–1989).
*[[#12C|HP-12C]] &ndash; business/financial calculator (1981–present).
*[[#12C|HP-12C]] &ndash; business/financial calculator (1981–present).
*[[#15C|HP-15C]] &ndash; advanced scientific calculator (1982–1989, 2011).
*[[#15C|HP-15C]] &ndash; advanced scientific calculator (1982–1989, 2011, 2023–present).
*[[#16C|HP-16C]] &ndash; computer programmer's calculator (1982–1989).
*[[#16C|HP-16C]] &ndash; computer programmer's calculator (1982–1989).


==={{anchor|10C}}HP-10C===
==={{anchor|10C}}HP-10C===


The '''HP-10C''' is the last and lowest-featured calculator in this line, even though its number would suggest an earlier origin{{fact}}. The 10C was a basic scientific programmable. While a useful general purpose RPN calculator, the HP-11C offered twice as much for only a slight increase in price. Designed to be an introductory calculator, it was still costly compared to the competition, and many looking at an HP would just step up to the better HP-11C. Poor sales led to a very short market life, making it one of the most difficult of the series to find today.
The HP-10C is the last and lowest-featured calculator in this line, even though its number would suggest an earlier origin. The 10C was a basic scientific programmable calculator. While a useful general purpose RPN calculator, the HP-11C offered twice as much for only a slight increase in price. Designed to be an introductory calculator, it was still costly compared to the competition, and many looking at an HP would just step up to the better HP-11C. Poor sales led to a very short market life, making it one of the most difficult of the series to find today.


==={{anchor|11C}}HP-11C===
==={{anchor|11C}}HP-11C===


The '''HP-11C''' is a mid-range scientific programmable calculator.
The HP-11C is a mid-range scientific programmable calculator.


==={{anchor|12C|12CP}}HP-12C ===
==={{anchor|12C|12CP}}HP-12C ===
{{Main|HP-12C}}
{{Main|HP-12C}}
The ''[[HP-12C]]'' is a popular [[finance|financial]] calculator. It was such a successful model that Hewlett-Packard redesigned it from scratch,<ref name="Smith_2009"/> added several new functions, and introduced it as the ''[[HP&nbsp;12c Platinum]]'' in 2003 as well as the ''[[HP&nbsp;12c Prestige]]''. Over the course of years, several anniversary editions of the calculator were produced as well.
The [[HP-12C]] is a popular [[finance|financial]] calculator. It was such a successful model that Hewlett-Packard redesigned it from scratch,<ref name="Smith_2009"/> added several new functions, and introduced it as the [[HP&nbsp;12c Platinum]] in 2003 as well as the [[HP&nbsp;12c Prestige]]. Over the course of years, several anniversary editions of the calculator were produced as well.


The HP-12C is HP's longest and best-selling product, in continual production since its introduction in 1981.<ref name="date" />
The HP-12C is HP's longest and best-selling product, in continual production since its introduction in 1981.<ref name="date" />
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{{Main|HP-15C}}
{{Main|HP-15C}}


The ''[[HP-15C]]'' is a high-end scientific programmable with a root-solver and numerical integration, produced between 1982 and 1989. It is also able to handle complex numbers and matrix operations. Although long being discontinued its continued popularity among users triggered Hewlett-Packard to offer a ''[[HP&nbsp;15c Limited Edition]]'' remake of the calculator in 2011.
The [[HP-15C]] is a high-end scientific programmable with a root-solver and numerical integration, produced between 1982 and 1989. It is also able to handle complex numbers and matrix operations. Although long being discontinued its continued popularity among users triggered Hewlett-Packard to offer a [[HP&nbsp;15c Limited Edition]] remake of the calculator in 2011 and a [[HP&nbsp;15C Collector's Edition]] in 2023.


==={{anchor|16C}}HP-16C===
==={{anchor|16C}}HP-16C===
{{main|HP-16C}}
{{main|HP-16C}}
The ''HP-16C'' is a [[computer programmer]]'s calculator, designed to assist in [[debugging]]. It can display numbers in [[hexadecimal]], decimal, [[octal]] and [[binary number|binary]], and convert numbers from one base to another. A number of specialized functions are provided to assist the programmer, including left- and right-shifting, masking, and [[Bitwise operation|bitwise]] logical operations. HP has (as of 2015) never made another programmer's calculator, but has incorporated the 16C's functions in later calculator models.
The HP-16C is a [[computer programmer]]'s calculator, designed to assist in [[debugging]]. It can display numbers in [[hexadecimal]], decimal, [[octal]] and [[binary number|binary]], and convert numbers from one base to another. A number of specialized functions are provided to assist the programmer, including left- and right-shifting, masking, and [[Bitwise operation|bitwise]] logical operations. HP has (as of 2015) never made another programmer's calculator, but has incorporated the 16C's functions in later calculator models.

[[File:Hewlett-Packard Model HP-16C Programmable RPN Calculator, HP's First and Only Calculator esp. for Programmers, built 1982-1989 (edited to rectangular, V2).jpg|thumb|The HP-16C was dedicated for the needs of [[computer programmer]]s. For this purpose, it was able to display, compute, manipulate and convert numbers in or between different [[Numeral system|numeral systems]] relevant for programming - additionally to the standard [[decimal]] system also [[binary number|binary]], [[octal number|octal]] and [[hexadecimal number|hexadecimal]] (as in the image, indicated by the "h").]]


==Features==
==Features==
=== Arithmetic ===
=== Arithmetic ===
Hewlett-Packard retained the [[Numerical analysis|numerical analyst]] [[William Kahan]] of [[UC Berkeley]], the architect of the [[IEEE 754]] standard for [[floating-point]] arithmetic, to design the numerical algorithms implemented by the calculators.<ref name="Kahan_1979">{{cite journal |last=Kahan |first=William Morton |author-link=William Morton Kahan |date=December 1979 |title=Personal Calculator Has Key to Solve Any Equation ''f''(''x'') = 0 |journal=[[Hewlett-Packard Journal]] |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=20;26 |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1979-12.pdf |accessdate=2008-11-14}}</ref><ref name="Kahan_1980">{{cite journal |last=Kahan |first=William Morton |author-link=William Morton Kahan |date=August 1980 |title=Handheld Calculator Evaluates Integrals |journal=[[Hewlett-Packard Journal]] |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=23;32 |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1980-08.pdf |accessdate=2008-11-14}}</ref> He also wrote parts of the manuals.
Hewlett-Packard retained the [[Numerical analysis|numerical analyst]] [[William Kahan]] of [[UC Berkeley]], the architect of the [[IEEE 754]] standard for [[floating-point]] arithmetic, to design the numerical algorithms implemented by the calculators.<ref name="Kahan_1979">{{cite journal |last=Kahan |first=William Morton |author-link=William Morton Kahan |date=December 1979 |title=Personal Calculator Has Key to Solve Any Equation ''f''(''x'') = 0 |journal=[[Hewlett-Packard Journal]] |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=20;26 |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1979-12.pdf |access-date=2008-11-14}}</ref><ref name="Kahan_1980">{{cite journal |last=Kahan |first=William Morton |author-link=William Morton Kahan |date=August 1980 |title=Handheld Calculator Evaluates Integrals |journal=[[Hewlett-Packard Journal]] |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=23;32 |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1980-08.pdf |access-date=2008-11-14}}</ref> He also wrote parts of the manuals.


=== Programming ===
=== Programming ===
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| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
|-
! LBL <ref group="F">Without LBL (Label) goto commands can reference only absolute program steps.</ref>
! LBL<ref group="F">Without LBL (Label) goto commands can reference only absolute program steps.</ref>
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
|-
! GSB/RTN <ref group="F">Without GSB (Go Subroutine) / RTN (Return from Subroutine) one cannot write subroutines.</ref>
! GSB/RTN<ref group="F">Without GSB (Go Subroutine) / RTN (Return from Subroutine) one cannot write subroutines.</ref>
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
|-
! DSE, ISG <ref group="F" name="loop">Without DSZ/DSE (Decrement and Skip) and ISZ/ISG (Increment and Skip) writing loops is difficult.</ref>
! DSE, ISG<ref group="F" name="loop">Without DSZ/DSE (Decrement and Skip) and ISZ/ISG (Increment and Skip) writing loops is difficult.</ref>
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
|-
! DSZ, ISZ <ref group="F" name="loop" />
! DSZ, ISZ<ref group="F" name="loop" />
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
Line 163: Line 167:
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
|-
! I (I) <ref group="F">Without indirect addressing only the first 20 (0…19) register can be accessed. Also the programming model is not [[Turing completeness|turing complete]].</ref>
! I (I)<ref group="F">Without indirect addressing only the first 20 (0…19) register can be accessed. Also the programming model is not [[Turing completeness|turing complete]].</ref>
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
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==Legacy==
==Legacy==


The HP-12C and its derivatives remains in widespread use today and is still available from Hewlett-Packard. The long-discontinued HP-15C was re-released in a "Limited Edition" in 2011 that has again been discontinued.
The HP-12C and its derivatives remains in widespread use today and is still available from Hewlett-Packard. The long-discontinued HP-15C was re-released in a "Limited Edition" in 2011 that has again been discontinued. A ''Collector's Edition'' was released in 2023.


===Emulators===
===Emulators===
Official emulators for the 12C and 15C are commercially available from Hewlett-Packard for Android<ref>https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8593609</ref> and iOS<ref>http://www.cnet.com/news/hp-reincarnates-calculators-on-iphone-windows</ref> devices.
Official emulators for the 12C and 15C are commercially available from Hewlett-Packard for Android<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8593609|title = Hewlett-Packard ships official HP 15c app for Android &#124; Hacker News}}</ref> and iOS<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/hp-reincarnates-calculators-on-iphone-windows|title = HP reincarnates calculators on iPhone, Windows}}</ref> devices.


==={{anchor|DM-10CC|DM-10|DM-10 Silver Edition|DM-11CC|DM-11|DM-11 Silver Edition|DM-11L}}Clones===
==={{anchor|DM10CC|DM10|DM10 Silver Edition|DM10L|DM11CC|DM11|DM11 Silver Edition|DM11L}}Clones===
<!-- Only discuss clones of the HP-10C and HP-11C here in detail. The many clones of the other models should better be discussed in details in the individual articles on the HP-12C, HP-15C and HP-16C. -->
<!-- Only discuss clones of the HP-10C and HP-11C here in detail. The many clones of the other models should better be discussed in details in the individual articles on the HP-12C, HP-15C and HP-16C. -->
In 2011, the continued popularity of the Voyager series among users prompted SwissMicros to produce a series of credit-card-sized calculators looking like miniature versions of their HP equivalents and running the original HP firmware in an emulator on a modern calculator hardware. The series consists of the ''DM-10'', ''DM-11'', ''[[SwissMicros DM-12|DM-12]]'', ''[[SwissMicros DM-15|DM-15]]'' and ''[[SwissMicros DM-16|DM-16]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swissmicros.com/|title=SwissMicros.com|accessdate=2013-06-29}}</ref> All calculators use the same hardware, but differ in keyboard and firmware (which can be changed with an upgrade port). After the introduction of the larger ''[[SwissMicros DM-15L|DM-15L]]'', ''[[SwissMicros DM-41L|DM-41L]]'' and ''[[SwissMicros DM-16L|DM-16L]]'' in 2015, the ''DM-11L'' was added in January 2016 with the ''[[SwissMicros DM-12L|DM-12L]]'' following in February.
In 2011, the continued popularity of the Voyager series among users prompted SwissMicros (originally called RPN-Calc) to produce a series of credit-card-sized calculators looking like miniature versions of their HP equivalents and running the original HP firmware in an emulator on a modern calculator hardware. The series consisted of the ''DM10'',<!-- about 30 units sold in total --> ''DM11'', ''[[SwissMicros DM12|DM12]]'', ''[[SwissMicros DM15|DM15]]'' and ''[[SwissMicros DM16|DM16]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swissmicros.com/ |title=SwissMicros.com |access-date=2013-06-29}}</ref> All calculators used the same hardware, but differ in keyboard and firmware (which can be changed with an upgrade port). After the introduction of the larger ''[[SwissMicros DM15L|DM15L]]'', ''[[SwissMicros DM41L|DM41L]]'' and ''[[SwissMicros DM16L|DM16L]]'' in 2015, the ''DM11L'' was added in January 2016 with the ''[[SwissMicros DM12L|DM12L]]'' following in February. A limited production run for a ''DM10L'' was planned for 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.swissmicros.com/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=110&start=60|title = Attention collectors! - Page 7 - SwissMicros Calculator Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.swissmicros.com/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=2122|title=&#91;DM10L&#93; Coming soon! - SwissMicros Calculator Forum}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bulk CMOS]] semiconductor manufacturing process utilized for HP Nut processors


== References ==
== References ==
Line 187: Line 194:


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-10C Owner's Handbook |date=February 1982 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]], Corvallis Division |location=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |id=HP part-number 00010-90025 |url=http://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/hp10c_oh.pdf |dead-url=no |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20151005115920/http://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/hp10c_oh.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-05}}
* {{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-10C Owner's Handbook |date=February 1982 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]], Corvallis Division |location=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |id=HP part-number 00010-90025 |url=http://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/hp10c_oh.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005115920/http://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/hp10c_oh.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-05}}
* {{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-11C Owner's Handbook and Problem-Solving Guide |date=November 1985 |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]], Corvallis Division |location=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |edition=G |id=HP part-number 00011-90001 |url=http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00503576.pdf |dead-url=no |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20151005115920/http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00503576.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-05}}
* {{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-11C Owner's Handbook and Problem-Solving Guide |date=November 1985 |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard Company]], Corvallis Division |location=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |edition=G |id=HP part-number 00011-90001 |url=http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00503576.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005115920/http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00503576.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-05}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 195: Line 202:
* MyCalcDB: {{cite web |url=http://mycalcdb.free.fr/main.php?l=0&id=817 |title=HP-10C}} {{cite web |url=http://mycalcdb.free.fr/main.php?l=0&id=809 |title=HP-11C}}
* MyCalcDB: {{cite web |url=http://mycalcdb.free.fr/main.php?l=0&id=817 |title=HP-10C}} {{cite web |url=http://mycalcdb.free.fr/main.php?l=0&id=809 |title=HP-11C}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.vcalc.net/hp-11.htm |title=A look inside Hewlett-Packard's HP-11C |work=Electronic Packaging and Production Magazine |date=March 1982 |first=Howard W. |last=Markstein}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.vcalc.net/hp-11.htm |title=A look inside Hewlett-Packard's HP-11C |work=Electronic Packaging and Production Magazine |date=March 1982 |first=Howard W. |last=Markstein}}
* [https://www.swissmicros.com/ SwissMicros] Manufacturer of HP calculator clones.


{{HP calculators}}
{{HP calculators}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hewlett-Packard Voyager series}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hewlett-Packard Voyager series}}
[[Category:HP calculators|Voyager series]]
[[Category:HP programmable calculators|Voyager series]]
[[Category:Programmable calculators]]

Latest revision as of 06:55, 16 April 2024

HP-10C
HP-10C
TypeProgrammable scientific
ManufacturerHewlett-Packard
Introduced1982
Discontinued1984
Cost80 $USD
Calculator
Entry modeRPN
Display typeLCD seven-segment display
Display size10 digits
CPU
ProcessorHP Nut core (1LF5[1])
Programming
Programming language(s)Keystroke programmable (fully merged)
Memory register0…9 registers (R0…R9) plus X, Y, Z, T, LAST X[2]
Program steps9…79 lines[2]
Other
Power consumption0.25 mW
HP-11C
HP-11C
TypeProgrammable scientific
ManufacturerHewlett-Packard
Introduced1981
Discontinued1989
CostUSD 135
Calculator
Entry modeRPN
Display typeLCD seven-segment display
Display size10 digits
CPU
ProcessorHP Nut core (1LF5 / 1LM2 / 1LQ9[1])
Programming
Programming language(s)Keystroke programmable (fully merged)
Memory register0…20 registers (R0…R9, R.0…R.9) plus RI, X, Y, Z, T, LAST X[3]
Program steps63…203 lines[3]
Other
Power consumption0.25 mW

The Hewlett-Packard Voyager series of calculators were introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1981.[4] All members of this series are programmable, use Reverse Polish Notation, and feature continuous memory. Nearly identical in appearance, each model provided different capabilities and was aimed at different user markets.

Models[edit]

The HP calculators Voyager series consisted of five models, some of which were manufactured in several variants (with years of production):

  • HP-10C – basic scientific calculator (1982–1984).
  • HP-11C – mid-range scientific calculator (1981–1989).
  • HP-12C – business/financial calculator (1981–present).
  • HP-15C – advanced scientific calculator (1982–1989, 2011, 2023–present).
  • HP-16C – computer programmer's calculator (1982–1989).

HP-10C[edit]

The HP-10C is the last and lowest-featured calculator in this line, even though its number would suggest an earlier origin. The 10C was a basic scientific programmable calculator. While a useful general purpose RPN calculator, the HP-11C offered twice as much for only a slight increase in price. Designed to be an introductory calculator, it was still costly compared to the competition, and many looking at an HP would just step up to the better HP-11C. Poor sales led to a very short market life, making it one of the most difficult of the series to find today.

HP-11C[edit]

The HP-11C is a mid-range scientific programmable calculator.

HP-12C[edit]

Main article: HP-12C

The HP-12C is a popular financial calculator. It was such a successful model that Hewlett-Packard redesigned it from scratch,[1] added several new functions, and introduced it as the HP 12c Platinum in 2003 as well as the HP 12c Prestige. Over the course of years, several anniversary editions of the calculator were produced as well.

The HP-12C is HP's longest and best-selling product, in continual production since its introduction in 1981.[4]

HP-15C[edit]

Main article: HP-15C

The HP-15C is a high-end scientific programmable with a root-solver and numerical integration, produced between 1982 and 1989. It is also able to handle complex numbers and matrix operations. Although long being discontinued its continued popularity among users triggered Hewlett-Packard to offer a HP 15c Limited Edition remake of the calculator in 2011 and a HP 15C Collector's Edition in 2023.

HP-16C[edit]

Main article: HP-16C

The HP-16C is a computer programmer's calculator, designed to assist in debugging. It can display numbers in hexadecimal, decimal, octal and binary, and convert numbers from one base to another. A number of specialized functions are provided to assist the programmer, including left- and right-shifting, masking, and bitwise logical operations. HP has (as of 2015) never made another programmer's calculator, but has incorporated the 16C's functions in later calculator models.

The HP-16C was dedicated for the needs of computer programmers. For this purpose, it was able to display, compute, manipulate and convert numbers in or between different numeral systems relevant for programming - additionally to the standard decimal system also binary, octal and hexadecimal (as in the image, indicated by the "h").

Features[edit]

Arithmetic[edit]

Hewlett-Packard retained the numerical analyst William Kahan of UC Berkeley, the architect of the IEEE 754 standard for floating-point arithmetic, to design the numerical algorithms implemented by the calculators.[5][6] He also wrote parts of the manuals.

Programming[edit]

The HP Voyager series calculator are keystroke programmable, meaning that it can remember and later execute sequences of keystrokes to solve particular problems of interest to the user. These keystroke programs, in addition to performing any operation normally available on the keyboard, can also make use of conditional and unconditional branching and looping instructions, allowing programs to perform repetitive operations and make decisions.

The available programming features differentiate between the various HP Voyager series calculator systems.

Function HP-10C HP-11C HP-12C HP-15C HP-16C
BSP / ← [F 1] No Yes No Yes Yes
LBL[F 2] No Yes No Yes Yes
GSB/RTN[F 3] No Yes No Yes Yes
x≤y, x=0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
x=y, x≠y No Yes No Yes [F 4] Yes
x<0, x≠0, x>y, x>0 No Yes No Yes [F 4] Yes
x>0, x≤0, x≥y, x≥0 No No No Yes [F 4] No
DSE, ISG[F 5] No Yes No Yes No
DSZ, ISZ[F 5] No No No No Yes
SF, CF, F? No Yes No Yes Yes
I (I)[F 6] No Yes No Yes Yes
  1. ^ Without BSP (backspace) programs can only be edited by overwriting existing steps.
  2. ^ Without LBL (Label) goto commands can reference only absolute program steps.
  3. ^ Without GSB (Go Subroutine) / RTN (Return from Subroutine) one cannot write subroutines.
  4. ^ a b c Available via the g TEST n (indirect) function
  5. ^ a b Without DSZ/DSE (Decrement and Skip) and ISZ/ISG (Increment and Skip) writing loops is difficult.
  6. ^ Without indirect addressing only the first 20 (0…19) register can be accessed. Also the programming model is not turing complete.

Legacy[edit]

The HP-12C and its derivatives remains in widespread use today and is still available from Hewlett-Packard. The long-discontinued HP-15C was re-released in a "Limited Edition" in 2011 that has again been discontinued. A Collector's Edition was released in 2023.

Emulators[edit]

Official emulators for the 12C and 15C are commercially available from Hewlett-Packard for Android[7] and iOS[8] devices.

Clones[edit]

In 2011, the continued popularity of the Voyager series among users prompted SwissMicros (originally called RPN-Calc) to produce a series of credit-card-sized calculators looking like miniature versions of their HP equivalents and running the original HP firmware in an emulator on a modern calculator hardware. The series consisted of the DM10, DM11, DM12, DM15 and DM16.[9] All calculators used the same hardware, but differ in keyboard and firmware (which can be changed with an upgrade port). After the introduction of the larger DM15L, DM41L and DM16L in 2015, the DM11L was added in January 2016 with the DM12L following in February. A limited production run for a DM10L was planned for 2019.[10][11]

See also[edit]

  • Bulk CMOS semiconductor manufacturing process utilized for HP Nut processors

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Smith, Eric (2009-07-28). "HP Voyager Calculator Variants". Retrieved 2015-11-20.
  2. ^ a b Hewlett-Packard HP-10C Owner's Handbook (PDF) (1 ed.). Corvallis, Oregon, USA: Hewlett-Packard Company, Corvallis Division. February 1982. HP part-number 00010-90025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-10-05.
  3. ^ a b Hewlett-Packard HP-11C Owner's Handbook and Problem-Solving Guide (PDF) (G ed.). Corvallis, Oregon, USA: Hewlett-Packard Company, Corvallis Division. November 1985. HP part-number 00011-90001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-10-05.
  4. ^ a b Furr, Richard (2003-01-22). "HP Calculators by Date of Introduction". The Calculator Reference.
  5. ^ Kahan, William Morton (December 1979). "Personal Calculator Has Key to Solve Any Equation f(x) = 0" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard Journal. 30 (12): 20, 26. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
  6. ^ Kahan, William Morton (August 1980). "Handheld Calculator Evaluates Integrals" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard Journal. 31 (8): 23, 32. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
  7. ^ "Hewlett-Packard ships official HP 15c app for Android | Hacker News".
  8. ^ "HP reincarnates calculators on iPhone, Windows".
  9. ^ "SwissMicros.com". Retrieved 2013-06-29.
  10. ^ "Attention collectors! - Page 7 - SwissMicros Calculator Forum".
  11. ^ "[DM10L] Coming soon! - SwissMicros Calculator Forum".

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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