[go: nahoru, domu]

Jump to content

Jerzy Różycki: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(21 intermediate revisions by 16 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Polish mathematician and cryptologist (1909–1942)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Jerzy Różycki
| name = Jerzy Różycki
| image = Jerzy Rozycki.jpg
| image = Jerzy Rozycki.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagesize = 150px
| caption = Jerzy Różycki ca. 1928, some 4 years before joining the [[Biuro Szyfrów|Cipher Bureau]]
| caption = Jerzy Różycki ca. 1928, some 4 years before joining the [[Biuro Szyfrów|Cipher Bureau]]
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1909|07|24}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1909|07|24}}
| birth_place = Olszana, [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Vilshana]], [[Ukraine]])
| birth_place = Olszana, [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Vilshana, Cherkasy Oblast]], [[Ukraine]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1942|01|09|1909|07|24}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1942|01|09|1909|07|24}}
| death_place = [[Mediterranean Sea]]
| death_place = [[Mediterranean Sea]]
Line 16: Line 17:
[[File:Fot. ES ławeczka Jerzego Różyckiego w Wyszkowie.jpg|thumb|260px|Jerzy Różycki memorial bench in [[Wyszków]], near [[Warsaw]]]]
[[File:Fot. ES ławeczka Jerzego Różyckiego w Wyszkowie.jpg|thumb|260px|Jerzy Różycki memorial bench in [[Wyszków]], near [[Warsaw]]]]


'''Jerzy Witold Różycki''' ({{IPA-pl|ˈjɛʒɨ ruˈʒɨt͡ski|pron|Pl-Jerzy_Różycki.ogg}}; [[Vilshana]], [[Ukraine]], 24 July 1909 – 9 January 1942, [[Mediterranean Sea]], near the [[Balearic Islands]]) was a Polish [[mathematician]] and [[cryptologist]] who worked at breaking German [[Enigma machine|Enigma-machine]] [[cipher]]s before and during [[World War II]].
'''Jerzy Witold Różycki''' ({{IPA-pl|ˈjɛʒɨ ruˈʒɨt͡ski|pron|Pl-Jerzy_Różycki.ogg}}; 24 July 1909 – 9 January 1942) was a Polish [[mathematician]] and [[cryptologist]] who worked at breaking German [[Enigma machine|Enigma-machine]] [[cipher]]s before and during [[World War II]].


==Life==
==Life==
Różycki was born in what is now [[Ukraine]], the fourth and youngest child of Zygmunt Różycki, a pharmacist and graduate of [[Saint Petersburg University]], and Wanda, née Benita. He attended a Polish school in [[Kiev]] before moving with his family to Poland in 1918. In 1926 he completed secondary school at [[Wyszków]] on eastern Poland's [[Bug River]].
Różycki was born in what is now [[Ukraine]], the fourth and youngest child of Zygmunt Różycki, a pharmacist and graduate of [[Saint Petersburg University]], and Wanda, née Benita. He attended a Polish school in [[Kyiv]] before moving with his family to Poland in 1918. In 1926 he completed secondary school at [[Wyszków]] on eastern Poland's [[Bug River]].


Różycki studied mathematics from 1927 to 1932 in western Poland, at [[Poznań University]]'s Mathematics Institute, graduating with a master's degree on February 19, 1932. He would later earn a second master's degree from Poznań University, in [[geography]], on December 13, 1937.
Różycki studied mathematics from 1927 to 1932 in western Poland, at [[Poznań University]]'s Mathematics Institute, graduating with a master's degree on February 19, 1932. He would later earn a second master's degree from Poznań University, in [[geography]], on December 13, 1937.
Line 30: Line 31:
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Gralinski, Rozycki and Smolenski.jpg|thumb|300px|right|From left: [[Jan Graliński]], Jerzy Różycki and [[Piotr Smoleński]] at "[[Cadix]]" in southern France. All three perished in the 1942 ''Lamoricière'' disaster.]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Gralinski, Rozycki and Smolenski.jpg|thumb|300px|right|From left: [[Jan Graliński]], Jerzy Różycki and [[Piotr Smoleński]] at "[[Cadix]]" in southern France. All three perished in the 1942 ''Lamoricière'' disaster.]] -->


On 9 January 1942 Różycki perished in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] while returning to the [[Cadix]] center, near [[Uzès]] in southern, [[Vichy France]], from a stint at Cadix's branch office at the Château Couba on the outskirts of [[Algiers]]. His passenger ship, the ''[[SS Lamoricière]]'', sank in unclear circumstances near the [[Balearic Islands]].<ref>The ship had, appropriately, been christened after a 19th-century French general, [[Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière]], who had been involved in the French conquest of [[Algeria]].</ref> Fellow victims of the disaster, among the 222 passengers killed, included [[Piotr Smoleński]] and Captain [[Jan Graliński]], of the prewar [[Cipher Bureau (Poland)|Polish Cipher Bureau]]'s Russian section, and a French officer accompanying the three Poles, Captain François Lane.
On 9 January 1942 Różycki perished in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] while returning to the [[Cadix]] center, near [[Uzès]] in [[Vichy France]], from a stint at Cadix's branch office at the Château Couba on the outskirts of [[Algiers]]. His passenger ship, the ''[[SS Lamoricière]]'', sank in unclear circumstances near the [[Balearic Islands]].<ref>The ship had, appropriately, been christened after a 19th-century French general, [[Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière]], who had been involved in the French conquest of [[Algeria]].</ref> Fellow victims of the disaster, among the 222 passengers killed, included [[Piotr Smoleński]] and Captain [[Jan Graliński]], of the prewar [[Cipher Bureau (Poland)|Polish Cipher Bureau]]'s Russian section, and a French officer accompanying the three Poles, Captain François Lane.


Różycki has a [[cenotaph]] (symbolic grave) in the National Pantheon at the [[Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków|Saints Peter and Paul Church]] in [[Kraków]], Poland.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nowywyszkowiak.pl/wydarzenia/jerzy-rozycki-ma-symboliczny-grob-wyszkowianie-na-oficjalnej-uroczystosci-foto.html |title=Jerzy Różycki ma symboliczny grób. Wyszkowianie na oficjalnej uroczystości |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>
Różycki has a [[cenotaph]] (symbolic grave) in the National Pantheon at the [[Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków|Saints Peter and Paul Church]] in [[Kraków]], Poland.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nowywyszkowiak.pl/wydarzenia/jerzy-rozycki-ma-symboliczny-grob-wyszkowianie-na-oficjalnej-uroczystosci-foto.html |title=Jerzy Różycki ma symboliczny grób. Wyszkowianie na oficjalnej uroczystości |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>


==Family==
==Family==
In 1938, aged 29, Różycki married Maria Barbara Mayka. Their son, [[Janusz Różycki]], born May 10, 1939, completed his studies at Warsaw's Academy of Fine Arts and went on to be a member of the Polish [[fencing (sport)|fencing]] team that won a silver medal at the [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo Olympics]].
In 1938, aged 29, Różycki married Maria Barbara Mayka. Their son, [[Janusz Różycki]], born May 10, 1939, completed his studies at the [[Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw]] and went on to be a member of the Polish [[fencing (sport)|fencing]] team that won a silver medal at the [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo Olympics]].


==Recognition==
==Remembrance and honours==
[[Image:Polish cryptologists breaking Enigma ciphers monument 01.JPG|thumb|2007 monument to cryptologists [[Marian Rejewski|Rejewski]], Różycki, and [[Henryk Zygalski|Zygalski]] before the [[Imperial Castle in Poznań]]]]
[[File:2023-06-15 Cryptologist Monument Różycki.JPG|thumb|2007 monument to cryptologists [[Marian Rejewski|Rejewski]], Różycki, and [[Henryk Zygalski|Zygalski]] before the [[Imperial Castle in Poznań]]]]
In 1980 Różycki and his two mathematician colleagues were among the heroes of ''Sekret Enigmy'' (The Enigma Secret), a Polish [[Thriller (genre)|thriller film]] about their solution of the German Enigma cipher. Late 1980 also saw a similarly-themed Polish [[TV series]], ''Tajemnice Enigmy'' (The Secrets of Enigma).<ref>{{harvnb|Kasparek|Woytak|1982|p=24}}</ref>
In 1980 Różycki and his two mathematician colleagues were among the heroes of ''Sekret Enigmy'' (The Enigma Secret), a Polish [[Thriller (genre)|thriller film]] about their solution of the German Enigma cipher. Late 1980 also saw a similarly-themed Polish [[TV series]], ''Tajemnice Enigmy'' (The Secrets of Enigma).<ref>{{harvnb|Kasparek|Woytak|1982|p=24}}</ref>


On 21 February 2000, [[President of the Republic of Poland|Polish President]] [[Aleksander Kwaśniewski]] posthumously awarded Różycki the Grand Cross of the [[Order of Polonia Restituta]] for outstanding contributions to his homeland.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20000130273 |title=M.P. 2000 nr 13 poz. 273 |access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref>
On 21 February 2000, [[President of the Republic of Poland|Polish President]] [[Aleksander Kwaśniewski]] posthumously awarded Różycki the Grand Cross of the [[Order of Polonia Restituta]] for outstanding contributions to his homeland.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20000130273 |title=M.P. 2000 nr 13 poz. 273 |access-date=2019-02-25 |archive-date=2020-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326220042/http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20000130273 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


In 2007 a three-sided memorial was unveiled before the [[Imperial Castle, Poznań|Imperial Castle]] in [[Poznań]], commemorating the three mathematician-cryptologists (Rejewski, Różycki and Zygalski), alumni of the [[University of Poznań]], who reconstructed the German [[Enigma machine]] and developed methods of breaking Enigma ciphers, thus contributing to subsequent Allied victory in [[World War II]].
In 2007 a three-sided memorial was unveiled before the [[Imperial Castle, Poznań|Imperial Castle]] in [[Poznań]], commemorating the three mathematician-cryptologists (Rejewski, Różycki and Zygalski), alumni of the [[University of Poznań]], who reconstructed the German [[Enigma machine]] and developed methods of breaking Enigma ciphers, thus contributing to subsequent Allied victory in [[World War II]].
Line 47: Line 48:
In 2009 the [[Polish Post]] issued a series of four commemorative stamps, one of which pictured Różycki and fellow mathematician-cryptologists [[Marian Rejewski]] and [[Henryk Zygalski]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kzp.pl/index.php?artykul=kat-zn-2009-index |title=Znaczki z 2009 roku |access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref>
In 2009 the [[Polish Post]] issued a series of four commemorative stamps, one of which pictured Różycki and fellow mathematician-cryptologists [[Marian Rejewski]] and [[Henryk Zygalski]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kzp.pl/index.php?artykul=kat-zn-2009-index |title=Znaczki z 2009 roku |access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref>


In 2014 Różycki, Rejewski, and Zygalski were posthumously awarded the prestigious IEEE Milestone Award by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] in recognition of achievements that have changed the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ieeer10.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/IEEE-R10-Newsletter_Dec2014.pdf |title=IEEE R10 News and Highlights |access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref>
In 2014 Różycki, Rejewski, and Zygalski were posthumously awarded the prestigious IEEE Milestone Award by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] in recognition of achievements that have changed the worldOn 5 August 2014 the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) honored Rejewski, Różycki, and Zygalski with its prestigious Milestone Award, which recognizes achievements that have changed the world. Milestones was given for "First Breaking of Enigma Code by the Team of Polish Cipher Bureau, 1932-1939", they built the ‘[[Bomba (cryptography)|bomba]]’ – the first cryptanalytic machine to break codes. Their work was a foundation of British code breaking efforts which, with later American assistance, helped end World War II.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ieeer10.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/IEEE-R10-Newsletter_Dec2014.pdf |title=IEEE R10 News and Highlights |access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref>

In 2014 a commemorative plaque in Polish and English, dedicated to Różycki and his two colleagues, was unveiled before the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] Mathematics Institute in [[Warsaw]].
In 2014 a commemorative plaque in Polish and English, dedicated to Różycki and his two colleagues, was unveiled before the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] Mathematics Institute in [[Warsaw]].


In 2018 a bench commemorating Różycki was unveiled in a park in the town of [[Wyszków]], where Różycki had attended secondary school.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nowywyszkowiak.pl/wydarzenia/na-laweczce-obok-rozyckiego-foto.html |title=Na ławeczce obok Różyckiego |access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref>
In 2018 a bench commemorating Różycki was unveiled in a park in the town of [[Wyszków]], where Różycki had attended secondary school.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nowywyszkowiak.pl/wydarzenia/na-laweczce-obok-rozyckiego-foto.html |title=Na ławeczce obok Różyckiego |access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref>


In 2021 the Enigma Cipher Center, an educational and scientific institution dedicated to the Polish mathematicians who broke the Enigma cipher, including Jerzy Różycki, opened in Poznań.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/new-centre-dedicated-to-polish-enigma-codebreakers-opens-in-poznan-24926 |title=New centre dedicated to Polish Enigma codebreakers opens in Poznań | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
In 2021 the [[Enigma Cipher Centre]], an educational and scientific institution dedicated to the Polish mathematicians who broke the Enigma cipher, including Jerzy Różycki, opened in Poznań.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/new-centre-dedicated-to-polish-enigma-codebreakers-opens-in-poznan-24926 |title=New centre dedicated to Polish Enigma codebreakers opens in Poznań | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Bomba (cryptography)]]
* [[Enigma machine]]
* [[List of cryptographers]]
* [[List of cryptographers]]
* [[List of Polish mathematicians]]
* [[List of Polish mathematicians]]
Line 66: Line 68:
==References==
==References==
* Zdzisław Jan Kapera, "People of the Enigma: Jerzy Witold Różycki (1904-42)", translated by Tomasz Laczewski, Appendix A in Kozaczuk and Straszak, ''Enigma: How the Poles Broke the Nazi Code'', 2004, pp.&nbsp;81–86.
* Zdzisław Jan Kapera, "People of the Enigma: Jerzy Witold Różycki (1904-42)", translated by Tomasz Laczewski, Appendix A in Kozaczuk and Straszak, ''Enigma: How the Poles Broke the Nazi Code'', 2004, pp.&nbsp;81–86.
* {{Citation |last1=Kasparek |first1=Christopher |author1-link=Christopher Kasparek |last2=Woytak |first2=Richard |author2-link=Richard Woytak |title=In Memoriam Marian Rejewski |journal=Cryptologia |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=January 1982 |pages=19–25 |doi=10.1080/0161-118291856740}}
* [[Władysław Kozaczuk]], ''Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II'', edited and translated by [[Christopher Kasparek]], Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984.
* [[Władysław Kozaczuk]], ''Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II'', edited and translated by [[Christopher Kasparek]], Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984.
* Zdzisław Jan Kapera, "Różycki, Jerzy Witold," ''Polski słownik biograficzny'' (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XXXII, Wrocław, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk ([[Polish Academy of Sciences]]), 1989–1991, pp.&nbsp;523–25.
* Zdzisław Jan Kapera, "Różycki, Jerzy Witold," ''Polski słownik biograficzny'' (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XXXII, Wrocław, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk ([[Polish Academy of Sciences]]), 1989–1991, pp.&nbsp;523–25.
Line 77: Line 80:
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Pre-computer cryptographers]]
[[Category:20th-century cryptographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish mathematicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish mathematicians]]
[[Category:Polish cryptographers]]
[[Category:Polish cryptographers]]
[[Category:Cipher Bureau (Poland)]]
[[Category:Cipher Bureau (Poland)]]
[[Category:People from Vilshana]]
[[Category:People from Cherkasy Oblast]]
[[Category:Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań alumni]]
[[Category:Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań alumni]]

Latest revision as of 07:34, 1 April 2024

Jerzy Różycki
Jerzy Różycki ca. 1928, some 4 years before joining the Cipher Bureau
Born(1909-07-24)24 July 1909
Died9 January 1942(1942-01-09) (aged 32)
NationalityPolish
Occupation(s)Mathematician, cryptologist
Known forSolving the Enigma-machine cipher
AwardsOrder of Polonia Restituta, Grand Cross (2000)
IEEE Milestone Award (2014)
Jerzy Różycki memorial bench in Wyszków, near Warsaw

Jerzy Witold Różycki (pronounced [ˈjɛʒɨ ruˈʒɨt͡ski] ; 24 July 1909 – 9 January 1942) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who worked at breaking German Enigma-machine ciphers before and during World War II.

Life

[edit]

Różycki was born in what is now Ukraine, the fourth and youngest child of Zygmunt Różycki, a pharmacist and graduate of Saint Petersburg University, and Wanda, née Benita. He attended a Polish school in Kyiv before moving with his family to Poland in 1918. In 1926 he completed secondary school at Wyszków on eastern Poland's Bug River.

Różycki studied mathematics from 1927 to 1932 in western Poland, at Poznań University's Mathematics Institute, graduating with a master's degree on February 19, 1932. He would later earn a second master's degree from Poznań University, in geography, on December 13, 1937.

In 1929, while still a student, Różycki, proficient in German, was one of twenty-odd Poznań University mathematics students who accepted an invitation to attend a secret cryptology course organized at a nearby military installation by the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, headquartered in Warsaw.

From September 1932 Różycki served as a civilian cryptologist with the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, housed till 1937 in Warsaw's Saxon Palace. He worked there together with fellow Poznań University mathematics alumni and Cipher Bureau cryptology-course graduates Marian Rejewski and Henryk Zygalski.

After Rejewski had reconstructed the German military Enigma machine in December 1932, Różycki and Zygalski likewise worked at ongoing development of methods and equipment to exploit Enigma decryption as a source of intelligence. Różycki invented the "clock" method, which sometimes made it possible to determine which of the machine's rotors was at the far right, that is, in the position where the rotor always revolved at every depression of a key.

On 9 January 1942 Różycki perished in the Mediterranean Sea while returning to the Cadix center, near Uzès in Vichy France, from a stint at Cadix's branch office at the Château Couba on the outskirts of Algiers. His passenger ship, the SS Lamoricière, sank in unclear circumstances near the Balearic Islands.[1] Fellow victims of the disaster, among the 222 passengers killed, included Piotr Smoleński and Captain Jan Graliński, of the prewar Polish Cipher Bureau's Russian section, and a French officer accompanying the three Poles, Captain François Lane.

Różycki has a cenotaph (symbolic grave) in the National Pantheon at the Saints Peter and Paul Church in Kraków, Poland.[2]

Family

[edit]

In 1938, aged 29, Różycki married Maria Barbara Mayka. Their son, Janusz Różycki, born May 10, 1939, completed his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw and went on to be a member of the Polish fencing team that won a silver medal at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics.

Recognition

[edit]
2007 monument to cryptologists Rejewski, Różycki, and Zygalski before the Imperial Castle in Poznań

In 1980 Różycki and his two mathematician colleagues were among the heroes of Sekret Enigmy (The Enigma Secret), a Polish thriller film about their solution of the German Enigma cipher. Late 1980 also saw a similarly-themed Polish TV series, Tajemnice Enigmy (The Secrets of Enigma).[3]

On 21 February 2000, Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski posthumously awarded Różycki the Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta for outstanding contributions to his homeland.[4]

In 2007 a three-sided memorial was unveiled before the Imperial Castle in Poznań, commemorating the three mathematician-cryptologists (Rejewski, Różycki and Zygalski), alumni of the University of Poznań, who reconstructed the German Enigma machine and developed methods of breaking Enigma ciphers, thus contributing to subsequent Allied victory in World War II.

In 2009 the Polish Post issued a series of four commemorative stamps, one of which pictured Różycki and fellow mathematician-cryptologists Marian Rejewski and Henryk Zygalski.[5]

In 2014 Różycki, Rejewski, and Zygalski were posthumously awarded the prestigious IEEE Milestone Award by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in recognition of achievements that have changed the worldOn 5 August 2014 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) honored Rejewski, Różycki, and Zygalski with its prestigious Milestone Award, which recognizes achievements that have changed the world. Milestones was given for "First Breaking of Enigma Code by the Team of Polish Cipher Bureau, 1932-1939", they built the ‘bomba’ – the first cryptanalytic machine to break codes. Their work was a foundation of British code breaking efforts which, with later American assistance, helped end World War II.[6] In 2014 a commemorative plaque in Polish and English, dedicated to Różycki and his two colleagues, was unveiled before the Polish Academy of Sciences Mathematics Institute in Warsaw.

In 2018 a bench commemorating Różycki was unveiled in a park in the town of Wyszków, where Różycki had attended secondary school.[7]

In 2021 the Enigma Cipher Centre, an educational and scientific institution dedicated to the Polish mathematicians who broke the Enigma cipher, including Jerzy Różycki, opened in Poznań.[8]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The ship had, appropriately, been christened after a 19th-century French general, Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière, who had been involved in the French conquest of Algeria.
  2. ^ "Jerzy Różycki ma symboliczny grób. Wyszkowianie na oficjalnej uroczystości". Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  3. ^ Kasparek & Woytak 1982, p. 24
  4. ^ "M.P. 2000 nr 13 poz. 273". Archived from the original on 2020-03-26. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
  5. ^ "Znaczki z 2009 roku". Retrieved 2019-02-25.
  6. ^ "IEEE R10 News and Highlights" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-02-25.
  7. ^ "Na ławeczce obok Różyckiego". Retrieved 2019-02-25.
  8. ^ "New centre dedicated to Polish Enigma codebreakers opens in Poznań". Retrieved 25 September 2021.

References

[edit]
  • Zdzisław Jan Kapera, "People of the Enigma: Jerzy Witold Różycki (1904-42)", translated by Tomasz Laczewski, Appendix A in Kozaczuk and Straszak, Enigma: How the Poles Broke the Nazi Code, 2004, pp. 81–86.
  • Kasparek, Christopher; Woytak, Richard (January 1982), "In Memoriam Marian Rejewski", Cryptologia, 6 (1): 19–25, doi:10.1080/0161-118291856740
  • Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984.
  • Zdzisław Jan Kapera, "Różycki, Jerzy Witold," Polski słownik biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XXXII, Wrocław, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk (Polish Academy of Sciences), 1989–1991, pp. 523–25.
[edit]

Media related to Jerzy Różycki at Wikimedia Commons