Italian concentration camps in Libya: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Al-Magroon Concentration Camp.jpg|thumb|right|Ten thousand inmates were kept at the concentration camp in [[El Agheila]].]] |
[[File:Al-Magroon Concentration Camp.jpg|thumb|right|Ten thousand inmates were kept at the concentration camp in [[El Agheila]].]] |
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[[Italian Fascism|Fascist Italy]] maintained several [[concentration camps]] in [[Cyrenaica]] (Eastern Libya) during the later phase of its occupation of that country. After the initial invasion in 1911, the Italian control over much of the country remained ineffective. In the face of the armed Arab opposition, mainly in [[Cyrenaica]] under the leadership of [[Omar Mukhtar]], Italian forces under the Generals [[Pietro Badoglio]] and [[Rodolfo Graziani]] waged punitive pacification campaigns which turned into brutal and bloody acts of [[political repression|repression]]. |
[[Italian Fascism|Fascist Italy]] maintained several [[concentration camps]] in [[Cyrenaica]] (Eastern Libya) during the later phase of its occupation of that country. After the initial invasion in 1911, the Italian control over much of the country remained ineffective. In the face of the armed Arab opposition, mainly in [[Cyrenaica]] under the leadership of [[Omar Mukhtar]], Italian forces under the Generals [[Pietro Badoglio]] and [[Rodolfo Graziani]] waged punitive pacification campaigns which turned into brutal and bloody acts of [[political repression|repression]]. |
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==Estimates of deaths in concentration camps== |
==Estimates of deaths in concentration camps== |
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Estimates of the people who died in these camps vary. It is estimated that the number of Libyans who died - killed either through combat or mainly through starvation and disease - is at a minimum of 80,000 or even up to one third of the Cyrenaican population. [[Ilan Pappé]] estimates that between 1928 and 1932 the Italian military "killed half the Bedouin population (directly or through disease and starvation in camps)."<ref>[[Ilan Pappé]], ''The Modern Middle East.'' Routledge, 2005, {{ISBN|0-415-21409-2}}, p. 26.</ref> Italian historian [[Emilio Gentile]] estimates 50,000 deaths resulting from the [[Pacification of Libya|suppression]] of resistance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://retedue.rsi.ch/home/networks/retedue/oggilastoria/2011/03/01/patriota-cirenaica.html |title=Un patriota della Cirenaica |publisher=retedue.rsi.ch |date=1 March 2011 |accessdate=24 March 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094034/http://retedue.rsi.ch/home/networks/retedue/oggilastoria/2011/03/01/patriota-cirenaica.html |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
Estimates of the people who died in these camps vary. It is estimated that the number of Libyans who died - killed either through combat or mainly through starvation and disease - is at a minimum of 80,000 or even up to one third of the Cyrenaican population. [[Ilan Pappé]] estimates that between 1928 and 1932 the Italian military "killed half the Bedouin population (directly or through disease and starvation in camps)."<ref>[[Ilan Pappé]], ''The Modern Middle East.'' Routledge, 2005, {{ISBN|0-415-21409-2}}, p. 26.</ref> Italian historian [[Emilio Gentile]] estimates 50,000 deaths resulting from the [[Pacification of Libya|suppression]] of resistance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://retedue.rsi.ch/home/networks/retedue/oggilastoria/2011/03/01/patriota-cirenaica.html |title=Un patriota della Cirenaica |publisher=retedue.rsi.ch |date=1 March 2011 |accessdate=24 March 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094034/http://retedue.rsi.ch/home/networks/retedue/oggilastoria/2011/03/01/patriota-cirenaica.html |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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In his book Cerinaica today, Dr. Todesky, who in 1931 was the director of the Italian Army Health Services, states "From May 1930 to September 1930 more than 80,000 Libyans were forced to leave their land and live in concentration camps they were taken 300 at a time watched by soldiers to make sure that the Libyans go directly to the concentration camps" and "By the end of 1930 all Libyans who live in tents were forced to go and live in the camps. 55% of the Libyans died in the camps."{{ |
In his book Cerinaica today, Dr. Todesky, who in 1931 was the director of the Italian Army Health Services, states "From May 1930 to September 1930 more than 80,000 Libyans were forced to leave their land and live in concentration camps they were taken 300 at a time watched by soldiers to make sure that the Libyans go directly to the concentration camps" and "By the end of 1930 all Libyans who live in tents were forced to go and live in the camps. 55% of the Libyans died in the camps."{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} |
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==2008 cooperation treaty== |
==2008 cooperation treaty== |
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On 30 August 2008, Gaddafi and [[Italy|Italian]] [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]] [[Silvio Berlusconi]] signed a historic [[cooperation]] [[treaty]] in [[Benghazi]].<ref name=ansa>{{cite news|url=http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/news/2009-06-09_109379246.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616155752/http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/news/2009-06-09_109379246.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-06-16 |publisher=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]] |title=Gaddafi to Rome for historic visit |date=2009-06-10 |accessdate=2009-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=2335 |title=Berlusconi in Benghazi, Unwelcome by Son of Omar Al-Mukhtar |publisher= |
On 30 August 2008, Gaddafi and [[Italy|Italian]] [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]] [[Silvio Berlusconi]] signed a historic [[cooperation]] [[treaty]] in [[Benghazi]].<ref name=ansa>{{cite news|url=http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/news/2009-06-09_109379246.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616155752/http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/news/2009-06-09_109379246.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-06-16 |publisher=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]] |title=Gaddafi to Rome for historic visit |date=2009-06-10 |accessdate=2009-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=2335 |title=Berlusconi in Benghazi, Unwelcome by Son of Omar Al-Mukhtar |publisher=The Tripoli Post |date=2008-08-30 |accessdate=2009-06-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225659/http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=2335 |archivedate=2013-12-02 }}</ref> Under its terms, Italy will pay $5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former military occupation. In exchange, Libya will take measures to combat [[illegal immigration]] coming from its shores and boost [[investment]]s in Italian companies.<ref name=ansa /><ref name=rep>{{cite news|publisher=[[La Repubblica]]|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2008/05/sezioni/esteri/libia-italia/accordo-firmato/accordo-firmato.html|title=Italia-Libia, firmato l'accordo|date=2008-08-30|accessdate=2009-06-10}}</ref> The treaty was ratified by Italy on 6 February 2009, and by Libya on 2 March, during a visit to [[Tripoli]] by Berlusconi.<ref name=ansa /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.alarabonline.org/english/display.asp?fname=2009%5C03%5C03-02%5Czbusinessz%5C988.htm&dismode=x&ts=02/03/2009%2004:42:49%20ã |title=Libya agrees pact with Italy to boost investment |date=2009-03-02 |accessdate=2009-06-10 |publisher=Alarab Online |df= }}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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Revision as of 18:29, 28 October 2019
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2019) |
Fascist Italy maintained several concentration camps in Cyrenaica (Eastern Libya) during the later phase of its occupation of that country. After the initial invasion in 1911, the Italian control over much of the country remained ineffective. In the face of the armed Arab opposition, mainly in Cyrenaica under the leadership of Omar Mukhtar, Italian forces under the Generals Pietro Badoglio and Rodolfo Graziani waged punitive pacification campaigns which turned into brutal and bloody acts of repression.
The Frontier Wire, a barbed wire fence was built from the Mediterranean to the oasis of Al-Jaghbub to sever lines critical to the resistance. Soon afterwards, the colonial administration began the wholesale deportation of the people of the Jebel Akhdar to deny the rebels the support of the local population. The forced migration of more than 100,000 people ended in concentration camps in Suluq, El Magrun, Abyar and El Agheila where tens of thousands died in squalid conditions.
Overall, five main and ten smaller concentration camps were established. Badoglio proposed to convert the camps into permanent settlements, but this was prevented by the dismal living and economic conditions in the camps.[1]
Estimates of deaths in concentration camps
Estimates of the people who died in these camps vary. It is estimated that the number of Libyans who died - killed either through combat or mainly through starvation and disease - is at a minimum of 80,000 or even up to one third of the Cyrenaican population. Ilan Pappé estimates that between 1928 and 1932 the Italian military "killed half the Bedouin population (directly or through disease and starvation in camps)."[2] Italian historian Emilio Gentile estimates 50,000 deaths resulting from the suppression of resistance.[3]
In his book Cerinaica today, Dr. Todesky, who in 1931 was the director of the Italian Army Health Services, states "From May 1930 to September 1930 more than 80,000 Libyans were forced to leave their land and live in concentration camps they were taken 300 at a time watched by soldiers to make sure that the Libyans go directly to the concentration camps" and "By the end of 1930 all Libyans who live in tents were forced to go and live in the camps. 55% of the Libyans died in the camps."[citation needed]
2008 cooperation treaty
On 30 August 2008, Gaddafi and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi signed a historic cooperation treaty in Benghazi.[4][5] Under its terms, Italy will pay $5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former military occupation. In exchange, Libya will take measures to combat illegal immigration coming from its shores and boost investments in Italian companies.[4][6] The treaty was ratified by Italy on 6 February 2009, and by Libya on 2 March, during a visit to Tripoli by Berlusconi.[4][7]
External links
- Campo di Concentramento at I Campi Fascisti
References
- ^ Baldinetti, Anna (2014). The Origins of the Libyan Nation: Colonial Legacy, Exile and the Emergence of a New Nation-State. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 9781135245023.
- ^ Ilan Pappé, The Modern Middle East. Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0-415-21409-2, p. 26.
- ^ "Un patriota della Cirenaica". retedue.rsi.ch. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ a b c "Gaddafi to Rome for historic visit". ANSA. 2009-06-10. Archived from the original on 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
- ^ "Berlusconi in Benghazi, Unwelcome by Son of Omar Al-Mukhtar". The Tripoli Post. 2008-08-30. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
- ^ "Italia-Libia, firmato l'accordo". La Repubblica. 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
- ^ "Libya agrees pact with Italy to boost investment". Alarab Online. 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2009-06-10.[dead link]
