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==Background==
==Background==

Jo Harper wrote that "the PiS agenda has been clear: Poland will stand up for itself, will look at and raise arguments about things that affected Poles, but will defend against any criticism of Poles in relation to (Polish) Jews, Ukrainians, and other minorities... A central collective theme in this version of the national narrative—one that PiS attempts to exploit—is again of a morally clean nation that witnessed horror but was not an active collaborator in it. There persists a large rump in Polish society, and a series of raw cleavages, both defined by attachment... to the historical narrative of cleanliness. It is precisely along these cleavages and to (and for) this rump that PiS seeks to function, obliging waverers to choose between a patriotic party (PiS) and, by implication, a nonpatriotic one (PO)."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harper |first=Jo |date=2010 |title=Negating Negation: Civic Platform, Law and Justice, and the Struggle over “Polishness” |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2753/PPC1075-8216570402 |journal=Problems of Post-Communism |language=en |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=29 |doi=10.2753/PPC1075-8216570402 |issn=1075-8216}}</ref>


[[Adam Leszczyński]] states that, "according to PiS, the source of the profound rift in Polish politics is historical, and dates back at least to the birth of the democratic opposition in the 1970s. Its most important element – the Workers' Defence Committee – grew from left-wing and (to a lesser extent) liberal roots.. [The WDC] supposedly formed an alliance with part of the communist authorities in 1989... they [supposedly] taught Poles to be ashamed of their own history, for example by exposing events like the massacre in Jedwabne... This 'educating by shaming' served to strengthen their grip on Polish people's minds, teaching them to despise their own heritage... PiS is on a mission to reverse the situation, and a vital component is restoring the truth about the past, to give people genuine dignity and pride in their own glorious history. The movement is therefore revolutionary, conservative and emancipatory, all at the same time..." He clarifies that while "PiS's opponents see this vision of history as proof that the party is obsessed with conspiracies... This version of history is standard for the party in power... and serves as the basis for its political activities regarding history."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leszczyński |first=Adam |date=2020 |title=The Past as a Source of Evil: The Controversy Over History and Historical Policy in Poland, 2016 |url=https://digital.herder-institut.de/publications/frontdoor/index/index/docId/82 |journal=Cultures of History Forum |language=en |pages=3-4 |doi=10.25626/0050}}</ref>
[[Adam Leszczyński]] states that, "according to PiS, the source of the profound rift in Polish politics is historical, and dates back at least to the birth of the democratic opposition in the 1970s. Its most important element – the Workers' Defence Committee – grew from left-wing and (to a lesser extent) liberal roots.. [The WDC] supposedly formed an alliance with part of the communist authorities in 1989... they [supposedly] taught Poles to be ashamed of their own history, for example by exposing events like the massacre in Jedwabne... This 'educating by shaming' served to strengthen their grip on Polish people's minds, teaching them to despise their own heritage... PiS is on a mission to reverse the situation, and a vital component is restoring the truth about the past, to give people genuine dignity and pride in their own glorious history. The movement is therefore revolutionary, conservative and emancipatory, all at the same time..." He clarifies that while "PiS's opponents see this vision of history as proof that the party is obsessed with conspiracies... This version of history is standard for the party in power... and serves as the basis for its political activities regarding history."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leszczyński |first=Adam |date=2020 |title=The Past as a Source of Evil: The Controversy Over History and Historical Policy in Poland, 2016 |url=https://digital.herder-institut.de/publications/frontdoor/index/index/docId/82 |journal=Cultures of History Forum |language=en |pages=3-4 |doi=10.25626/0050}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:20, 18 June 2021

The Law and Justice party views the Jedwabne pogrom, in which hundreds of Jews were killed by Poles, as the center of a "pedagogy of disgrace".[1]

The program of the Polish Law and Justice PiS) party has chapters on "identity" ("tożsamość") and "historical policy" ("polityka historyczna", sometimes also translated as "politics of history").[2] The implementation of the historical policy of Law and Justice consists in promoting both inside Poland and internationally a version of history based on Polish nationalism that focuses on protecting the "good name" of the Polish nation.[3][4]

In opinion of critics, this policy produces a narrative that Poles were victims and heroes during World War II and the Communist era, and Poles were the victims of crimes comparable to the Holocaust against Jews.[4][1][5][6][7][8][9] Discussions of any events that do not fit this narrative (such as antisemitism in Poland) are labelled as the "pedagogy of disgrace."[10] According to the party, this should be replaced with the "pedagogy of pride", which focuses on positive aspects of Polish history.[11] The party's historical policy has divided historians, with some working together with PiS on establishing a historical policy, seeing it as important part of building common positive identity and historical truth and justice, while others accuse it of politicizing history and distorting historical facts.[4][12][13]

Background

Adam Leszczyński states that, "according to PiS, the source of the profound rift in Polish politics is historical, and dates back at least to the birth of the democratic opposition in the 1970s. Its most important element – the Workers' Defence Committee – grew from left-wing and (to a lesser extent) liberal roots.. [The WDC] supposedly formed an alliance with part of the communist authorities in 1989... they [supposedly] taught Poles to be ashamed of their own history, for example by exposing events like the massacre in Jedwabne... This 'educating by shaming' served to strengthen their grip on Polish people's minds, teaching them to despise their own heritage... PiS is on a mission to reverse the situation, and a vital component is restoring the truth about the past, to give people genuine dignity and pride in their own glorious history. The movement is therefore revolutionary, conservative and emancipatory, all at the same time..." He clarifies that while "PiS's opponents see this vision of history as proof that the party is obsessed with conspiracies... This version of history is standard for the party in power... and serves as the basis for its political activities regarding history."[14]

Historical policy at the state level

Part of Law and Justice's platform was its historical policy[15] to promote the Polish point of view on the national and international level, its important instrument being the Institute of National Remembrance (INR). After the electoral victory of Law and Justice, the INR focused on crimes against the Polish nation.[16] Nikolay Koposov, in his criticism of the history policy in modern Russia notices that in 2000s several post-Soviet Bloc countries, including Poland, started development of new narratives in national histories as part of their search for national identity, with an important aspect being their victimization in history. [17]

The issue of history politics have risen further when in 2015 it was announced that the works had started on the "Strategy of Polish Historical Policy" ("Strategia Polskiej Polityki Historycznej").[18] President Andrzej Duda announced that "carrying out the historical policy is one of the most important activities of the president".[19]

Waldemar Brenda of the INR stated that the historical policy should not amount to the manipulation of facts, but to their interpretation, which, while not deviating from the historical truth, would serve the "building of pro-social foundations".[20] Several scholars have criticized the INR for turning in recent years, from objective historical research towards historical revisionism.[16][21][22]

"Pedagogy of disgrace"

[relevant?]

Any events that do not support the "nationalist vision of history, education, and upbringing", such as antisemitism in Poland, are viewed as part of a "pedagogy of shame" or "pedagogy of disgrace" (Template:Lang-pl) that must be reinterpreted or ignored. According to Polish nationalists, the "pedagogy of shame" is promoted by the European Union, Gazeta Wyborcza, and liberalism.[10][23] In 2018, the Polish Teachers' Union stated that the term "pedagogy of shame" has no scholarly basis and should not be used, as it "justif[ies] the denial of parts of historical knowledge".[24] At the center of the "pedagogy of disgrace" is the Jedwabne pogrom;[4] conclusions of research that the pogrom was carried out by Poles are viewed as an attack on "Polishness, Polish values and traditions, and Polish identity".[1] The party aims to replace "pedagogy of shame" with "pedagogy of pride", defined by Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs as "emphasizing Polish heroism, the rescue of Jews and noble behavior during WWII in general". She writes that both concepts "are right-wing rhetoric and do not reflect any established pedagogical concepts";[16] instead, they reflect "the perception of Poles as an exclusively positive nation, not recognized enough in the world for just and courageous actions".[16][11]

Members of the ruling party have used the expression. In 2012, after US president Barack Obama mentioned "Polish death camps" in a speech, Jaroslaw Kaczynski stated, "We need to make it clear today […] the end of the pedagogy of shame, the end of this constant expiation of our nation, for whatever reason, self-blame, because this is what makes it easier and even encourages us to do this kind of activity, it causes terrible losses for us."[25] Obama later apologized for using the expression, saying that he misspoke.[26] In 2016, members of PiS called for the reexamination of the Jedwabne and Kielce pogroms, stating that the current understanding underestimated the role of Nazi and Communist perpetrators respectively.[16] Education minister Anna Zalewska, during a TV interview refused to state directly who was responsible for Kielce Pogrom while stating that around Jedwabne there were many misunderstandings, avoiding directly naming perpetrators; she subsequently stated that she acknowledges Polish citizens were co-responsible for Jedwabne but this should be put into context of German occupation, and other events like Polish Underground sentencing people for murdering Jews should also be taken into account when remembering Polish-Jewish relations. [27]

Changes in school curriculum

[relevant?]

The government has changed the school curriculum and commemoration of Holocaust Memorial Day is dominated by discussions of Polish Righteous Among the Nations rather than Jewish victims of the Holocaust or the reactions of other Poles who did not behave as heroes.[24] According to Piotr Żuk [pl], the changes to the curriculum "in effect reduce education to the process of internalization of major national myths and transfer a simplified vision of reality".[10]

Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance

A notable element of party's historical policy was the 2018 Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (colloquially known as the Holocaust Law), which bans public speech which attributes responsibility for the Holocaust to Poland or the Polish nation.[4][28] The law was met with widespread international criticism as it is seen as an infringement on freedom of expression, academic freedom, and a barrier to open discussion on Polish collaborationism.[4][29][30]

Museums

[relevant?]

According to Polish journalist Agata Pyzik, the party has tried to "weaponize" museums since the opening of the Warsaw Uprising Museum in 2004.[31] Scholars Irmgard Zündorf and Andreas Etges write that, since 2015, "the Polish museum landscape has turned into a battleground between politicians and historians".[32] The party has fired or tried to fire various museum directors and boards that do not conform to the party line on history.[24][33] For example, the Museum of the Second World War had its director and original board, including Norman Davies and Timothy Snyder, removed.[34] The new management changed the museum exhibits to place a heavy emphasis on the victimization of ethnic Poles during the war. The new exhibits caused a scandal by portraying Romuald Rajs as a hero and attracted criticism from the United Nations Human Rights Committee.[35] The government also pressured Dariusz Stola, director of the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, to leave his position after he won the public competition for the position.[36] The party especially criticized the exhibit "Estranged. March ’68 and Its Aftermath" which includes a wall of antisemitic quotes from 1968 to 2018. Although unattributed, two of them are from sympathizers of the party.[37]

The establishment of the Markowa Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II plays a major role in PiS's attempts at re-narration of the Holocaust in which PiS casts Poles and Jews as equal victims.[38]

Analysis of the policy

Joanna Michlic states that "according to PiS’s historical policy, the historian can only be a servant of the state who remakes and reshapes history according to the orders of the state."[39]

Jörg Hackmann concludes that "a major interest of [the] current historical policy by the government led by the PiS party is to put Poles and Jews upon an equal level of victimization... In internal politics... the main goal is taking control of institutions by PiS and marginalizing opponents through shaping a monolithic view of the ethnic Polish nation, which appears as the first victim of Nazi and Soviet rule... From such a perspective the impact of the Jedwabne debate... has to be competed with, because it has been motivated by an aspiration for “disgrace”... In a similar perspective the notion of critical patriotism... was dismissed as politically naïve and harmful. In addition, it has been assumed that the government’s memory as well as past politics serves as auxiliary means for securing majorities on other fields of politics..." Hackmann further concludes that "internal as well as international polarization is a major driving force behind the current official Polish memory policy... it seems that the general goal behind this historical policy is not so much turning the wheel of time back and to revive an antisemitic discourse... but to establish a new national vision that equals the Holocaust with the genocide of Poles, or with other words aims at “de-Judaizing the Holocaust”.[40]

Responses

According to Jörg Hackmann "The international scholarly assessment of the historical policy by PiS is widely negative..."[40] Timothy Snyder sees an "implicit alliance" with Russian forms of historical revisionism.[41] In 2017, Norman Davies stated that "PiS wants to politicize history to a degree unseen in the last 25 years".[34] Jan Grabowski referred to "Holocaust distortion" in Poland, stating "Its major selling point is that it delivers the message what people want to hear: the Holocaust happened, but my nation, group, tribe, had nothing to do with it".[42] President of the Polish PEN International chapter, Adam Pomorski [pl], stated that "for the first time since totalitarianism, the rulers want to change people's consciousness".[36] Polish journalist Agata Pyzik describes PiS historical policy as "a pumped-up martyr complex focused on conspiracy theories".[31] The UN special rapporteur on civil and political rights stated that the pressure on museum directors to follow the party line was "unacceptable".[35] According to David Cadier and Kacper Szulecki, "the historical discourse of the PiS government is a reflection of the party’s reliance on populism as a political mode of articulation in that it seeks to promote a Manichean, dichotomic and totalizing re-definition of the categories of victim, hero and perpetrator".[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Michlic, Joanna Beata (2017). "'At the Crossroads': Jedwabne and Polish Historiography of the Holocaust". Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust. 31 (3): 296–306. doi:10.1080/23256249.2017.1376793. S2CID 165177860.
  2. ^ "Is Poland Retreating from Democracy?", by Elisabeth Zerofsky, July 23, 2018
  3. ^ Majewski, Piotr; Jaskulowski, Krzysztof. "Comments on the article by Piotr Żuk (2018): "Nation, National Remembrance, and Education – Polish Schools as Factories of Nationalism and Prejudice," Nationalities Papers, DOI: 10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079". doi:10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079. S2CID 158161859. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e f Hackmann, Jörg (2018). "Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (4): 587–606. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742. S2CID 81922100. Polish "politics of history" has risen to international political attention in January 2018, when a revised bill was introduced, which in media outside Poland is mostly referred to as "Holocaust law." Although this is not the official term – the act defines the tasks of the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN2 ) – there is a seed of truth in such a shortcut, as will be shown below. This act, which met with harsh international criticism, was once again revised end of June 2018. These revisions are part of a broader strategy by the current national-conservative government led by Law and Justice (PiS) party which aims to impose nationally as well as internationally a specific vision, how Polish history shall be publicly presented and commemorated, first of all with regard to World War II and the socialist period. Such a historical or mnemonic policy has been placed high on the political agenda after PiS won the presidential and parliamentary elections in 2015, but seen in a broader context, politics of history has been intensively and broadly debated in Poland already since the beginning of the millennium.
  5. ^ Wieliński, Bartosz T. (1 June 2018). "Poland continues purging history books to the beat of PiS drum". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  6. ^ Mazzini, Mateusz. "Poland's Historical Revisionism Is Pushing It Into Moscow's Arms". Foreign Policy.
  7. ^ Mazzini, Mateusz (27 April 2017). "PiS and Polish History". Foreign Affairs : America and the World. ISSN 0015-7120.
  8. ^ Hajdari, Una. "The Demagogue's Cocktail of Victimhood and Strength". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  9. ^ Holmgren, Beth (2019). "Holocaust History and Jewish Heritage Preservation: Scholars and Stewards Working in PiS-Ruled Poland". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies. 37 (1): 96–107. doi:10.1353/sho.2019.0004. S2CID 171970702.
  10. ^ a b c Żuk, Piotr (2018). "Nation, national remembrance, and education — Polish schools as factories of nationalism and prejudice". Nationalities Papers. 46 (6): 1046–1062. doi:10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079. S2CID 158161859.
  11. ^ a b Ray, Larry; Kapralski, Sławomir (2019). "Introduction to the special issue – disputed Holocaust memory in Poland". Holocaust Studies. 25 (3): 209–219. doi:10.1080/17504902.2019.1567657. S2CID 159345594.
  12. ^ [1] Prezydent Duda bierze się za politykę historyczną, czyli skończyć z tą pedagogiką wstydu Paweł Wroński 18 November 2015 Wyborcza.pl
  13. ^ [2] Prof. Andrzej Nowak odebrał z rąk prezesa PiS Nagrodę im. Lecha Kaczyńskiego 9 June 2019, Dziennik.pl
  14. ^ Leszczyński, Adam (2020). "The Past as a Source of Evil: The Controversy Over History and Historical Policy in Poland, 2016". Cultures of History Forum: 3–4. doi:10.25626/0050.
  15. ^ Program of Law and Justice (2019)
  16. ^ a b c d e Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, Jolanta. "The uses and the abuses of education about the Holocaust in Poland after 1989.", Holocaust Studies 25.3 (2019): 329-350.
  17. ^ "THE ARMORED TRAIN OF MEMORY": THE POLITICS OF HISTORY IN POST-SOVIET RUSSIA, by Nikolay Koposov, Jan 1, 2011, Perspectives on History
  18. ^ "PREZYDENT ZAINAUGUROWAŁ PRACE NAD STRATEGIĄ POLSKIEJ POLITYKI HISTORYCZNEJ", Radio Maryja, November 17, 2015
  19. ^ "Polityka historyczna służy budowaniu potencjału państwa", November 17, 2015
  20. ^ "Waldemar Brenda: Prowadzenie polityki historycznej powinno być niezależne od zmian politycznych", Radio Olsztyn, August 23, 2016
  21. ^ Benjakob, Omer (2019-10-03). "The Fake Nazi Death Camp: Wikipedia's Longest Hoax, Exposed". Haaretz. Retrieved 2019-10-03.
  22. ^ ורדי, מואב (2019-10-06). העולם היום - 06.10.19. Event occurs at 5:28.
  23. ^ Kobylarek, Aleksander (2020). "The pedagogy of shame. Education in the face of the demokratur of ignoramuses". Journal of Education Culture and Society. 11 (1): 5–12. doi:10.15503/jecs2020.1.5.12. The expression "the pedagogy of shame" came into being because in Poland it has made a staggering political career during the last five years [since 2015]. The ruling populist party [PiS] used this expression during the battle for the electorate, suggesting that previous regimes had taught their citizens only shame in relation to the West.
  24. ^ a b c Zessin-Jurek, Lidia (2019). "Hide and Seek with History – Holocaust Teaching at Polish Schools". Cultures of History Forum. doi:10.25626/0103.
  25. ^ "Pedagogika wstydu, której nigdy nie było". oko.press. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  26. ^ Ware, Doug G. (17 August 2016). "Poland may criminalize term 'Polish death camp' to describe Nazi WWII Holocaust sites". UPI. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  27. ^ [3]
  28. ^ Soroka, George; Krawatzek, Félix (2019). "Nationalism, Democracy, and Memory Laws". Journal of Democracy. 30 (2): 157–171. doi:10.1353/jod.2019.0032. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 159294126.
  29. ^ Noack, Rick (2 February 2018). "Poland's Senate passes Holocaust complicity bill despite concerns from U.S., Israel". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
  30. ^ Ray, Larry; Kapralski, Sławomir (2019). "Introduction to the special issue – disputed Holocaust memory in Poland". Holocaust Studies. 25 (3): 209–219. doi:10.1080/17504902.2019.1567657. S2CID 159345594.
  31. ^ a b Pyzik, Agata. "Curating a nation: why the controversy around Gdańsk's new WW2 museum matters". The Calvert Journal. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  32. ^ Etges, Andreas; Zündorf, Irmgard; Machcewicz, Paweł (2018). "History and Politics and the Politics of History: Poland and Its Museums of Contemporary History". International Public History. 1 (1). doi:10.1515/iph-2018-0006. S2CID 158596801.
  33. ^ Clarke, David; Duber, Paweł (2020). "Polish Cultural Diplomacy and Historical Memory: the Case of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 33 (1): 49–66. doi:10.1007/s10767-018-9294-x. ISSN 1573-3416. S2CID 53073981.
  34. ^ a b Ciobanu, Claudia (15 May 2017). "Poland's WWII museum under political bombardment". POLITICO. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  35. ^ a b Flieger, Esther (2 April 2020). "Co min. Gliński zrobił z pamięcią o II Wojnie Światowej". oko.press. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  36. ^ a b Widzyk, Anna (17 February 2020). ""FAZ" o kulturowej kontrrewolucji Jarosława Kaczyńskiego". Deutsche Welle (in Polish). Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  37. ^ Radonić, Ljiljana (2020). "'Our' vs. 'Inherited' Museums. PiS and Fidesz as Mnemonic Warriors". Südosteuropa. 68 (1): 44–78. doi:10.1515/soeu-2020-0003. S2CID 218666860.
  38. ^ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14623528.2018.1528743 Ljiljana Radonić, Introduction: The Holocaust/Genocide Template in Eastern Europe, p. 488
  39. ^ Michlic 2017, p. 305.
  40. ^ a b Hackmann 2018, pp. 604–606.
  41. ^ Snyder, Timothy. "Poland vs. History". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  42. ^ Crowcroft, Orlando (27 January 2020). "Holocaust history is being re-written - historians are fighting back". euronews. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  43. ^ Cadier, David; Szulecki, Kacper (2020). "Populism, historical discourse and foreign policy: the case of Poland's Law and Justice government". International Politics. doi:10.1057/s41311-020-00252-6. S2CID 220505724.

Further reading

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