John II of Aragon: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 14:17, 2 December 2011
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Catalan. (June 2011) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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John II | |
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Sixteenth-century portrait of John II | |
King of Aragon | |
Reign | 27 June 1458–20 January 1479 (20 years, 207 days) |
Predecessor | Alfonso V |
Successor | Ferdinand II |
jure uxoris, later de facto King of Navarre | |
Reign | 8 September 1425–20 January 1479 (53 years, 134 days) |
Coronation | 15/18 May 1429 (Pamplona) |
Predecessor | Blanche I |
Successor | Eleanor |
Born | 29 June 1398 Medina del Campo |
Died | 20 January 1479 Barcelona | (aged 81)
Burial | |
Consort | Blanche I of Navarre Juana Enríquez |
Issue among others... | Charles IV of Navarre Blanche II of Navarre Eleanor I of Navarre Ferdinand II of Aragon Joanna, Queen of Naples |
House | House of Trastámara |
Father | Ferdinand I of Aragon |
Mother | Eleanor of Alburquerque |
Religion | Roman Catholicism |
John II the Faithless[1], also known as the Great (29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479)[2] was the King of Aragon from 1458 until 1479, and jure uxoris King of Navarre from 1425 until his death. He was the son of Ferdinand I and his wife Eleanor of Alburquerque. John is regarded as one of the most memorable and most unscrupulous kings of the 15th century.
Biography
John was born at Medina del Campo.
In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II. Till middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was engaged in incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella I of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile, that was to create the Kingdom of Spain. His trouble with his subjects were closely connected with the tragic dissension in his own family.
John was first married to Blanche I of Navarre of the house of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But a son, Charles, given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard his son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, this grew into absolute hatred and was encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside.
There followed the long Navarrese Civil War, with alternations of success and defeat, ending only with the death of the prince of Viana, perhaps by poison given him by his stepmother, in 1461. The Catalans, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders in a War against John II. John spent his last years contending with these. He was forced to pawn Roussillon, his possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to King Louis XI of France, who refused to part with it.
In his old age John was blinded by cataracts, but recovered his eyesight by the operation of couching conducted by his physician Abiathar Crescas, a Jew. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but John carried on a war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbor the French king till his death in 1479. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already married to Isabella I of Castile. With his death and son's accession to the throne of Aragon, the unification of Spain under one royal house began in earnest.
Marriages and Issue
From his first marriage to Blanche of Navarre, John had the following children:
- King Charles IV of Navarre (1421–1461)
- Juana (b. 1423), died young
- Queen Blanche II of Navarre (1424–1464)
- Queen Eleanor of Navarre
From his second marriage to Juana Enríquez, John had the following children:
- Ferdinand II of Aragon
- Joanna of Aragon (1454–1517). Married Ferdinand I of Naples.
Illegitimate children:
Ancestry
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References
- ^ Ferran Soldevila, Ferrán Valls i Taberner, Antonio Badia y Torres, Francesc X. Hernandez, Rafael Tasis i Marca, Francesc Gordo-Guarinos, Eufemià Fort i Cogul, i Miquel Coll i Alentorn
- ^ Teófilo F. Ruiz (2007). Spain's centuries of crisis: 1300-1474; Volume 4 of A history of Spain. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405127899.
Sources
- Rivadeneyra. "Cronicas de los reyes de Castilla," Biblioteca de autores espanoles, vols. Ixvi, Ixviii. Madrid, 1845.
- Zurita, G. Anales de Aragon. Saragossa, 1610.
- Prescott W. H. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. 1854.
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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(help) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- Use dmy dates from June 2011
- 1397 births
- 1479 deaths
- People from Medina del Campo
- House of Trastamara
- Aragonese monarchs
- Monarchs of Majorca
- Valencian monarchs
- Kings of Sicily
- Jure uxoris kings
- Navarrese monarchs
- Roman Catholic monarchs
- Knights of the Golden Fleece
- Counts of Barcelona
- Aragonese infantes
- Dukes of Montblanc
- Lords of Balaguer
- Dukes of Gandía