International court: Difference between revisions
→List of international courts: Merging subject matter and scope makes more sense, e.g. 'Human rights in the African Union' or 'Trade disputes in the Andean Community', otherwise we're duplicating lots of information in a limited space. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! Name |
! Name |
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⚫ | |||
! Scope |
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⚫ | |||
! Headquarters |
! Headquarters |
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! Years active |
! Years active |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[African Court of Justice and Human Rights]] |
| [[African Court of Justice and Human Rights]] |
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| Treaties of and human rights in the [[African Union]] |
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| Africa |
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| [[African Union]] treaties and human rights |
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| [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] |
| [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] |
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| 2009–present |
| 2009–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights]] |
| [[African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights]] |
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| Human rights in the [[African Union]] |
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| Africa |
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| Human rights |
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| [[Addis Ababa]] 2006–7<br />[[Arusha]] 2007–9 |
| [[Addis Ababa]] 2006–7<br />[[Arusha]] 2007–9 |
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| 2006–2009 |
| 2006–2009 |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Appellate Body|Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization]] |
| [[Appellate Body|Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization]] |
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| Global |
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| Trade disputes within the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] |
| Trade disputes within the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] |
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| [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] |
| [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Benelux Court of Justice]] |
| [[Benelux Court of Justice]] |
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| Benelux |
| Trade disputes within the [[Benelux]] |
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| Trade disputes within [[Benelux]] |
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| [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]] |
| [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]] |
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| 1975–present |
| 1975–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Caribbean Court of Justice]] |
| [[Caribbean Court of Justice]] |
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| Caribbean |
| General disputes in the [[Caribbean Community]] |
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⚫ | |||
| [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]] |
| [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]] |
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| 2005–present |
| 2005–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[COMESA Court of Justice]] |
| [[COMESA Court of Justice]] |
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| Africa |
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| Trade disputes within [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]] |
| Trade disputes within [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]] |
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| [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]] |
| [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[OHADA|Common Court of Justice and Arbitration of the OHADA]] |
| [[OHADA|Common Court of Justice and Arbitration of the OHADA]] |
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| Africa |
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| Interpretation of [[OHADA]] treaties and uniform laws |
| Interpretation of [[OHADA]] treaties and uniform laws |
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| [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]] |
| [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Andean Community#Organization|Court of Justice of the Andean Community]] |
| [[Andean Community#Organization|Court of Justice of the Andean Community]] |
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| [[Andean Community]] |
| Trade disputes within the [[Andean Community]] |
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| Trade disputes within [[Andean Community]] |
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| [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]] |
| [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]] |
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| 1983–present |
| 1983–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Eurasian Economic Union#Court of the Eurasian Economic Union|Court of the Eurasian Economic Union]] |
| [[Eurasian Economic Union#Court of the Eurasian Economic Union|Court of the Eurasian Economic Union]] |
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| [[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]] |
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| Economic disputes and interpretation of treaties within the [[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]] |
| Economic disputes and interpretation of treaties within the [[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]] |
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| [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]] |
| [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[East African Court of Justice]] |
| [[East African Court of Justice]] |
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| [[East African Community]] |
| Interpretation of [[East African Community]] treaties |
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| Interpretation of [[East African Community|EAC]] treaties |
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| [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] |
| [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] |
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| 2001–present |
| 2001–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court]] |
| [[Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court]] |
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| [[Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States|OECS]] |
| General disputes in the [[Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States|OECS]] |
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⚫ | |||
| [[Castries]], [[Saint Lucia]] |
| [[Castries]], [[Saint Lucia]] |
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| 1967–present |
| 1967–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS Economic Court]] |
| [[Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS Economic Court]] |
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| [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] |
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| Economic disputes and interpretation of treaties within the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] |
| Economic disputes and interpretation of treaties within the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] |
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| [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]] |
| [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[ECOWAS Court|ECOWAS Court of Justice]] |
| [[ECOWAS Court|ECOWAS Court of Justice]] |
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| [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]] |
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| Interpretation of [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]] treaties |
| Interpretation of [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]] treaties |
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| [[Abuja]], [[Nigeria]] |
| [[Abuja]], [[Nigeria]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[European Court of Human Rights]] |
| [[European Court of Human Rights]] |
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| [[Council of Europe]] |
| Human rights within the [[Council of Europe]] |
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| Human rights |
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| [[Strasbourg]], [[France]] |
| [[Strasbourg]], [[France]] |
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| 1959–present |
| 1959–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[European Court of Justice]] |
| [[European Court of Justice]] |
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| [[European Union]] |
| Interpretation of [[European Union law]] |
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| Interpretation of [[European Union law|EU law]] |
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| [[Luxembourg City]], [[Luxembourg]] |
| [[Luxembourg City]], [[Luxembourg]] |
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| 1952–present |
| 1952–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[European Free Trade Association Court]] |
| [[European Free Trade Association Court]] |
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| Europe |
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| Interpretation of [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] law |
| Interpretation of [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] law |
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| [[Luxembourg City]], [[Luxembourg]] |
| [[Luxembourg City]], [[Luxembourg]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[European Nuclear Energy Tribunal]] |
| [[European Nuclear Energy Tribunal]] |
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| [[OECD]] |
| Nuclear energy disputes within the [[OECD]] |
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| Nuclear energy disputes |
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| [[Paris]], [[France]] |
| [[Paris]], [[France]] |
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| 1960–present |
| 1960–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] |
| [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] |
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| Human rights in the [[Organisation of American States]] |
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| Americas |
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| Human rights |
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| [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], [[Costa Rica]] |
| [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], [[Costa Rica]] |
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| 1979–present |
| 1979–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[International Court of Justice]] |
| [[International Court of Justice]] |
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⚫ | |||
| Global |
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| General disputes |
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| [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |
| [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |
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| 1945–present |
| 1945–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[International Criminal Court]] |
| [[International Criminal Court]] |
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⚫ | |||
| Global |
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⚫ | |||
| [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |
| [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |
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| 2002–present |
| 2002–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] |
| [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] |
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| Rwanda |
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| Criminal prosecutions for the [[Rwandan genocide]] |
| Criminal prosecutions for the [[Rwandan genocide]] |
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| [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |
| [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] |
| [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] |
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| Former Yugoslavia |
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| Criminal prosecutions for the [[Yugoslav Wars]] |
| Criminal prosecutions for the [[Yugoslav Wars]] |
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| [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |
| [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[International Military Tribunal]] |
| [[International Military Tribunal]] |
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| Europe |
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| Criminal prosecutions of [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] officials after [[World War II]] and the [[Holocaust]] |
| Criminal prosecutions of [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] officials after [[World War II]] and the [[Holocaust]] |
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| [[Nuremberg]], [[Allied-occupied Germany|post-war Germany]] |
| [[Nuremberg]], [[Allied-occupied Germany|post-war Germany]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]] |
| [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]] |
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⚫ | |||
| Pacific |
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⚫ | |||
| [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] |
| [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] |
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| 1946−1948 |
| 1946−1948 |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals]] |
| [[International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals]] |
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| Completing the Rwanda and Yugoslav Tribunals' work |
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| Global |
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| Criminal prosecutions |
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| [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |
| [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |
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| 2012−present |
| 2012−present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea]] |
| [[International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea]] |
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⚫ | |||
| Global |
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⚫ | |||
| [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]] |
| [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]] |
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| 1994–present |
| 1994–present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] |
| [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] |
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⚫ | |||
| Global |
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| General disputes |
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| [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |
| [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]] |
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| 1922–1946 |
| 1922–1946 |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Special Court for Sierra Leone|Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone]] |
| [[Special Court for Sierra Leone|Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone]] |
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| Sierra Leone |
| Completing the Special Court for Sierra Leone's work |
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| Criminal prosecutions |
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| [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]] |
| [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]] |
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| 2013−present |
| 2013−present |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[SADC Tribunal]] |
| [[SADC Tribunal]] |
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| Africa |
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| Interpretation of [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]] treaties |
| Interpretation of [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]] treaties |
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| [[Windhoek]], [[Namibia]] |
| [[Windhoek]], [[Namibia]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Special Court for Sierra Leone]] |
| [[Special Court for Sierra Leone]] |
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| Sierra Leone |
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| Criminal prosecutions after the [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] |
| Criminal prosecutions after the [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] |
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| [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]] |
| [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Special Tribunal for Lebanon]] |
| [[Special Tribunal for Lebanon]] |
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| Lebanon |
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| Criminal prosecutions for the [[Assassination of Rafic Hariri|assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri]] |
| Criminal prosecutions for the [[Assassination of Rafic Hariri|assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri]] |
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| [[Leidschendam]], [[Netherlands]] |
| [[Leidschendam]], [[Netherlands]] |
Revision as of 15:02, 17 August 2021
International courts are formed by treaties between nations or under the authority of an international organization such as the United Nations and include ad hoc tribunals and permanent institutions but exclude any courts arising purely under national authority.
Definition
An international court is an international organization, or a body of an international organization, that hears cases in which one party may be a state or international organization (or body thereof), and which is composed of independent judges who follow predetermined rules of procedure to issue binding decisions on the basis of international law.[1]
History
Early examples of international courts include the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals established in the aftermath of World War II. Two such international courts are presently located at The Hague in the Netherlands: the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the International Criminal Court (ICC). Further international courts exist elsewhere, usually with their jurisdiction restricted to a particular country or issue, such as the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda that deals with the genocide in Rwanda. In addition to international tribunals created to address crimes committed during genocides and civil war, ad hoc courts and tribunals combining international and domestic strategies have also been established on a situational basis. Examples of these “hybrid tribunals” are the Special Court for Sierra Leone, Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Special Panels of the Dili District Court in East Timor, and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia.
Privileges and immunities
Judges and high-level staff of such courts may be afforded diplomatic immunity if their governing authority allows.
List of international courts
List of hybrid tribunals
Name | Years active | Subject matter |
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Extraordinary African Chambers | 2013–present | Criminal prosecutions for crimes against humanity committed during President Hissène Habré's tenure |
Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia | 2006–present | Criminal prosecutions of Khmer Rouge officials for the Cambodian genocide |
Kosovo Specialist Chambers | 2017–present | Criminal prosecutions of Kosovo Liberation Army officials for war crimes during the Kosovo War |
Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone | 2013−present | Criminal prosecutions for war crimes during the Sierra Leone Civil War |
Special Court for Sierra Leone | 2002–2013 | |
Special Panels of the Dili District Court | 2000–2006 | Criminal prosecutions for war crimes during the 1999 East Timorese crisis |
Special Tribunal for Lebanon | 2009−present | Criminal prosecutions for the assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri |
Lectures
- Lecture by Yuval Shany (Yuval Shany) entitled Assessing the Effectiveness of International Courts: A Goal-based Approach in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Lecture by Sir Elihu Lauterpacht entitled The Role of the International Judge in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Lecture by Kenneth Keith entitled Aspects of the Judicial Process in National and International Courts and Tribunals in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Lecture by Mark Weston Janis entitled Protestants, Progress and Peace: the 19th Century Movement for an International Court and Congress: Early Drafts of Today's International Court and the United Nations in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
References
- ^ Romano, Cesare P.R.; Alter, Karen J.; Shany, Yuval (2013). The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–9. ISBN 9780199660681.
External links
- Project on International Courts and Tribunals, which maintains a second website focused on Africa at [1]
- United Nations Rule of Law: Tribunals & Other Mechanisms, on the relationship between international courts and the rule of law.