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| pseudonym =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = 8 January 1589
| birth_date = 8 January 1589
| birth_place = [[Dubrovnik]], [[Republic of Ragusa]] (now Dubrovnik, [[Croatia]])
| birth_place = [[Dubrovnik]], [[Republic of Ragusa]] (modern-day [[Croatia]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1638|12|8|1589|1|8}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1638|12|8|1589|1|8}}
| death_place = [[Dubrovnik]], [[Republic of Ragusa]]
| death_place = [[Dubrovnik]], [[Republic of Ragusa]]
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| influenced =
| influenced =
}}
}}
'''Ivan Franov Gundulić''', also '''Gianfrancesco Gondola''' (8 January 1589 – 8 December 1638), better known today as '''Ivan Gundulić''', was the most prominent [[Baroque]] poet from the [[Republic of Ragusa]], (now in [[Croatia]])<ref>Gordana P. Crnković, Ivan Gundulić - Croatian author; [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-Gundulic Encyclopædia Britannica online.]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.rs/books?id=i9ovDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153&dq=Ivan+Gundulic+Ragusan+poet&hl=sr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD_5KUtvvkAhWH1aYKHf2sCpYQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Ivan%20Gundulic%20Ragusan%20poet&f=false|title=Practices of Coexistence: Constructions of the Other in Early Modern Perceptions|last=Sebok|first=Marcell|date=2017-06-30|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=9789633861493|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/slavsineuropeanh0000dvor|url-access=registration|quote=Ivan Gundulic Ragusan poet.|title=The Slavs in European history and civilization|last=Dvornik|first=Francis|date=1962|publisher=Rutgers University Press|language=en}}</ref> His work embodies central characteristics of [[Roman Catholic]] [[Counter-Reformation]]: religious fervor, insistence on "[[Vanitas|vanity]] of this world" and zeal in opposition to "[[infidel]]s". Gundulić's major works&mdash;the [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] ''Osman'', the [[pastoral]] play ''[[Dubravka (drama)|Dubravka]]'', and the religious [[Poetry|poem]] ''[[Tears of the Prodigal Son]]'' (based on the [[Parable of the Prodigal Son]]) are examples of Baroque stylistic richness and, frequently, rhetorical excess.
'''Ivan Franov Gundulić''' also '''Gianfrancesco Gondola''' (8 January 1589 – 8 December 1638), better known today as '''Ivan Gundulić''', was the most prominent poet of [[Croatia|Croatian]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-Gundulic Encyclopedia Britannica]</ref><ref>[https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/arts/bios/russian-lit/gundulic-ivan Columbia Encyclopedia]</ref><ref>[http://www.library.yale.edu/slavic/croatia/literature/literature.html Yale University-Slavic Literature]</ref> [[Baroque]] from the [[Republic of Ragusa]]. His work embodies central characteristics of [[Roman Catholic]] [[Counter-Reformation]]: religious fervor, insistence on "[[Vanitas|vanity]] of this world" and zeal in opposition to "[[infidel]]s". Gundulić's major works&mdash;the [[epic poem]] ''Osman'', the [[pastoral]] play ''[[Dubravka (drama)|Dubravka]]'', and the religious [[poem]] ''[[Tears of the Prodigal Son]]'' (based on the [[Parable of the Prodigal Son]]) are examples of Baroque stylistic richness and, frequently, rhetorical excess.


==Life and works==
==Life and works==
Gundulić was born in [[Dubrovnik]] into a wealthy Ragusan noble family (''see'' [[House of Gundulić]]) on 8 January 1589. Son of Francesco di Francesco Gundulić (senator and diplomat, once the Ragusan envoy to Constantinople and councilor of the Republic to the Pope Gregory VIII) and Djiva Gradic (de Gradi). He received an excellent education. He probably studied the humanities with the Jesuit [[Silvestro Muzio]] and philosophy with [[Ridolfo Ricasoli]] and [[Camillo Camilli]] (*Siena -+1615),<ref>F.M.Appendini, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10-IA2&lpg=PA10-IA2&dq=silvestro+muzio&source=bl&ots=aGeQN7Qorx&sig=ZeJaaKsOrojT8svmjsxTybiPddk&hl=it&ei=LlbHSZaCK-TCjAe24fGUCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result Versione libera dell'Osmanide]'', Per Antonio Martecchini, Ragusa 1827</ref> who in late 1590 had been appointed ''rettore delle scuole e professore di umane lettere'' in Ragusa. After that he studied Roman law and jurisprudence in general, where he held numerous offices for the Great Council of the Republic. In 1608, when he was nineteen, he became a member of the Veliko vieće (Great Council). Twice, in 1615 and 1619, he held the temporary function of knez (commissary or governor) of Konavle, an area southeast of the city.
Gundulić was born in [[Dubrovnik]] into a wealthy Ragusan noble family (''see'' [[House of Gundulić]]) on 8 January 1589. Son of Francesco di Francesco Gundulić (senator and diplomat, once the Ragusan envoy to Constantinople and councilor of the Republic to the Pope Gregory VIII) and Djiva Gradic (de Gradi). He received an excellent education. He probably studied the humanities with the Jesuit [[Silvestro Muzio]] and philosophy with [[Ridolfo Ricasoli]] and [[Camillo Camilli]] (*Siena -+1615),<ref>F.M.Appendini, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=j2kAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10-IA2&lpg=PA10-IA2&dq=silvestro+muzio&source=bl&ots=aGeQN7Qorx&sig=ZeJaaKsOrojT8svmjsxTybiPddk&hl=it&ei=LlbHSZaCK-TCjAe24fGUCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result Versione libera dell'Osmanide]'', Per Antonio Martecchini, Ragusa 1827</ref> who in late 1590 had been appointed ''rettore delle scuole e professore di umane lettere'' in Ragusa. After that he studied Roman law and jurisprudence in general, where he held numerous offices for the Great Council of the Republic. In 1608, when he was nineteen, he became a member of the Veliko vieće (Great Council). Twice, in 1615 and 1619, he held the temporary function of knez (commissary or governor) of Konavle, an area southeast of the city.


At the age of thirty he married with Nicoleta Sorkočević (Sorgo)(+1644) who bore him three sons, Frano (Francesco), Matheo (Mato), Šiško (Segismondo) and two daughters, Maria (Mara) Gondola and Dziva (Giovanna). [[Fran Dživo Gundulić]] and [[Mato Gundulić]] (1636–1684) fought in the thirty-years war under [[Wallenstein]]; the youngest died on January 16, 1682, being by then the Rector of the Republic. From 1621 until his death Ivan held various offices in the city government. In 1636 he became a senator, in 1637 a judge, and in 1638 a member of the Small Council (''Malo vieće''). Had he lived a little longer – he died of an intense fever, product of an inflammation in his ribs ( ''Folio 15 Libr. Mort. N°274, Adi le Xbre 1638 Ragusa'') – he would probably have been elected knez of the Dubrovnik Republic, the highest function that was held for one month only by meritorious gentlemen at least fifty years old. His father, who died in 1624, had been ''knez'' five times, and Ivan's son [[Šišmundo Gundulić]] later four times. Ivan Gundulić was buried in the [[Franciscan church and monastery (Dubrovnik)|Franciscan church]] of Dubrovnik.
At the age of thirty he married with Nicoleta Sorkočević (Sorgo)(+1644) who bore him three sons, Frano (Francesco), Matheo (Mato), Šiško (Segismondo) and two daughters, Maria (Mara) Gondola and Dziva (Giovanna). [[Fran Dživo Gundulić]] and [[Mato Gundulić]] (1636–1684) fought in the thirty-years war under [[Wallenstein]]; the youngest died on January 16, 1682, being by then the Rector of the Republic. From 1621 until his death Ivan held various offices in the city government. In 1636 he became a senator, in 1637 a judge, and in 1638 a member of the Small Council (''Malo vieće''). Had he lived a little longer – he died of an intense fever, product of an inflammation in his ribs ( ''Folio 15 Libr. Mort. N°274, Adi le Xbre 1638 Ragusa'') – he would probably have been elected knez of the Dubrovnik Republic, the highest function that was held for one month only by meritorious gentlemen at least fifty years old. His father, who died in 1624, had been ''knez'' five times, and Ivan's son [[Šišmundo Gundulić]] later four times. Ivan Gundulić was buried in the [[Franciscan church and monastery (Dubrovnik)|Franciscan church]] of Dubrovnik.
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At a charity concert held for the children of war-torn Bosnia-Herzegovina in September 1995, [[Bono]] recited at the end of the song [[Miss Sarajevo]] the famous Ivan Gundulić verses: ”O liepa, o draga, o slatka slobodo” (“Oh beautiful, oh precious, oh sweet Liberty”).
At a charity concert held for the children of war-torn Bosnia-Herzegovina in September 1995, [[Bono]] recited at the end of the song [[Miss Sarajevo]] the famous Ivan Gundulić verses: ”O liepa, o draga, o slatka slobodo” (“Oh beautiful, oh precious, oh sweet Liberty”).


The [[Sunčanica]] is a historical opera composed by [[Boris Papandopulo]], with a libretto by [[Marko Soljačić]] based on Ivan Gundulić's Osman and his son Šišmundo Gundulić, who continued Osman with the Sunčanica history. It was first performed at the [[Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb]] (then the ''Croatian State Theatre in Zagreb'') on June 13, 1942.<ref name="Teatar">{{cite web|url=http://teatar.hr/7423/suncanica/|title=Sunčanica|date=2008-10-13|work=teatar.hr|accessdate=August 20, 2014|language=Croatian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017115322/http://teatar.hr/7423/suncanica/|archive-date=October 17, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The opera was produced by [[Branko Gavella]], choreographed by Ana Roje and Oskar Harmoš, and its main role was played by [[Srebrenka Jurinac]].<ref name="Teatar"/> In 2008, the opera was fully performed for the first time in 62 years when it opened the ''16th Zajc's Days'' festival at the Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc in Rijeka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.javno.com/hr/scena/clanak.php?id=193878|title=Sunčanica opera opened the 16th Zajc's Days|date=2008-10-19|work=javno.com|accessdate=August 20, 2014|language=Croatian|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022134856/http://www.javno.com/hr/scena/clanak.php?id=193878|archivedate=October 22, 2008}}</ref>
The [[Sunčanica]] is a historical opera composed by [[Boris Papandopulo]], with a libretto by [[Marko Soljačić]] based on Ivan Gundulić's Osman and his son Šišmundo Gundulić, who continued Osman with the Sunčanica history. It was first performed at the [[Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb]] (then the ''Croatian State Theatre in Zagreb'') on June 13, 1942.<ref name="Teatar">{{cite web|url=http://teatar.hr/7423/suncanica/|title=Sunčanica|date=2008-10-13|work=teatar.hr|accessdate=August 20, 2014|language=Croatian}}</ref> The opera was produced by [[Branko Gavella]], choreographed by Ana Roje and Oskar Harmoš, and its main role was played by [[Srebrenka Jurinac]].<ref name="Teatar"/> In 2008, the opera was fully performed for the first time in 62 years when it opened the ''16th Zajc's Days'' festival at the Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc in Rijeka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.javno.com/hr/scena/clanak.php?id=193878|title=Sunčanica opera opened the 16th Zajc's Days|date=2008-10-19|work=javno.com|accessdate=August 20, 2014|language=Croatian|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022134856/http://www.javno.com/hr/scena/clanak.php?id=193878|archivedate=October 22, 2008}}</ref>


Gundulić's portrait is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] of the Croatian 50 [[Croatian kuna|kuna]] banknote, issued in 1993 and 2002.<ref>[http://www.hnb.hr Croatian National Bank]. [http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/enovcan.htm?tsfsg=5caabbb4dca58151e125c650d3cdae36 Features of Kuna Banknotes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506012028/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/enovcan.htm?tsfsg=5caabbb4dca58151e125c650d3cdae36 |date=2009-05-06 }}: [http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/novcanice/e50k.htm?tsfsg=45cbd9aa061b9ecb8d80e8feb87d6be6 50 kuna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014130/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/novcanice/e50k.htm?tsfsg=45cbd9aa061b9ecb8d80e8feb87d6be6 |date=2011-06-04 }} (1993 issue) &[http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/novcanice/e50k-2izdanje.htm?tsfsg=0bd5ec961a61889067936c3c7bb033d8 50 kuna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014137/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/novcanice/e50k-2izdanje.htm?tsfsg=0bd5ec961a61889067936c3c7bb033d8 |date=2011-06-04 }} (2002 issue). – Retrieved on 30 March 2009.</ref>
Gundulić's portrait is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] of the Croatian 50 [[Croatian kuna|kuna]] banknote, issued in 1993 and 2002.<ref>[http://www.hnb.hr Croatian National Bank]. [http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/enovcan.htm?tsfsg=5caabbb4dca58151e125c650d3cdae36 Features of Kuna Banknotes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506012028/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/enovcan.htm?tsfsg=5caabbb4dca58151e125c650d3cdae36 |date=2009-05-06 }}: [http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/novcanice/e50k.htm?tsfsg=45cbd9aa061b9ecb8d80e8feb87d6be6 50 kuna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014130/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/novcanice/e50k.htm?tsfsg=45cbd9aa061b9ecb8d80e8feb87d6be6 |date=2011-06-04 }} (1993 issue) &[http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/novcanice/e50k-2izdanje.htm?tsfsg=0bd5ec961a61889067936c3c7bb033d8 50 kuna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604014137/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/novcanice/e50k-2izdanje.htm?tsfsg=0bd5ec961a61889067936c3c7bb033d8 |date=2011-06-04 }} (2002 issue). – Retrieved on 30 March 2009.</ref>


==Ethnicity==
==Ethnicity==
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Gundulić's ethnicity is part of the Serb-Croat distinctions in self-identification of the Western South Slavic enlighteners, that was one of the major problems in 20th. century Yugoslavia.<ref>Zlatko Isakovic, Identity and Security in Former Yugoslavia, Routledge Revivals, Edition reprint, Routledge, 2019, {{ISBN|1351733508}}, p. 59.</ref>


Gundulić like other writers from [[Republic of Ragusa|Dubrovnik]] who wrote in [[Shtokavian dialect]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srpskilegat.rs/dubrovnik-ciji-je/|title=DUBROVNIK – ČIJI JE?|last=Vukovic|first=Sanja|date=2018-03-29|website=Fondacija Srpski legat|language=sr-RS|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> are claimed by [[Serbia]]n scholars as either solely Serbian or a part of joint Serbian and Croatian [[cultural heritage]]. He has been included in ''[[The 100 most prominent Serbs]]'' list compiled by the [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]], and his works are included as a part of the [[Serbian literature]] by the [[Matica srpska]], together with other Ragusian writers, in the fifth volume of ''Deset vekova srpske književnosti'' (Ten centuries of Serbian literature).<ref>{{citation|title=Poezija Dubrovnika i Boke Kotorske|series=Deset vekova srpske književnosti|publisher=Matica srpska|year=2010|volume=111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/kultura-i-zabava/Hrvatska-Svojatanje-dubrovacke-poezije-u-srpskoj-ediciji.sr.html|script-title=sr:Хрватска: Својатање дубровачке поезије у српској едицији|date=2011-04-08|work=politika.rs|accessdate=March 12, 2014|language=Serbian}}</ref>
Gundulić spoke of his people as “Slavs” and regarded all Slavs as being one great whole, a single people.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/When_Ethnicity_Did_Not_Matter_in_the_Bal.html?id=wEF5oN5erE0C|title=When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods|last=Fine|first=John V. A. (Jr )|date=2010-02-05|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=|isbn=978-0-472-02560-2|location=|pages=297|language=en}}</ref> He dedicated his poem, Osman, to “our Slavic people” (našemu slovinskomu narodu). Different researchers have described him as a [[Croatians|Croatian]] poet.<ref>
*{{cite book |last1=Greene |first1=Roland |last2=Cushman |first2=Stephen |title=The Princeton Handbook of World Poetries |date=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400880638 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dC7FCgAAQBAJ |page=136 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last=Çiçek, Kemal|first=Kuran, Ercüment |year=2000|title=Authors of the Medieval and Renaissance Eras: 1100 to 1660|edition=4 |publisher=University of Michigan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRRXAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Halecki |first=Oscar |authorlink=Oscar Halecki |year=1991 |title=Jadwiga of Anjou and the Rise of East Central Europe |publisher=Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPkNAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-88033-206-9 |page=336}}
*{{cite book|author=Richard C. Frucht|title=Eastern Europe: An Intruduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYgrAQAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576078006|page=464}}
*{{cite book|title=Collier's Encyclopedia: With Bibliography and Index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-wMrlnez4EC|year=1950|publisher=Collier|volume=20|page=440}}
*{{cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn =0877790426|page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr/page/501 501]}}
*{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia Americana|url=https://books.google.hr/books?hl=hr&id=afo0AAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Grolier|volume=13|isbn=0717201333|page=615}}
*{{cite book|title=Cross currents: A Yearbook of Central European culture|url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=cVYNAQAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Dept. of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Michigan|volume=3|page=163}}
*{{cite book|title=Authors of the Medieval and Renaissance Eras: 1100 to 1660|url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=tWedAAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|volume=3|page=300|ISBN=978-1-6153-0998-6}}
*{{cite book|title=Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1775-1914|url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=BkJsAAAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=American Bibliographical Center|volume=30|page=336}}
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</ref> According to Marie-Janine Calic, professor of History at [[Ludwig Maximilian University]], following the [[Counter-reformation]], a new symbiosis arose between the reformed Catholicism and the (re-)emerging Croatian identity, that undoubtedly influenced the local Baroque art. Thus, this reformed Catholicism was one of the most important factors for developing a separate Croatian ethnic consciousness and Gundulić's poem Osman was expression of distinct Croatian (pre-)national feelings.<ref>Marie-Janine Calic, The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe, Harvard University Press, 2019, {{ISBN|0674983920}}, p. 95.</ref> According to Slobodan Drakulic, professor of sociology at [[Ryerson University]], the modern Croatian nationalism has as its antecedent a pre-modern Croatian nationalism, which was a 16-17th cent. indigenous social phenomenon, and one of its representatives was Gundulić.<ref>Slobodan Drakulic (2008) Premodern Croatian Nationalism?, in "Nationalism and Ethnic Politics," 14:4, 523-548, DOI: 10.1080/13537110802473308.</ref>


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Most Serbian scholars, without official consensus with Croatian counterpart, consider literature from Dubrovnik as common heritage and explain the inclusion with the Shtokavian dialect being the basis of the modern Serbian language and with the presence of Serbian language within the Republic of Ragusa since its foundation.<ref name="Seebiz">{{cite web|url=http://www.seebiz.eu/mirko-vuksanovic-gundulic-i-drzic-pripadaju-i-srpskoj-bastini/ar-1683/|title=Mirko Vuksanović: Gundulić i Držić pripadaju i srpskoj baštini|date=2011-04-27|work=seebiz.eu|accessdate=August 20, 2014|language=Serbian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/132965833/Ljubomir-Stojanovic-Stare-Srpske-Povelje-i-Pisma-knjiga-I-Beograd-Sremski-Karlovci-1929|title=Ljubomir Stojanovic - Stare Srpske Povelje i Pisma, knjiga I, Beograd - Sremski Karlovci, 1929.|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1286990&print=yes|title=Vreme - Intervju – Zlata Bojović, istoričarka književnosti: Među Lavom i Drokunom|website=www.vreme.com|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nspm.rs/hronika/istoricar-knjizevnosti-zlata-bojovic-u-dubrovackoj-republici-stamparije-su-bile-cirilicne-a-svoj-jezik-su-nazivali-i-srpskim.html?alphabet=l|title=Политика: Историчар књижевности Злата Бојовић: У Дубровачкој републици штампарије су биле ћириличне, а свој језик су називали и српским|last=Политика|website=Нова српска политичка мисао|language=sr-rs|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://repozitorij.hrstud.unizg.hr/islandora/object/hrstud:1799/preview|title=Vlasi u dubrovačkim spomenicima do 14. stoljeća|last=Pijović|first=Marko|publisher=Sveučilište u Zagrebu|year=2018|isbn=|location=Zagreb|pages=54-56}}</ref> Some of the last descendants of Gundulić family belonged to the 19th cent. [[Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik|Serb-Catholic movement]], including the mayor of Dubrovnik [[Frano Getaldić-Gundulić]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ssr.org.rs/dr-milorad-vukanovic-niko-nema-pravo-da-svojata-dubrovnik/|title=dr Milorad Vukanović: Niko nema pravo da svojata Dubrovnik!|date=2019-08-25|website=Savez Srba iz regiona|language=sr-RS|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.komunikacija.org.rs/komunikacija/casopisi/zbornikpristina/XXX/d006/html_ser_lat|title=Marko Atlagić|website=www.komunikacija.org.rs|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>
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On the other hand, Gundulić's ethnicity is part of the Serb-Croat distinctions in self-identification of the Western South Slavic enlighteners, that was one of the major problems in 20th. century Yugoslavia.<ref>Zlatko Isakovic, Identity and Security in Former Yugoslavia, Routledge Revivals, Edition reprint, Routledge, 2019, {{ISBN|1351733508}}, p. 59.</ref>


⚫
According to Marie-Janine Calic, professor of History at [[Ludwig Maximilian University]], following the Catholic Reformation, a new symbiosis arose between the reformed Catholicism and the (re-)emerging Croatian identity, that undoubtedly influenced the local Baroque art. Thus, this reformed Catholicism was one of the most important factors for developing a separate Croatian ethnic consciousness and Gundulić's poem Osman was expression of distinct Croatian (pre-)national feelings.<ref>Marie-Janine Calic, The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe, Harvard University Press, 2019, {{ISBN|0674983920}}, p. 95.</ref>
⚫
Most Serbian scholars, without official consensus with Croatian counterpart, consider literature from Dubrovnik as common heritage and explain the inclusion with the Shtokavian dialect being the basis of the modern Serbian language and with the presence of Serbian language within the Republic of Ragusa since its foundation.<ref name="Seebiz">{{cite web|url=http://www.seebiz.eu/mirko-vuksanovic-gundulic-i-drzic-pripadaju-i-srpskoj-bastini/ar-1683/|title=Mirko Vuksanović: Gundulić i Držić pripadaju i srpskoj baštini|date=2011-04-27|work=seebiz.eu|accessdate=August 20, 2014|language=Serbian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/132965833/Ljubomir-Stojanovic-Stare-Srpske-Povelje-i-Pisma-knjiga-I-Beograd-Sremski-Karlovci-1929|title=Ljubomir Stojanovic - Stare Srpske Povelje i Pisma, knjiga I, Beograd - Sremski Karlovci, 1929.|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1286990&print=yes|title=Vreme - Intervju – Zlata Bojović, istoričarka književnosti: Među Lavom i Drokunom|website=www.vreme.com|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nspm.rs/hronika/istoricar-knjizevnosti-zlata-bojovic-u-dubrovackoj-republici-stamparije-su-bile-cirilicne-a-svoj-jezik-su-nazivali-i-srpskim.html?alphabet=l|title=Политика: Историчар књижевности Злата Бојовић: У Дубровачкој републици штампарије су биле ћириличне, а свој језик су називали и српским|last=Политика|website=Нова српска политичка мисао|language=sr-rs|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://repozitorij.hrstud.unizg.hr/islandora/object/hrstud:1799/preview|title=Vlasi u dubrovačkim spomenicima do 14. stoljeća|last=Pijović|first=Marko|publisher=Sveučilište u Zagrebu|year=2018|isbn=|location=Zagreb|pages=54-56}}</ref> Some of the last descendants of Gundulić family belonged to the 19th cent. [[Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik|Serb-Catholic movement]], including the mayor of Dubrovnik [[Frano Getaldić-Gundulić]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ssr.org.rs/dr-milorad-vukanovic-niko-nema-pravo-da-svojata-dubrovnik/|title=dr Milorad Vukanović: Niko nema pravo da svojata Dubrovnik!|date=2019-08-25|website=Savez Srba iz regiona|language=sr-RS|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.komunikacija.org.rs/komunikacija/casopisi/zbornikpristina/XXX/d006/html_ser_lat|title=Marko Atlagić|website=www.komunikacija.org.rs|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> Gundulić like other writers from [[Republic of Ragusa|Dubrovnik]] who wrote in [[Shtokavian dialect]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srpskilegat.rs/dubrovnik-ciji-je/|title=DUBROVNIK – ČIJI JE?|last=Vukovic|first=Sanja|date=2018-03-29|website=Fondacija Srpski legat|language=sr-RS|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> are claimed by [[Serbia]]n scholars as either solely Serbian or a part of joint Serbian and Croatian [[cultural heritage]]. He has been included in ''[[The 100 most prominent Serbs]]'' list compiled by the [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]], and his works are included as a part of the [[Serbian literature]] by the [[Matica srpska]], together with other Ragusian writers, in the fifth volume of ''Deset vekova srpske književnosti'' (Ten centuries of Serbian literature).<ref>{{citation|title=Poezija Dubrovnika i Boke Kotorske|series=Deset vekova srpske književnosti|publisher=Matica srpska|year=2010|volume=111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/kultura-i-zabava/Hrvatska-Svojatanje-dubrovacke-poezije-u-srpskoj-ediciji.sr.html|script-title=sr:Хрватска: Својатање дубровачке поезије у српској едицији|date=2011-04-08|work=politika.rs|accessdate=March 12, 2014|language=Serbian}}</ref>


Croatian scholars and the [[Matica hrvatska]] reject Serbian claims of dual belonging, and they assert "the already known Serbian claiming and reaving of Croatian culture".<ref name="Seebiz"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tomić |first=Franić Viktoria |date=2011-05-04 |title=Starijoj hrvatskoj književnosti nije mjesto u srpskom književnom kanonu |url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/448/Starijoj%20hrvatskoj%20knji%C5%BEevnosti%20nije%20mjesto%20u%20srpskom%20knji%C5%BEevnom%20kanonu/ |journal=[[Vijenac]] |publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]] |volume=448 |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Grčević |first=Mario |date=2013-12-12 |title=Dubrovačka književnost ni u kojem smislu nije sastavni dio srpske književnosti |url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/516%20-%20517/Dubrova%C4%8Dka%20knji%C5%BEevnost%20ni%20u%20kojem%20smislu%20nije%20sastavni%20dio%20srpske%20knji%C5%BEevnosti/ |journal=Vijenac |publisher=Matica hrvatska |volume=516-517 |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/knjige/ivana-gundulica-uvrstili-u-antologiju-srpske-knjizevnosti-944495|title=Ivana Gundulića uvrstili u antologiju srpske književnosti|author=Denis Derk|date=2014-06-13|work=[[Večernji list]]|accessdate=August 20, 2014|language=Croatian}}</ref>
Croatian scholars and [[Matica hrvatska]] reject Serbian claims of dual belonging, and they assert "the already known Serbian claiming and reaving of Croatian culture".<ref name="Seebiz"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tomić |first=Franić Viktoria |date=2011-05-04 |title=Starijoj hrvatskoj književnosti nije mjesto u srpskom književnom kanonu |url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/448/Starijoj%20hrvatskoj%20knji%C5%BEevnosti%20nije%20mjesto%20u%20srpskom%20knji%C5%BEevnom%20kanonu/ |journal=[[Vijenac]] |publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]] |volume=448 |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Grčević |first=Mario |date=2013-12-12 |title=Dubrovačka književnost ni u kojem smislu nije sastavni dio srpske književnosti |url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/516%20-%20517/Dubrova%C4%8Dka%20knji%C5%BEevnost%20ni%20u%20kojem%20smislu%20nije%20sastavni%20dio%20srpske%20knji%C5%BEevnosti/ |journal=Vijenac |publisher=Matica hrvatska |volume=516-517 |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/knjige/ivana-gundulica-uvrstili-u-antologiju-srpske-knjizevnosti-944495|title=Ivana Gundulića uvrstili u antologiju srpske književnosti|author=Denis Derk|date=2014-06-13|work=[[Večernji list]]|accessdate=August 20, 2014|language=Croatian}}</ref>


== List of works==
== List of works==
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* [[House of Gundulić]]
* [[House of Gundulić]]
* [[Republic of Ragusa]]
* [[Republic of Ragusa]]

{{clear}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


== External links ==
== External links ==

Revision as of 22:56, 3 April 2020

Ivan Gundulić
BornIvan Franov Gundulić
8 January 1589
Dubrovnik, Republic of Ragusa (modern-day Croatia)
DiedDecember 8, 1638(1638-12-08) (aged 49)
Dubrovnik, Republic of Ragusa
OccupationPoet
CitizenshipRepublic of Ragusa
PeriodBaroque
Notable worksTears of the Prodigal Son, Osman, Dubravka

Ivan Franov Gundulić also Gianfrancesco Gondola (8 January 1589 – 8 December 1638), better known today as Ivan Gundulić, was the most prominent poet of Croatian[1][2][3] Baroque from the Republic of Ragusa. His work embodies central characteristics of Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation: religious fervor, insistence on "vanity of this world" and zeal in opposition to "infidels". Gundulić's major works—the epic poem Osman, the pastoral play Dubravka, and the religious poem Tears of the Prodigal Son (based on the Parable of the Prodigal Son) are examples of Baroque stylistic richness and, frequently, rhetorical excess.

Life and works

Gundulić was born in Dubrovnik into a wealthy Ragusan noble family (see House of Gundulić) on 8 January 1589. Son of Francesco di Francesco Gundulić (senator and diplomat, once the Ragusan envoy to Constantinople and councilor of the Republic to the Pope Gregory VIII) and Djiva Gradic (de Gradi). He received an excellent education. He probably studied the humanities with the Jesuit Silvestro Muzio and philosophy with Ridolfo Ricasoli and Camillo Camilli (*Siena -+1615),[4] who in late 1590 had been appointed rettore delle scuole e professore di umane lettere in Ragusa. After that he studied Roman law and jurisprudence in general, where he held numerous offices for the Great Council of the Republic. In 1608, when he was nineteen, he became a member of the Veliko vieće (Great Council). Twice, in 1615 and 1619, he held the temporary function of knez (commissary or governor) of Konavle, an area southeast of the city.

At the age of thirty he married with Nicoleta Sorkočević (Sorgo)(+1644) who bore him three sons, Frano (Francesco), Matheo (Mato), Šiško (Segismondo) and two daughters, Maria (Mara) Gondola and Dziva (Giovanna). Fran Dživo Gundulić and Mato Gundulić (1636–1684) fought in the thirty-years war under Wallenstein; the youngest died on January 16, 1682, being by then the Rector of the Republic. From 1621 until his death Ivan held various offices in the city government. In 1636 he became a senator, in 1637 a judge, and in 1638 a member of the Small Council (Malo vieće). Had he lived a little longer – he died of an intense fever, product of an inflammation in his ribs ( Folio 15 Libr. Mort. N°274, Adi le Xbre 1638 Ragusa) – he would probably have been elected knez of the Dubrovnik Republic, the highest function that was held for one month only by meritorious gentlemen at least fifty years old. His father, who died in 1624, had been knez five times, and Ivan's son Šišmundo Gundulić later four times. Ivan Gundulić was buried in the Franciscan church of Dubrovnik.

Tomb of Ivan Gundulić in the Franciscan church, Dubrovnik

He began his literary career by writing poems and staging melodramas that became popular in Dubrovnik. But Ivan published only his larger works. His earlier work, which he referred to as a "brood of darkness", is now lost. His first publications were in 1621, when he rewrote several of David's Psalms and wrote several religious poems. He then wrote his famous Suze sina razmetnoga (Tears of the Prodigal Son) in 1622, composed of three "Cries": Sagriešenje (Sin), Spoznanje (Insight) and Skrušenje (Humility). In this poem Ivan presented the three basic categories of Christian faith: sin, repentance and redemption through contrasts such as between life and death, purity and sin, and Heaven and Hell. In 1637 when Ferdinand II of Tuscany married, Gundulić wrote a poem to honor the event, he noted that "all of Slavic people (Slovinski narod) honor you on this occasion".

Dubravka

Gundulić's most famous play is Dubravka, a pastoral written in 1628, where he rhapsodises on the former glory of Dubrovnik and contains some of the most famous verses in Croatian literature:

Osman

In his greatest work, Osman, Gundulić presents the contrasts between Christianity and Islam, Europe and the Turks, West and East, and what he viewed as freedom and slavery. Osman had 20 cantos, but the 14th and the 15th were never found. Judging from the modern perspective, two approaches seem to dominate the contemporary appraisal of Gundulić's poetry: on one hand, his poetic influence has dimmed due to a change in aesthetic sensibility (Gundulić's chief literary predecessor and influence, Torquato Tasso, has undergone similar reassessment, but his artistic integrity and individuality have withstood the test of time better); while Gundulić's impact in the final standardisation of the Croatian language was overwhelming.

Bronze relief on the statue of Ivan Gundulić in Dubrovnik, showing a scene from the ninth canto where Sunčanica is taken to the Sultan's harem

Osman is firmly rooted within the rich literary tradition of the Croatian Baroque in Dubrovnik and Dalmatia and is considered as one of its apogees. By presenting the contrast of struggle between Christianity and Islam, Gundulić continued Marko Marulić's glorification of the fights against the invading Ottoman Turks. Besides magnifying Slavdom and the battles against the conquerors, Gundulić described the life of the Ottoman sultan Osman II. Gundulić constantly reminds the reader of the wheel of fortune and how the world is transient.

Osman begins with the Sultan's grasping of the situation caused by the 1621 Ottoman defeat at Chocim and descriptions of how the era of pre-Ottoman glory of the Bulgarians, Serbs, Hungarians, Albanians and especially the Poles could be easily restored. According to the storyline, Sultan Osman dispatched Ali-pasha to the Kingdom of Poland in order to negotiate peace and Kazlar-aga to choose which Polish noblewoman would suit him best for marriage. Gundulić describes the travels of both Ali-pasha and Kazlar-aga while paying much attention to the battle of Chocim and the enslaved Slavs that suffer under Ottoman rule. After numerous failed attempts to restore order in the empire, the army captures Osman and executes him, bringing the imprisoned Mustafa as the new sultan.

Legacy

Gundulić's Dream by Vlaho Bukovac

Osman was printed for the first time in Dubrovnik in 1826, with the two missing cantos being replaced by poems written by the poet Petar Ignjat Sorkočević-Crijević (1749–1826), a direct descendant of Ivan Gundulić (his maternal grandmother Nikoleta Gundulić was Šišmundo Gundulić's daughter). Another descendant, Baron Vlaho Getaldić (grandson of Katarina Gundulić) introduced a hexameter treaty into Osman in 1865. Osman was not published in the integral edition until 1844, when the Illyrian movement chose Gundulić's oeuvre as a role model of the Croatian language. One of the leading Illyrists' men of letters, politician, linguist and poet Ivan Mažuranić, successfully completed Gundulić's Osman by composing the last two chapters, which were left unfinished upon the poet's death.

Monument to Ivan Gundulić in Dubrovnik

The monument to Gundulić by the sculptor Ivan Rendić was unveiled on 25 July 1893 in Dubrovnik's largest square, Poljana.

At a charity concert held for the children of war-torn Bosnia-Herzegovina in September 1995, Bono recited at the end of the song Miss Sarajevo the famous Ivan Gundulić verses: ”O liepa, o draga, o slatka slobodo” (“Oh beautiful, oh precious, oh sweet Liberty”).

The Sunčanica is a historical opera composed by Boris Papandopulo, with a libretto by Marko Soljačić based on Ivan Gundulić's Osman and his son Šišmundo Gundulić, who continued Osman with the Sunčanica history. It was first performed at the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb (then the Croatian State Theatre in Zagreb) on June 13, 1942.[5] The opera was produced by Branko Gavella, choreographed by Ana Roje and Oskar Harmoš, and its main role was played by Srebrenka Jurinac.[5] In 2008, the opera was fully performed for the first time in 62 years when it opened the 16th Zajc's Days festival at the Croatian National Theatre Ivan pl. Zajc in Rijeka.[6]

Gundulić's portrait is depicted on the obverse of the Croatian 50 kuna banknote, issued in 1993 and 2002.[7]

Ethnicity

Gundulić's ethnicity is part of the Serb-Croat distinctions in self-identification of the Western South Slavic enlighteners, that was one of the major problems in 20th. century Yugoslavia.[8]

Gundulić like other writers from Dubrovnik who wrote in Shtokavian dialect[9] are claimed by Serbian scholars as either solely Serbian or a part of joint Serbian and Croatian cultural heritage. He has been included in The 100 most prominent Serbs list compiled by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and his works are included as a part of the Serbian literature by the Matica srpska, together with other Ragusian writers, in the fifth volume of Deset vekova srpske književnosti (Ten centuries of Serbian literature).[10][11]

Most Serbian scholars, without official consensus with Croatian counterpart, consider literature from Dubrovnik as common heritage and explain the inclusion with the Shtokavian dialect being the basis of the modern Serbian language and with the presence of Serbian language within the Republic of Ragusa since its foundation.[12][13][14][15] [16] Some of the last descendants of Gundulić family belonged to the 19th cent. Serb-Catholic movement, including the mayor of Dubrovnik Frano Getaldić-Gundulić.[17][18]

According to Marie-Janine Calic, professor of History at Ludwig Maximilian University, following the Catholic Reformation, a new symbiosis arose between the reformed Catholicism and the (re-)emerging Croatian identity, that undoubtedly influenced the local Baroque art. Thus, this reformed Catholicism was one of the most important factors for developing a separate Croatian ethnic consciousness and Gundulić's poem Osman was expression of distinct Croatian (pre-)national feelings.[19]

Croatian scholars and Matica hrvatska reject Serbian claims of dual belonging, and they assert "the already known Serbian claiming and reaving of Croatian culture".[12][20][21][22]

List of works

First edition cover of Tears of the Prodigal Son

See also

References

  1. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica
  2. ^ Columbia Encyclopedia
  3. ^ Yale University-Slavic Literature
  4. ^ F.M.Appendini, Versione libera dell'Osmanide, Per Antonio Martecchini, Ragusa 1827
  5. ^ a b "Sunčanica". teatar.hr (in Croatian). 2008-10-13. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  6. ^ "Sunčanica opera opened the 16th Zajc's Days". javno.com (in Croatian). 2008-10-19. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  7. ^ Croatian National Bank. Features of Kuna Banknotes Archived 2009-05-06 at the Wayback Machine: 50 kuna Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine (1993 issue) &50 kuna Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine (2002 issue). – Retrieved on 30 March 2009.
  8. ^ Zlatko Isakovic, Identity and Security in Former Yugoslavia, Routledge Revivals, Edition reprint, Routledge, 2019, ISBN 1351733508, p. 59.
  9. ^ Vukovic, Sanja (2018-03-29). "DUBROVNIK – ČIJI JE?". Fondacija Srpski legat (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-12.
  10. ^ Poezija Dubrovnika i Boke Kotorske, Deset vekova srpske književnosti, vol. 111, Matica srpska, 2010
  11. ^ Хрватска: Својатање дубровачке поезије у српској едицији. politika.rs (in Serbian). 2011-04-08. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  12. ^ a b "Mirko Vuksanović: Gundulić i Držić pripadaju i srpskoj baštini". seebiz.eu (in Serbian). 2011-04-27. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
  13. ^ "Ljubomir Stojanovic - Stare Srpske Povelje i Pisma, knjiga I, Beograd - Sremski Karlovci, 1929". Scribd. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
  14. ^ "Vreme - Intervju – Zlata Bojović, istoričarka književnosti: Među Lavom i Drokunom". www.vreme.com. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
  15. ^ Политика. "Политика: Историчар књижевности Злата Бојовић: У Дубровачкој републици штампарије су биле ћириличне, а свој језик су називали и српским". Нова српска политичка мисао (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-12.
  16. ^ Pijović, Marko (2018). Vlasi u dubrovačkim spomenicima do 14. stoljeća. Zagreb: Sveučilište u Zagrebu. pp. 54–56.
  17. ^ "dr Milorad Vukanović: Niko nema pravo da svojata Dubrovnik!". Savez Srba iz regiona (in Serbian). 2019-08-25. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
  18. ^ "Marko Atlagić". www.komunikacija.org.rs. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
  19. ^ Marie-Janine Calic, The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe, Harvard University Press, 2019, ISBN 0674983920, p. 95.
  20. ^ Tomić, Franić Viktoria (2011-05-04). "Starijoj hrvatskoj književnosti nije mjesto u srpskom književnom kanonu". Vijenac. 448. Matica hrvatska. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  21. ^ Grčević, Mario (2013-12-12). "Dubrovačka književnost ni u kojem smislu nije sastavni dio srpske književnosti". Vijenac. 516–517. Matica hrvatska. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  22. ^ Denis Derk (2014-06-13). "Ivana Gundulića uvrstili u antologiju srpske književnosti". Večernji list (in Croatian). Retrieved August 20, 2014.
Croatian Wikisource has original text related to this article:
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