John II of Aragon: Difference between revisions

John II
Sixteenth-century portrait of John II
King of Aragon
Reign	27 June 1458–20 January 1479 (20 years, 207 days)
Predecessor	Alfonso V
Successor	Ferdinand II
jure uxoris, later de facto King of Navarre
Reign	8 September 1425–20 January 1479 (53 years, 134 days)
Coronation	15/18 May 1429 (Pamplona)
Predecessor	Blanche I
Successor	Eleanor
Born	29 June 1398 Medina del Campo
Died	20 January 1479(1479-01-20) (aged 81) Barcelona
Burial	Poblet Monastery
Consort	Blanche I of Navarre Juana Enríquez
Issue among others...	Charles IV of Navarre Blanche II of Navarre Eleanor I of Navarre Ferdinand II of Aragon Joanna, Queen of Naples
House	House of Trastámara
Father	Ferdinand I of Aragon
Mother	Eleanor of Alburquerque
Religion	Roman Catholicism

John II the Faithless, also known as the Great (29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479) was the King of Aragon from 1458 until 1479, and jure uxoris King of Navarre from 1425 until his death. He was the son of Ferdinand I and his wife Eleanor of Alburquerque. John is regarded as one of the most memorable and most unscrupulous kings of the 15th century.

Biography

A Sicilian–Athenian–Neopatrian carlino of John II.

John was born at Medina del Campo.

In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II. Till middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was engaged in incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella I of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile, that was to create the Kingdom of Spain. His trouble with his subjects were closely connected with the tragic dissension in his own family.

John was first married to Blanche I of Navarre of the house of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But a son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard his son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, this grew into absolute hatred and was encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside.

There followed the long Navarrese Civil War, with alternations of success and defeat, ending only with the death of the prince of Viana, perhaps by poison given him by his stepmother, in 1461. The Catalans, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders in a War against John II. John spent his last years contending with these. He was forced to pawn Roussillon, his possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to King Louis XI of France, who refused to part with it.

In his old age John was blinded by cataracts, but recovered his eyesight by the operation of couching conducted by his physician Abiathar Crescas, a Jew. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but John carried on a war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbor the French king till his death in 1479. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already married to Isabella I of Castile. With his death and son's accession to the throne of Aragon, the unification of Spain under one royal house began in earnest.

Marriages and Issue

From his first marriage to Blanche of Navarre, John had the following children:

• King Charles IV of Navarre (1421–1461)
• Juana (b. 1423), died young
• Queen Blanche II of Navarre (1424–1464)
• Queen Eleanor of Navarre

From his second marriage to Juana Enríquez, John had the following children:

• Ferdinand II of Aragon
• Joanna of Aragon (1454–1517). Married Ferdinand I of Naples.

Illegitimate children:

• Alfonso de Aragón y de Escobar, Duke of Villahermosa
• Juan de Aragón, Archbishop of Zaragoza

Ancestry

Family of John II of Aragon

16. Alfonso XI of Castile (=#12) 8. Henry II of Castile 17. Eleanor of Guzmán (=#13) 4. John I of Castile 18. Juan Manuel of Castile, Prince of Villena 9. Juana Manuel of Castile 19. Blanca de La Cerda y Lara 2. Ferdinand I of Aragon 20. Alfonso IV of Aragon 10. Peter IV of Aragon 21. Teresa d'Entença 5. Eleanor of Aragon 22. Peter II of Sicily 11. Eleanor of Sicily 23. Elisabeth of Carinthia 1. John II of Aragon 24. Ferdinand IV of Castile 12. Alfonso XI of Castile (=#16) 25. Constance of Portugal 6. Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque 26. Pedro Núñez de Guzmán 13. Eleanor of Guzman (=#17) 27. Beatriz Ponce de León 3. Eleanor of Alburquerque 28. Afonso IV of Portugal 14. Peter I of Portugal 29. Beatrice of Castile 7. Infanta Beatriz of Portugal 30. Pedro Fernandez de Castro 15. Inês de Castro 31. Aldonza Lorenzo de Valladares

Sources

• Rivadeneyra. "Cronicas de los reyes de Castilla," Biblioteca de autores espanoles, vols. Ixvi, Ixviii. Madrid, 1845.
• Zurita, G. Anales de Aragon. Saragossa, 1610.
• Prescott W. H. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. 1854.
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)