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{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Taxobox
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Incaspiza pulchra formerly HaemophilaPulchraKeulemans.jpg
| image = Gray-winged Inca-Finch imported from iNaturalist photo 115227491 on 20 August 2024.jpg
| image_width =
| image_caption = [[Great Inca finch]]
| image_caption = [[Grey-winged Inca finch]] (''Incaspiza ortizi'')
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Incaspiza
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| authority = [[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1898
| type_species = ''[[great Inca finch|Haemophila pulchra]]''
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| type_species_authority = [[Philip Sclater|Sclater]], 1886
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = see text
| genus = ''''' Incaspiza '''''
| genus_authority = [[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1898
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
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}}
}}


The '''Inca finches''' form the [[genus]] '''''Incaspiza''''', of [[finch]]-like birds in the tanager family [[Thraupidae]]. They were traditionally placed in the family [[Emberizidae]], but [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown that they belong in Thraupidae instead. Both their [[Scientific name|scientific]] and [[common name]] refer to the [[Incan civilization]].
⚫
The '''Inca finches''' ('''''Incaspiza''''') are a [[genus]] of [[finch]]-like [[bird]]s traditionally placed in the [[Emberizidae]] family, but it may be more closely related to the [[Thraupidae]]. Its current family status is [[incertae sedis]]. Both their [[Scientific name|scientific]] and [[common name]] refer to the [[Incan civilization]]. They are [[endemic]] to arid scrub in central and northern [[Peru]]. Buff-bridled, gray-winged and little Inca finches are restricted to the [[Marañón River|Marañón]] Valley. The rufous-backed Inca finch occurs either on the west slope of the Andes and both slopes of the [[Marañón River|Marañón]] Valley and is restricted to higher elevations, compared to great Inca finch which only occurs on the west slope of the Andes, but generally lower than the rufous-backed Inca finch. They are rather [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]], and typically forage within dense plant growth on the ground, but commonly perch higher, for example on the top of a tall [[cactus]] or in a small tree, when singing. They are typically seen singly or in pairs, but sometimes in small groups outside the breeding season. They normally do not take part in [[mixed-species flock]]s.


⚫
They are [[endemic]] to arid scrub in central and northern [[Peru]]. Buff-bridled, gray-winged and little Inca finches are restricted to the [[Marañón River|Marañón]] Valley. The rufous-backed Inca finch occurs either on the west slope of the Andes and both slopes of the [[Marañón River|Marañón]] Valley and is restricted to higher elevations, compared to great Inca finch which only occurs on the west slope of the Andes, but generally lower than the rufous-backed Inca finch. They are rather [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]], and typically forage within dense plant growth on the ground, but commonly perch higher, for example on the top of a tall [[cactus]] or in a small tree, when singing. They are typically seen singly or in pairs, but sometimes in small groups outside the breeding season. They normally do not take part in [[mixed-species flock]]s.
⚫
All have a pointed orange-yellow bill, a primarily gray head and chest, a paler [[Buff (color)|buff]] or whitish belly, extensive white to the outer tail-feathers, and a small – but contrasting – black mask and chin. Except in the gray-winged Inca finch, all have a [[rufous]] back or wings.


⚫
All have a pointed orange-yellow bill, a primarily gray head and chest, a paler [[Buff (color)|buff]] or whitish belly, extensive white to the outer tail-feathers, and a small – but contrasting – black mask and chin. Except in the [[gray-winged Inca finch]], all have a [[rufous]] back or wings.
==Species list==

* [[Great Inca finch]], ''Incaspiza pulchra''
==Taxonomy and species list==
* [[Rufous-backed Inca finch]], ''Incaspiza personata''
The genus ''Incaspiza'' was introduced in 1898 by the American ornithologist [[Robert Ridgway]] with the [[great Inca finch]] as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Ridgway | first=Robert | author-link=Robert Ridgway | year=1898 | title=Descriptions of supposed new genera, species, and subspecies of American birds: I Fringillidae | journal=The Auk | volume=15 | issue=3 | pages=223–230 [224] | doi=10.2307/4068377 | jstor=4068377 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27447411 }}</ref> The name combines ''Incas'' with the [[Ancient Greek]] ''spiza'' meaning "finch".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=204 }}</ref> The genus was traditionally placed with the buntings and New World sparrows in the subfamily Emberizinae within an expanded family [[Emberizidae]].<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=116 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483351 }}</ref> A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that ''Incaspiza'' was embedded in the tanager family [[Thraupidae]]. Within this family, the genus is now placed with ''[[Rhopospina]]'' and ''[[Porphyrospiza]]'' in the subfamily Porphyrospizinae.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Burns | first1=K.J. | last2=Shultz | first2=A.J. | last3=Title | first3=P.O. | last4=Mason | first4=N.A. | last5=Barker | first5=F.K. | last6=Klicka | first6=J. | last7=Lanyon | first7=S.M. | last8=Lovette | first8=I.J. | year=2014 | title=Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume=75| pages=41–77 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006 | pmid=24583021 | url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3613&context=biosci_pubs }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2020 | title=Tanagers and allies | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/tanagers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=20 November 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Grey-winged Inca finch]], ''Incaspiza ortizi''

* [[Buff-bridled Inca finch]], ''Incaspiza laeta''
The genus contains five species.<ref name=ioc/>
* [[Little Inca finch]], ''Incaspiza watkinsi''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common Name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:GreatInca-Finch.jpg|120px]] || ''Incaspiza pulchra'' || [[Great Inca finch]] || Peru
|-
| || ''Incaspiza personata'' || [[Rufous-backed Inca finch]] || Peru
|-
|[[File:Gray-winged Inca-Finch - Incaspiza ortizi (cropped).jpg|120px]]|| ''Incaspiza ortizi'' || [[Grey-winged Inca finch]] || Peru
|-
|[[File:Buff-bridled Inca-Finch - Incaspiza laeta (cropped).jpg|120px]]|| ''Incaspiza laeta'' || [[Buff-bridled Inca finch]] || Peru
|-
|[[File:Incaspiza watkinsi - Little Inca-Finch (cropped).jpg|120px]]|| ''Incaspiza watkinsi'' || [[Little Inca finch]] || Peru
|-
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Schulenberg, T., D. Stotz, D. Lane, J. O'Neill, & T. Parker III. (2007). ''Birds of Peru.'' [[Christopher Helm Publishers]]. {{ISBN|978-0-7136-8673-9}}
* Schulenberg, T., D. Stotz, D. Lane, J. O'Neill, & T. Parker III. (2007). ''Birds of Peru.'' [[Christopher Helm Publishers]]. {{ISBN|978-0-7136-8673-9}}


{{Passeroidea|T.|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Inca Finch}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1092589}}

[[Category:Incaspiza|*]]
[[Category:Incaspiza|*]]
[[Category:Birds of the Peruvian Andes|*]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of Peru| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Ridgway]]




Latest revision as of 20:10, 20 August 2024

Inca finch
Grey-winged Inca finch (Incaspiza ortizi)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Incaspiza
Ridgway, 1898
Type species
Haemophila pulchra
Sclater, 1886
Species

5, see text

The Inca finches form the genus Incaspiza, of finch-like birds in the tanager family Thraupidae. They were traditionally placed in the family Emberizidae, but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that they belong in Thraupidae instead. Both their scientific and common name refer to the Incan civilization.

They are endemic to arid scrub in central and northern Peru. Buff-bridled, gray-winged and little Inca finches are restricted to the Marañón Valley. The rufous-backed Inca finch occurs either on the west slope of the Andes and both slopes of the Marañón Valley and is restricted to higher elevations, compared to great Inca finch which only occurs on the west slope of the Andes, but generally lower than the rufous-backed Inca finch. They are rather terrestrial, and typically forage within dense plant growth on the ground, but commonly perch higher, for example on the top of a tall cactus or in a small tree, when singing. They are typically seen singly or in pairs, but sometimes in small groups outside the breeding season. They normally do not take part in mixed-species flocks.

All have a pointed orange-yellow bill, a primarily gray head and chest, a paler buff or whitish belly, extensive white to the outer tail-feathers, and a small – but contrasting – black mask and chin. Except in the gray-winged Inca finch, all have a rufous back or wings.

Taxonomy and species list

[edit]

The genus Incaspiza was introduced in 1898 by the American ornithologist Robert Ridgway with the great Inca finch as the type species.[1] The name combines Incas with the Ancient Greek spiza meaning "finch".[2] The genus was traditionally placed with the buntings and New World sparrows in the subfamily Emberizinae within an expanded family Emberizidae.[3] A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that Incaspiza was embedded in the tanager family Thraupidae. Within this family, the genus is now placed with Rhopospina and Porphyrospiza in the subfamily Porphyrospizinae.[4][5]

The genus contains five species.[5]

Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
Incaspiza pulchra Great Inca finch Peru
Incaspiza personata Rufous-backed Inca finch Peru
Incaspiza ortizi Grey-winged Inca finch Peru
Incaspiza laeta Buff-bridled Inca finch Peru
Incaspiza watkinsi Little Inca finch Peru

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ridgway, Robert (1898). "Descriptions of supposed new genera, species, and subspecies of American birds: I Fringillidae". The Auk. 15 (3): 223–230 [224]. doi:10.2307/4068377. JSTOR 4068377.
  2. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  3. ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 116.
  4. ^ Burns, K.J.; Shultz, A.J.; Title, P.O.; Mason, N.A.; Barker, F.K.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 75: 41–77. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006. PMID 24583021.
  5. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 November 2020.


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