Kalanga language: Difference between revisions
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'''Kalanga'''{{Pronunciation needed}}, or ''TjiKalanga'' (in Zimbabwe), is a [[Bantu language]] spoken by the [[Kalanga people]] in [[Botswana]] and [[Zimbabwe]]. It has an extensive phoneme inventory, which includes [[Palatal consonant|palatalised]], [[Velar consonant|velarised]], [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] and [[Breathy voiced|breathy-voiced consonants]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study.|last=Mathangwane|first=Joyce T.|publisher=Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.|year=1999}}</ref> as well as [[whistled sibilant]]s. |
'''Kalanga'''{{Pronunciation needed}}, or ''TjiKalanga'' (in Zimbabwe), is a [[Bantu language]] spoken by the [[Kalanga people]] in [[Botswana]] and [[Zimbabwe]]. It has an extensive phoneme inventory, which includes [[Palatal consonant|palatalised]], [[Velar consonant|velarised]], [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] and [[Breathy voiced|breathy-voiced consonants]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study.|last=Mathangwane|first=Joyce T.|publisher=Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.|year=1999}}</ref> as well as [[whistled sibilant]]s. |
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Kalanga is recognised as an official language by the Zimbabwean Constitution of 2013 and is taught in schools in areas where its speakers predominate. |
Kalanga is recognised as an official language by the Zimbabwean Constitution of 2013 and is taught in schools in areas where its speakers predominate. That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime is Better the Beastars by alot. |
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==Classification and varieties== |
==Classification and varieties== |
Revision as of 05:39, 5 August 2021
Kalanga | |
---|---|
Ikalanga | |
Native to | Zimbabwe, Botswana |
Ethnicity | Kalanga people |
Native speakers | 338,000 (2012-2015)[1] |
Official status | |
Official language in | Zimbabwe (both Kalanga and Nambya) |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:kck – Kalanganmq – Nambya |
Glottolog | kala1405 |
S.16 [2] | |
Linguasphere | 99-AUT-ai |
Kalanga[pronunciation?], or TjiKalanga (in Zimbabwe), is a Bantu language spoken by the Kalanga people in Botswana and Zimbabwe. It has an extensive phoneme inventory, which includes palatalised, velarised, aspirated and breathy-voiced consonants,[3] as well as whistled sibilants.
Kalanga is recognised as an official language by the Zimbabwean Constitution of 2013 and is taught in schools in areas where its speakers predominate. That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime is Better the Beastars by alot.
Classification and varieties
Linguists place Kalanga (S.16 in Guthrie's classification) and Nambya (in the Hwange region of Zimbabwe) as the western branch of the Shona group (or Shonic, or Shona-Nyai) group of languages, collectively coded as S.10.
Kalanga has a dialectal variation between its Botswana and Zimbabwean varieties and they use slightly different orthographies. Historically, Wentzel mentioned Kalanga proper in the east and Lilima (Tjililima, Humbe) on the west, as well as varieties that are now rare or extinct: Nyai (Rozvi), Lemba (Remba), Lembethu (Rembethu), Twamamba (Xwamamba), Pfumbi, Jaunda (Jawunda, Jahunda), and †Romwe, †Peri, †Talahundra (Talaunda).[2][4]
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | alveolar | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | ||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | (tʷ) | k | kʷ | |||||||
voiced | b | d̪ | d | dʷ | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||||||
prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʷ | |||||||||
aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | tʰ | tʰʷ | kʰ | kʰʷ | |||||||
breathy | pʱ | tʱ | kʷʱ | ||||||||||
ejective | (tʼ) | ||||||||||||
Affricate | voiceless | p͡s | t̪͡s̪ | t͡ʃ | |||||||||
voiced | b͡z | d̪͡z̪ | d̪͡z̪ʷ | d͡ʒ | b͡ɡ | ||||||||
prenasal | ⁿd͡ʒ | ||||||||||||
aspirated | t̪͡s̪ʰ | t̪͡s̪ʰʷ | p͡kʰ | ||||||||||
breathy | t̪͡s̪ʱ | t͡ʃʱ | |||||||||||
ejective | t͡ʃʼ | ||||||||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | sʷ | ʃ | ʃʷ | (x) | (xʷ) | |||||
voiced | v | z | zʷ | ʒ | ɦ | ||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | ||||||||
Trill | r | ||||||||||||
Approximant | lateral | l | |||||||||||
central | β̞ | j | w | ||||||||||
breathy | wʱ |
- Phonemes /tʰʷ, p͡s, b͡z, t͡ʃʼ/ occur only as marginal phonemes.
- Sounds /tʼ, tʷ, x, xʷ/ are sounds that are borrowed from Tswana.[3]
Vowels
Kalanga has a typical five-vowel system:
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
Bibliography
- Chebanne, A. M. & Rodewald, M. K & Pahlen, K. W. (1995) Ngatikwaleni iKalanga: a manual for writing Kalanga as spoken in Botswana. Gaborone: Botswana Society.
- Chebanne, Andy & Schmidt, Daniel (2010). "Kalanga: Summary grammar". Cape Town: CASAS monograph 75.
- Letsholo, R. (2013). "Object markers in Ikalanga". Linguistic Discovery. Dartmouth College.
- Mathangwane, Joyce T. (1999) Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
References
- ^ "Kalanga". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
- ^ a b Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ a b Mathangwane, Joyce T. (1999). Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
- ^ Wentzel, Petrus Johannes (1981). The Relationship between Venda and Western Shona. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of South Africa.