January 16: Difference between revisions

For the play by Ayn Rand, see Night of January 16th.

January 16 in recent years

2024 (Tuesday)

2023 (Monday)

2022 (Sunday)

2021 (Saturday)

2020 (Thursday)

2019 (Wednesday)

2018 (Tuesday)

2017 (Monday)

2016 (Saturday)

2015 (Friday)

January 16 is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 349 days remain until the end of the year (350 in leap years).

Events

• 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
• 550 – Gothic War (535–554): The Ostrogoths, under King Totila, conquer Rome after a long siege, by bribing the Isaurian garrison.
• 929 – Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III established the Caliphate of Córdoba.
• 1120 – The Council of Nablus is held, establishing the earliest surviving written laws of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
• 1362 – A storm tide in the North Sea destroys the German city of Rungholt on the island of Strand.
• 1412 – The Medici family is appointed official banker of the Papacy.
• 1492 – The first grammar of the Spanish language is presented to Queen Isabella I.
• 1547 – Ivan IV of Russia aka Ivan the Terrible becomes Czar of Russia.
• 1556 – Philip II becomes King of Spain.
• 1572 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England.
• 1581 – The English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism.
• 1605 – The first edition of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha (Book One of Don Quixote) by Miguel de Cervantes is published in Madrid, Spain.
• 1707 – The Scottish Parliament ratifies the Act of Union, paving the way for the creation of Great Britain.
• 1761 – The British capture Pondicherry, India from the French.
• 1780 – American Revolution: Battle of Cape St. Vincent.
• 1786 – Virginia enacted the Statute for Religious Freedom authored by Thomas Jefferson.
• 1809 – Peninsular War: The British defeat the French at the Battle of La Coruña.
• 1847 – John C. Frémont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory.
• 1878 – Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) – Battle of Philippopolis: Captain Aleksandr Burago with a squadron of Russian Imperial army dragoons liberates Plovdiv from Ottoman rule.
• 1883 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, establishing the United States Civil Service, is passed.
• 1896 – Defeat of Cymru Fydd at South Wales Liberal Federation AGM, Newport, Monmouthshire.
• 1900 – The United States Senate accepts the Anglo-German treaty of 1899 in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the Samoan islands.
• 1909 – Ernest Shackleton's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole.
• 1919 – Temperance movement: The United States ratifies the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, authorizing Prohibition in the United States one year after ratification.
• 1920 – The League of Nations holds its first council meeting in Paris, France.
• 1924 – Eleftherios Venizelos becomes Prime Minister of Greece for the fourth time.
• 1939 – The Irish Republican Army (IRA) begins a bombing and sabotage campaign in England.
• 1942 – Crash of TWA Flight 3, killing all 22 aboard, including film star Carole Lombard.
• 1945 – Adolf Hitler moves into his underground bunker, the so-called Führerbunker.
• 1956 – President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt vows to reconquer Palestine.
• 1969 – Czech student Jan Palach commits suicide by self-immolation in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in protest against the Soviets' crushing of the Prague Spring the year before.
• 1969 – Soviet spacecraft Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 perform the first-ever docking of manned spacecraft in orbit, the first-ever transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another, and the only time such a transfer was accomplished with a space walk.
• 1970 – Buckminster Fuller receives the Gold Medal award from the American Institute of Architects.
• 1973 – Anna Christian Waters disappears from her backyard. She is never found.
• 1979 – The Shah of Iran flees Iran with his family and relocates to Egypt.
• 1986 – First meeting of the Internet Engineering Task Force.
• 1991 – The Coalition Forces go to war with Iraq, beginning the Gulf War (U.S. Time).
• 1992 – El Salvador officials and rebel leaders sign the Chapultepec Peace Accords in Mexico City, Mexico ending the 12-year Salvadoran Civil War that claimed at least 75,000.
• 2001 – Congolese President Laurent-Désiré Kabila is assassinated by one of his own bodyguards.
• 2001 – US President Bill Clinton awards former President Theodore Roosevelt a posthumous Medal of Honor for his service in the Spanish–American War.
• 2002 – The UN Security Council unanimously establishes an arms embargo and the freezing of assets of Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda, and the remaining members of the Taliban.
• 2003 – The Space Shuttle Columbia takes off for mission STS-107 which would be its final one. Columbia disintegrated 16 days later on re-entry.
• 2006 – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is sworn in as Liberia's new president. She becomes Africa's first female elected head of state.

Births

• 1093 – Isaac Komnenos, son of Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (d. after 1152)
• 1245 – Edmund Crouchback, son of Henry III of England (d. 1296)
• 1409 – René I of Naples (d. 1480)
• 1477 – Johannes Schöner, German astronomer and cartographer (d. 1547)
• 1501 – Anthony Denny, confidant of King Henry VIII of England (d. 1559)
• 1516 – Bayinnaung, King of Burma (d. 1581)
• 1616 – François de Vendôme, duc de Beaufort, French soldier (d. 1669)
• 1626 – Lucas Achtschellinck, Flemish painter (d. 1699)
• 1634 – Dorthe Engelbrechtsdatter, Norwegian poet (d. 1716)
• 1675 – Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, French writer (d. 1755)
• 1691 – Peter Scheemakers, Flemish Roman Catholic sculptor (d. 1781)
• 1728 – Niccolò Piccinni, Italian composer (d. 1800)
• 1749 – Vittorio Alfieri, Italian dramatist (d. 1803)
• 1757 – Richard Goodwin Keats, Royal Navy admiral (d. 1834)
• 1807 – Charles Henry Davis, American Civil War Admiral (d. 1877)
• 1815 – Henry W. Halleck, American Civil War general (d. 1872)
• 1821 – John C. Breckinridge, American lawyer and politician; 14th Vice President of the United States and Confederate general (d. 1875)
• 1834 – Robert R. Hitt, American politician (d. 1906)
• 1836 – King Francis II of the Two Sicilies (d. 1894)
• 1838 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher and psychologist (d. 1917)
• 1844 – Ismail Qemali, Albanian nationalist (d. 1919)
• 1853 – Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson, English actor and theatre manager (d. 1937)
• 1853 – Gen Sir Ian Hamilton, British military commander (d. 1947)
• 1853 – André Michelin, French industrialist (d. 1931)
• 1853 – Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov, Russian philosopher (d. 1900)
• 1872 – Henri Busser, French composer (d. 1973)
• 1872 – Edward Gordon Craig, English actor, producer, director and scenic designer (d. 1966)
• 1874 – Robert W. Service, Canadian poet (d. 1958)
• 1875 – Leonor Michaelis, German enzyme kinetic theorist (d. 1947)
• 1878 – Harry Carey, American silent film actor (d. 1947)
• 1885 – Zhou Zuoren, Chinese writer (d. 1967)
• 1886 – John Hamilton, American actor (d. 1958)
• 1888 – Osip Brik, Russian writer (d. 1945)
• 1893 – Daisy Kennedy, Australian violinist (d. 1981)
• 1894 – Irving Mills, American jazz music publisher (d. 1985)
• 1895 – Nat Schachner, American author (d. 1955)
• 1896 – Ruth Rose, American screenwriter (d. 1978)
• 1897 – Carlos Pellicer, Mexican poet (d. 1977)
• 1898 – Margaret Booth, American film editor (d. 2002)
• 1898 – Irving Rapper, UK-US film director (d. 1999)
• 1900 – Edith Frank, Holocaust victim and mother of Anne Frank (d. 1945)
• 1901 – Fulgencio Batista, Cuban leader (d. 1973)
• 1901 – Frank Zamboni, American inventor (d. 1988)
• 1902 – Eric Liddell, Scottish runner (d. 1945)
• 1903 – William Grover-Williams, English-French racing driver and WWII resistance fighter (d. 1945)
• 1905 – Ernesto Halffter, Spanish composer and conductor (d. 1989)
• 1906 – Diana Wynyard, British actress (d. 1964)
• 1907 – Alexander Knox, Canadian actor (d. 1995)
• 1907 – Paul Nitze, American government official (d. 2004)
• 1908 – Ethel Merman, American actress and singer (d. 1984)
• 1908 – Günther Prien, German World War II submarine captain (d. 1941)
• 1910 – Dizzy Dean, American baseball player (d. 1974)
• 1911 – Roger Lapébie, French cyclist (d. 1996)
• 1911 – Eduardo Frei Montalva, Chilean politician (d. 1982)
• 1914 – Roger Wagner, American choral musician (d. 1992)
• 1915 – Leslie H. Martinson, American television and film director.
• 1916 – Philip Lucock, Australian politician and Presbyterian minister (d. 1996)
• 1917 – Carl Karcher, founded the Carl's Jr. hamburger chain (d. 2008)
• 1918 – Nel Benschop, Dutch poet (d. 2005)
• 1918 – Allan Ekelund, Swedish film producer (d. 2009)
• 1918 – Clem Jones, Australian Lord Mayor of Brisbane (d. 2007)
• 1918 – Stirling Silliphant, American writer (d. 1996)
• 1920 – Alberto Crespo, Argentine racing driver (d. 1991)
• 1920 – Elliott Reid, American actor
• 1921 – Francesco Scavullo, American photographer (d. 2004)
• 1922 – Ernesto Bonino, Italian singer (d. 2008)
• 1923 – Gene Feist, American stage actor and producer
• 1923 – Anthony Hecht, American poet (d. 2004)
• 1924 – Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (d. 2002)
• 1928 – Pilar Lorengar, Spanish soprano (d. 1996)
• 1928 – William Kennedy, American author
• 1930 – Clarence Ray Allen, American murderer (d. 2006)
• 1930 – Norman Podhoretz, US writer, foreign policy adviser
• 1930 – Paula Tilbrook, British actress
• 1931 – Robert L. Park, American physicist
• 1931 – Johannes Rau, German politician (d. 2006)
• 1932 – Dian Fossey, American zoologist (d. 1985)
• 1933 – Susan Sontag, American writer (d. 2004)
• 1934 – Marilyn Horne, American opera singer
• 1935 – A.J. Foyt, American race car driver and team owner
• 1937 – Lorraine Bayly, Australian actress
• 1937 – Luiz Bueno, Brazilian racing driver
• 1938 – Michael Pataki, American actor (d. 2010)
• 1938 – Jô Soares, Brazilian author, musician and TV personality
• 1942 – René Angélil, Canadian music executive
• 1942 – Barbara Lynn, American singer
• 1943 – Gavin Bryars, English composer and double bassist
• 1943 – Brian Ferneyhough, British composer
• 1944 – Gerd Klier, German footballer (d. 2011)
• 1944 – Jim Stafford, American singer and songwriter
• 1945 – Wim Suurbier, Dutch footballer
• 1946 – Kabir Bedi, Indian actor
• 1946 – Ronnie Milsap, American singer and songwriter
• 1946 – Katia Ricciarelli, Italian soprano
• 1947 – Magdalen Nabb, British author (d. 2007)
• 1947 – Sarah Jane Olson, American political activist
• 1947 – Harvey Proctor, British politician
• 1947 – Laura Schlessinger, American radio talk show host
• 1948 – John Carpenter, American film director
• 1948 – Dalvanius Prime, New Zealand entertainer (d. 2002)
• 1948 – Ruth Reichl, American magazine editor
• 1948 – Cliff Thorburn, Canadian snooker player
• 1949 – Andrew Refshauge, Australian politician, Deputy Premier of New South Wales
• 1949 – Caroline Munro, British actress
• 1950 – Debbie Allen, American dancer and choreographer
• 1950 – Brian Castro, Australian author
• 1950 – Damo Suzuki, Japanese singer (Can)
• 1950 – Robert Schimmel, American Comedian (d. 2010)
• 1951 – Glenn Ordway, American radio talk show host
• 1952 – King Fuad II of Egypt
• 1952 – L. Blaine Hammond, NASA astronaut
• 1953 – Robert Jay Mathews, American neo-Nazi (d. 1984)
• 1955 – Jerry M. Linenger, NASA astronaut
• 1956 – Jennifer Dale, Canadian actress
• 1956 – Martin Jol, Dutch football manager
• 1956 – Ivan Safronov, Russian journalist (d. 2007)
• 1957 – Jurijs Andrejevs, Latvian footballer
• 1957 – Ricardo Darin, Argentine actor
• 1958 – Anatoli Boukreev, Russian climber (d. 1997)
• 1958 – Lena Ek, Swedish politician
• 1959 – Juanita Bynum, American televangelist
• 1959 – Sade, Nigerian-born singer
• 1961 – Paul Raven, English musician (Killing Joke, Prong, and Ministry) (d. 2007)
• 1962 – Joel Fitzgibbon, Australian politician
• 1962 – Tracey Moore, voice actress
• 1962 – Denis O'Hare, Irish-American actor
• 1962 – Paul Webb, British musician (Talk Talk, .O.rang)
• 1963 – James May, English television presenter
• 1965 – Maxine Jones, American singer (En Vogue)
• 1965 – Jill Sobule, American singer-songwriter
• 1968 – David Chokachi, American actor
• 1969 – Neil Back, England rugby player
• 1969 – Marinus Bester, German footballer
• 1969 – Roy Jones, Jr., American boxer
• 1969 – Per "Dead" Ohlin, Swedish black metal vocalist (Mayhem and Morbid) (d. 1991)
• 1970 – Garth Ennis, Irish comic book author
• 1970 – Brendan O'Hare, Scottish drummer (Teenage Fanclub and Telstar Ponies)
• 1970 – Ron Villone, American baseball player
• 1971 – Sergi Bruguera, Spanish tennis player
• 1972 – Ruben Bagger, Danish footballer
• 1972 – Ang Christou, Australian rules footballer
• 1972 – Dameon Clarke, Canadian actor
• 1972 – Yuri Drozdov, Russian footballer
• 1972 – Ezra Hendrickson, Vincentian footballer
• 1972 – Salah Hissou, Moroccan long-distance runner
• 1972 – Joe Horn, American football player
• 1972 – Richard T. Jones, American actor
• 1972 – Greg Page, Australian musician and actor (The Wiggles)
• 1972 – Alen Peternac, Croatian footballer
• 1973 – Josie Davis, American actress
• 1974 – Marlon Anderson, American baseball player
• 1974 – Kate Moss, English model
• 1975 – Greg Strause, American visual effects creator
• 1975 – Gillian Iliana Waters, American actress
• 1976 – Viktor Maslov, Russian racing driver
• 1976 – Martina Moravcová, Slovak female swimmer
• 1977 – Ariel Zeevi, Israeli judoka
• 1977 – Jeff Foster, American basketball player
• 1978 – Alfredo Amézaga, Mexican baseball player
• 1979 – Aaliyah, American R&B singer/actress (d. 2001)
• 1979 – Mark Anthony Fernandez, Filipino actor
• 1979 – Brenden Morrow, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1979 – Jason Ward, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1980 – Seydou Keita, Malian footballer
• 1980 – Lin Manuel Miranda, American actor, composer, lyricist
• 1980 – Albert Pujols, Dominican-born baseball player
• 1980 – Michelle Wild, Hungarian model
• 1981 – Jamie Lundmark, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1981 – Nick Valensi, American guitarist (The Strokes)
• 1981 – Bobby Zamora, English footballer
• 1982 – Samuel Preston, British singer (The Ordinary Boys)
• 1982 – Tuncay Şanlı, Turkish footballer
• 1983 – Emanuel Pogatetz, Austrian footballer
• 1983 – Andriy Rusol, Ukrainian footballer
• 1984 – Stephan Lichtsteiner, Swiss footballer
• 1984 – Jared Slingerland, Canadian musician (Left Spine Down and Front Line Assembly)
• 1985 – Joe Flacco, American football player
• 1985 – Gintaras Janusevicius, Lithuanian pianist
• 1985 – Jonathan Richter, Danish footballer
• 1985 – Simon Richter, Danish footballer
• 1985 – Pablo Zabaleta, Argentine footballer
• 1986 – Mason Gamble, American actor
• 1986 – Irina Kuzmina, Latvian tennis player
• 1986 – Paula Pareto, Argentine judoka
• 1986 – Johannes Rahn, German footballer
• 1986 – Reto Ziegler, Swiss footballer
• 1987 – Lauren McAvoy, British fashion model
• 1988 – Nicklas Bendtner, Danish footballer
• 1989 – Yvonne Zima, American actress
• 1991 – Matt Duchene, Canadian hockey player
• 1992 – Maja Keuc, Slovenian singer

Deaths

• 378 – Great Jaguar Paw, King of Tikal
• 960 – Polyeuctus, Patriarch of Constantinople
• 1327 – Nikephoros Choumnos, Byzantine scholar and statesman (b. 1250/55)
• 1387 – Elizabeth of Bosnia, Hungarian queen and regent (b. 1340)
• 1400 – John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, English politician (b. 1352)
• 1545 – George Spalatin, German reformer (b. 1484)
• 1547 – Johannes Schöner, German astronomer and cartographer (b. 1477)
• 1554 – Christiern Pedersen, Danish humanist (b. 1480)
• 1585 – Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln, English admiral (b. 1512)
• 1659 – Charles Annibal Fabrot, French lawyer (b. 1580)
• 1710 – Emperor Higashiyama of Japan (b. 1675)
• 1711 – Blessed Joseph Vaz, Apostle of Ceylon (b. 1651)
• 1747 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (b. 1680)
• 1748 – Arnold Drakenborch, Dutch classical scholar (b. 1684)
• 1750 – Ivan Trubetskoy, Russian field marshal (b. 1667)
• 1752 – Francis Blomefield, English topographer (b. 1705)
• 1794 – Edward Gibbon, English historian (b. 1737)
• 1809 – John Moore, British general (b. 1761)
• 1817 – Alexander J. Dallas, American statesman (b. 1759)
• 1826 – Lindley Murray, grammarian (b. 1745)
• 1834 – Jean Nicolas Pierre Hachette, French mathematician (b. 1769)
• 1856 – Thaddeus William Harris, American naturalist (b. 1795)
• 1864 – Anton Schindler, Austrian biographer of Beethoven (b. 1795)
• 1865 – Edmond François Valentin About, French writer (b. 1828)
• 1879 – Octave Crémazie, French Canadian poet (b. 1827)
• 1886 – Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian opera composer (b. 1834)
• 1891 – Léo Delibes, French composer (b. 1836)
• 1898 – Charles Pelham Villiers, British Member of Parliament (b. 1802)
• 1901 – Jules Barbier, French opera librettist (b. 1825)
• 1901 – Arnold Böcklin, Swiss painter (b. 1827)
• 1901 – Hiram Revels, first African-American to serve in the U. S. Senate (b. 1822)
• 1906 – Marshall Field, American entrepreneur (b. 1834)
• 1917 – George Dewey, American admiral (b. 1837)
• 1919 – Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, President of Brazil (b. 1848)
• 1920 – Reginald De Koven, American music critic and operetta composer (b. 1859)
• 1924 – Winifred Cochrane, Countess of Dundonald, Scottish philanthropist (b. 1859)
• 1935 – Ma Barker, American criminal (b. 1871)
• 1936 – Albert Fish, American serial killer (b. 1870)
• 1938 – Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay Indian Writer(b.1876)
• 1942 – Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, son of Queen Victoria (b. 1850)
• 1942 – Carole Lombard, American actress (b. 1908)
• 1942 – Ernst Scheller, German Nazi politician (b. 1899)
• 1957 – 1st Earl of Athlone, British royal, brother of Queen Mary (b. 1874)
• 1957 – Arturo Toscanini, Italian conductor (b. 1867)
• 1959 – Phan Khoi, Vietnamese intellectual (b. 1887)
• 1962 – Frank Hurley, Australian photographer (b. 1885)
• 1962 – Ivan Meštrović, Croatian sculptor (b. 1883)
• 1963 – Ike Quebec, American tenor-saxophone player (b. 1918)
• 1967 – Robert J. Van de Graaff, American nuclear physicist (b. 1901)
• 1968 – Bob Jones, Sr, American evangelist (b. 1883)
• 1968 – Panagiotis Poulitsas, Greek judge, head of an interim government (b. 1881)
• 1969 – Vernon Duke, American composer and songwriter (b. 1903)
• 1971 – Philippe Thys, Belgian cyclist (b. 1890)
• 1972 – Teller Ammons, American politician (b. 1895)
• 1972 – Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. (David Seville), American actor (b. 1919)
• 1976 – Israel Abramofsky, Russian-born American artist (b. 1888)
• 1979 – Ted Cassidy, American actor (b. 1932)
• 1979 – August Heissmeyer, German SS officer (b. 1897)
• 1981 – Bernard Lee, English actor (b. 1908)
• 1982 – Red Smith, American sports columnist (b. 1905)
• 1985 – Robert Fitzgerald, American poet and translator (b. 1910)
• 1986 – Herbert W. Armstrong, American evangelist, author, and publisher (b. 1892)
• 1987 – Bertram Wainer, Australian abortion rights campaigner (b. 1928)
• 1988 – Andrija Artuković, Croatian war criminal (b. 1899)
• 1988 – Ballard Berkeley, English actor (b. 1904)
• 1989 – Prem Nazir, Malayalam actor (b. 1926)
• 1993 – Glenn Corbett, American actor (b. 1930)
• 1993 – Jón Páll Sigmarsson, Icelandic strength athlete (b. 1960)
• 1995 – Eric Mottram, English poet, teacher, critic, and editor (b. 1924)
• 1996 – Marcia Davenport, American author and music critic (b. 1903)
• 1997 – Ennis Cosby, son of entertainer Bill Cosby (b. 1969)
• 1997 – Markus Hoffmann, German actor (b. 1971)
• 1998 – Dimitris Horn, Greek actor (b. 1921)
• 1999 – Jim McClelland, Australian solicitor and politician (b. 1915)
• 2000 – Will "Dub" Jones, American singer (The Coasters) (b. 1928)
• 2000 – John Morris Rankin, Canadian musical entertainer (b. 1959)
• 2001 – Laurent-Désiré Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1939)
• 2001 – Auberon Waugh, British author and journalist (b. 1939)
• 2002 – Robert Hanbury Brown, British astronomer and physicist (b. 1916)
• 2002 – Bobo Olson, American boxer (b. 1928)
• 2002 – Eddie Meduza, Swedish composer (b. 1948)
• 2002 – Ron Taylor, American actor (b. 1952)
• 2003 – Richard Wainwright, English politician (b. 1918)
• 2004 – Kalevi Sorsa, Prime Minister of Finland (b. 1930)
• 2005 – Marjorie Williams, American journalist (b. 1958)
• 2006 – Stanley Biber, American surgeon (b. 1923)
• 2007 – Ron Carey, American actor (b. 1935)
• 2007 – Benny Parsons, American racecar driver and commentator (b. 1941)
• 2009 – Joe Erskine, American boxer and long distance runner (b. 1930)
• 2009 – John Mortimer, British barrister, screenwriter and author. (b. 1923)
• 2009 – Andrew Wyeth, American realist painter (b. 1917)
• 2010 – Glen Bell, American businessman, founder of Taco Bell. (b. 1923)
• 2012 – Gustav Leonhardt, Dutch keyboardist, conductor and musicologist. (b. 1928)

Holidays and observances

• Christian Feast Day:
  • Pope Marcellus I
  • Blessed Joseph Vaz
  • Berard of Carbio
  • Fursey
  • Honoratus of Arles
  • Titian of Oderzo
  • January 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Flag Day or Magen David Day (Israel)
• Teacher's Day (Thailand)

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On this day in Canada

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