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'''Kosmos 482''' ({{lang-ru|Космос 482}} meaning ''Cosmos 482''), launched March 31, 1972 at 04:02:33 UTC, was an attempted [[Venus]] probe which failed to escape low Earth orbit.
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Kosmos 482
| names_list = <!--list of previous names if the spacecraft has been renamed.
Include the dates applicable if possible, and separate each name with a linebreak.
Omit if the spacecraft has only ever been known by one name.
Do not include Harvard, COSPAR/NSSDC or SATCAT/NORAD/NASA designations as alternative names-->


<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->
Beginning in 1962, the name [[Kosmos (satellite)|Kosmos]] was given to Soviet spacecraft which remained in Earth orbit, regardless of whether that was their intended final destination. The designation of this mission as an intended planetary probe is based on evidence from Soviet and non-Soviet sources and historical documents. Typically Soviet planetary missions were initially put into an Earth [[parking orbit]] as a launch platform with a rocket engine and attached probe. The probes were then launched toward their targets with an engine burn with a duration of roughly 4 minutes. If the engine misfired or the burn was not completed, the probes would be left in Earth orbit and given a Kosmos designation.
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_alt = <!--image alt text-->
| image_size =


<!--Basic details-->
Kosmos 482 was launched by an SL-6/A-2-e launcher on March 31, 1972, 4 days after the [[Venera 8]] atmospheric probe and may have been similar in design and mission plan. After achieving an Earth parking orbit, the spacecraft made an apparent attempt to launch into a [[Venus]] transfer trajectory. It separated into four pieces, two of which remained in low Earth orbit and decayed within 48 hours into south [[New Zealand]] (known as the ''Ashburton balls incident''), and two pieces (presumably the payload and detached engine unit) went into a higher 210 x 9800&nbsp;km orbit. It is thought that a malfunction resulted in an engine burn which did not achieve sufficient velocity for the Venus transfer and left the payload in this elliptical Earth orbit.
| mission_type = [[Venus]] lander
| operator = [[Soviet Academy of Sciences]]
| Harvard_designation = <!--spacecraft launched 1962 and earlier only (eg. 1957 Alpha 2)-->
| COSPAR_ID = 1972-023A
| SATCAT = 5919
| website = <!--Homepage of the craft/mission, OFFICIAL PAGES ONLY-->
| mission_duration = Launch failure
| distance_travelled = <!--How far the spacecraft travelled (if known)-->
| orbits_completed = <!--number of times the spacecraft orbited the Earth - see below for spacecraft beyond Earth orbit-->
| suborbital_range = <!--downrange distance reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->
| suborbital_apogee = <!--altitude reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->


<!--Spacecraft properties-->
At 1 am on April 3, 1972, four red-hot 13.6&nbsp;kg [[titanium]] alloy balls landed within a 16&nbsp;km radius of each other just outside [[Ashburton, New Zealand|Ashburton]], [[New Zealand]].<ref name="NZ_Herald_1">{{cite news | title = New light on mysterious space balls | work = New Zealand Herald | date = 2002-08-24 | url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=2351068 | accessdate = 2006-10-08}}</ref>
| spacecraft = <!--Spacecraft name/serial number (eg. Space Shuttle ''Discovery'', Apollo CM-118), etc-->
The 38&nbsp;cm-diameter spheres scorched holes in crops and made deep indentations in the soil, but no one was injured. A similarly shaped object was discovered near [[Eiffelton]], [[New Zealand]], in 1978.
| spacecraft_type = [[3MV|3V]] (V-72) no. 671
| spacecraft_bus = [[3MV]]
| manufacturer =
| launch_mass = {{convert|1180|kg|lb}}
| BOL_mass = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit at beginning of operational life, after LEOP phase-->
| landing_mass =
| dry_mass = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit without fuel-->
| payload_mass = <!--Mass of cargo carried by spacecraft (eg. for Space Shuttle), or total mass of instrumentation/equipment/experiments for mission-->
| dimensions = <!--body dimensions and solar array span-->
| power = <!--end-of-life power, in watts-->


<!--Launch details-->
Space law required that the space junk be returned to its national owner, but the Soviets denied knowledge or ownership of the satellite. Ownership therefore fell to the farmer upon whose property the satellite fell. Kosmos 482 was thoroughly analysed by New Zealand scientists which determined that they were Soviet in origin because of manufacturing marks and the high-tech welding of the titanium. The scientists concluded that they were probably gas pressure vessels of a kind used in the launching rocket for a satellite or space vehicle and had decayed in the atmosphere.
| launch_date = {{start date|1972|03|31}}, 04:02:00 UTC
| launch_rocket = [[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya 8K78M]]
| launch_site = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31|31/6]]
| launch_contractor = <!--organisation(s) that conducted the launch (eg. United Launch Alliance, Arianespace, etc)-->
| deployment_from = <!--place where deployed from-->
| deployment_date = <!--date deployed-->
| entered_service = <!--date on which the spacecraft entered service, if it did not do so immediately after launch-->
<!-- * - e.g. Proton-M/Briz-M not Proton-M, but Titan IV(401)A not Titan IV(401)A-Centaur-->


<!--end of mission-->
[[NSSDC]] ID: [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-023A 1972-023A]
| disposal_type = <!--Whether the spacecraft was deorbited, decommissioned, placed in a graveyard orbit, etc-->
| deactivated = <!--when craft was decommissioned-->
| destroyed = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| last_contact = <!--when last signal received if not decommissioned-->
| recovery_by = <!--recovered by-->
| recovery_date = <!--recovery date-->
| decay_date = {{end-date|May 5, 1981}}
| landing_date = <!--when the spacecraft made a controlled landing, not needed if it did not return intact-->
| landing_site = <!--where the craft landed; site/runway or coordinates-->
<!--
The following template should be used for ONE of the three above fields "end_of_mission", "decay" or "landing" if the spacecraft is no longer operational.
If it landed intact, use it for the landing time, otherwise for the date it ceased operations, or the decay date if it was still operational when it re-entered.
{{end date|YYYY|MM|DD|hh|mm|ss|TZ=Z}} (for Zulu/UTC) or {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} (if time unknown)
-->


<!--orbit parameters-->
[[NORAD]] ID: 05919
<!--as science-related articles, SI units should be the principal units of measurement, however we usually use {{convert}} to display imperial units in parentheses after the initial values-->
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Medium Earth orbit|Medium Earth]]
| orbit_longitude = <!--geosynchronous satellites only-->
| orbit_slot = <!--Designation of orbital position or slot, if not longitude (e.g plane and position of a GPS satellite)-->
| orbit_semimajor = {{convert|7708|km|mi}}
| orbit_eccentricity = <!--orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|209.4|km|mi}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|2464.8|km|mi}}
| orbit_inclination = 52.1°
| orbit_period = 112.2 minutes
| orbit_RAAN = <!--right ascension of the ascending node-->
| orbit_arg_periapsis = <!--argument of perigee/periapsis-->
| orbit_mean_anomaly = <!--mean anomaly at epoch, only use in conjunction with an epoch value-->
| orbit_mean_motion = <!--mean motion of the satellite, usually measured in orbits per day-->
| orbit_repeat = <!--repeat interval/revisit time-->
| orbit_velocity = <!--speed at which the spacecraft was travelling at epoch - only use for spacecraft with low orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_epoch = Thursday, August 16, 2018 3:44:57 UTC
| orbit_rev_number = <!--revolution number-->
| apsis = gee

| programme = [[Venera program|Venera]]
| previous_mission = [[Venera 8]]
| next_mission = [[Venera 9]]
}}

'''Kosmos 482''' ({{lang-ru|Космос 482}} meaning ''Cosmos 482''), launched March 31, 1972, at 04:02:33 UTC, was an attempted [[Venus]] probe which failed to escape low Earth orbit. It is expected to crash back to Earth between mid-2024 and late 2025.<ref name="sattrackcam">{{cite web |last=Langbroek |first=Marco |date=May 16, 2022 |title=Kosmos 482: questions around a failed Venera lander from 1972 still orbiting Earth (but not for long) |url=https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4384/1 |access-date=Aug 26, 2024 |work=The Space Review}}</ref> Its landing module, which weighs {{convert|495|kg|||}},<ref name="space2019">{{Cite news |url=https://www.space.com/failed-soviet-venus-spacecraft-falls-to-earth-soon.html |title=Failed 1970s Venus Probe Could Crash to Earth This Year |last=David |first=Leonard |date=February 25, 2019 |work=Space.com |access-date=February 27, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> is highly likely to reach the surface of Earth in one piece as it was designed to withstand 300 [[g-force|G's]] of acceleration and 100 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atmospheres]] of pressure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Space Review: Kosmos 482: questions around a failed Venera lander from 1972 still orbiting Earth (but not for long) |url=https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4384/1 |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=www.thespacereview.com}}</ref>

Beginning in 1962, the name [[Kosmos (satellite)|Kosmos]] was given to Soviet spacecraft which remained in Earth orbit, regardless of whether that was their intended final destination. The designation of this mission as an intended planetary probe is based on evidence from Soviet and non-Soviet sources and historical documents. Typically Soviet planetary missions were initially put into an Earth [[parking orbit]] as a launch platform with a rocket engine and attached probe. The probes were then launched toward their targets with an engine burn with a duration of roughly four minutes. If the engine misfired or the burn was not completed, the probes would be left in Earth orbit and given a Kosmos designation.

Kosmos 482 was launched by a [[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]] booster on March 31, 1972, four days after the [[Venera 8]] atmospheric probe and may have been similar in design and mission plan. After achieving an Earth parking orbit, the spacecraft made an apparent attempt to launch into a [[Venus]] transfer trajectory. It separated into four pieces, two of which remained in low Earth orbit and decayed within 48 hours into south [[New Zealand]] and two pieces (presumably the payload and detached engine unit) went into a higher 210 km x 9,800 km, 52 deg inclination orbit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kosmos 482: questions around a failed Venera lander from 1972 still orbiting Earth (but not for long)|author=Marco Langbroek|date=May 16, 2022 |url=https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4384/1|website=spaceref.com|access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref> An incorrectly set timer caused the Blok L stage to cut off prematurely, preventing the probe from escaping Earth orbit.

At 1:00 AM on April 3, 1972, four red-hot {{convert|13.6|kg|adj=on||}} [[titanium]] alloy balls landed within a {{convert|16|km|adj=on|0|}} radius of each other just outside [[Ashburton, New Zealand|Ashburton]], [[New Zealand]].<ref name="NZ_Herald_1">{{cite news | title = New light on mysterious space balls | work = New Zealand Herald | date = August 24, 2002 | url = https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-light-on-mysterious-space-balls/VYQ6S2QIC4QREO55ERXWVIKNSI/ | access-date = December 15, 2020}}</ref>
The {{convert|38|cm|in|adj=mid|-diameter}} spheres scorched holes in crops and made deep indentations in the soil, but no one was injured. A similarly shaped object was discovered near [[Eiffelton]], [[New Zealand]], in 1978.

[[Space law]] required that the space junk be returned to its national owner, but the Soviets denied knowledge or ownership of the satellite.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gates |first=Charlie |date=2011-01-15 |title=Government report on 'space balls' released |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/4542804/Government-report-on-space-balls-released |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> Ownership therefore fell to the farmer upon whose property the satellite fell. The pieces were thoroughly analyzed by New Zealand scientists which determined that they were Soviet in origin because of manufacturing marks and the high-tech welding of the titanium. The scientists concluded that they were probably gas pressure vessels of a kind used in the launching rocket for a satellite or space vehicle and had decayed in the atmosphere.


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Kosmos (satellite)]]
* [[List of missions to Venus]]
* [[Russian space program]]
* [[Russian space program]]
* [[Cosmos (satellite)]]


==References==
==References==
Line 23: Line 114:
==External links==
==External links==
* [[Space.com]]: [http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/missions/mir_australia_010220.html Aussies, Kiwis Take Mir Deorbit in Stride] 02:11 pm ET February 20, 2001
* [[Space.com]]: [http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/missions/mir_australia_010220.html Aussies, Kiwis Take Mir Deorbit in Stride] 02:11 pm ET February 20, 2001
* [[Wired Magazine]]: [https://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,41865,00.html Awaiting Mir's Crash Down Under] 02:00 AM Feb, 19, 2001

* [[Wired Magazine]]: [http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,41865,00.html Awaiting Mir's Crash Down Under] 02:00 AM Feb, 19, 2001


{{Venera}}
{{Venera}}
{{Venus spacecraft}}
{{Venus spacecraft}}

{{Orbital launches in 1972}}


[[Category:1972 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1972 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1972 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1972 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Artificial satellites formerly orbiting Earth]]
[[Category:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth]]
[[Category:Ashburton, New Zealand]]
[[Category:Ashburton, New Zealand]]
[[Category:Kosmos satellites|Kosmos 0482]]
[[Category:Kosmos satellites|Kosmos 0482]]
[[Category:Space accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Space accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Venera program]]
[[Category:Venera program]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1972]]

Revision as of 19:39, 26 August 2024

Kosmos 482
Mission typeVenus lander
OperatorSoviet Academy of Sciences
COSPAR ID1972-023A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.5919
Mission durationLaunch failure
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type3V (V-72) no. 671
Bus3MV
Launch mass1,180 kilograms (2,600 lb)
Start of mission
Launch dateMarch 31, 1972 (1972-03-31), 04:02:00 UTC
RocketMolniya 8K78M
Launch siteBaikonur 31/6
End of mission
Decay dateMay 5, 1981 (1981-05-06)
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeMedium Earth
Semi-major axis7,708 kilometres (4,790 mi)
Perigee altitude209.4 kilometres (130.1 mi)
Apogee altitude2,464.8 kilometres (1,531.6 mi)
Inclination52.1°
Period112.2 minutes
EpochThursday, August 16, 2018 3:44:57 UTC

Kosmos 482 (Russian: Космос 482 meaning Cosmos 482), launched March 31, 1972, at 04:02:33 UTC, was an attempted Venus probe which failed to escape low Earth orbit. It is expected to crash back to Earth between mid-2024 and late 2025.[1] Its landing module, which weighs 495 kilograms (1,091 lb),[2] is highly likely to reach the surface of Earth in one piece as it was designed to withstand 300 G's of acceleration and 100 atmospheres of pressure.[3]

Beginning in 1962, the name Kosmos was given to Soviet spacecraft which remained in Earth orbit, regardless of whether that was their intended final destination. The designation of this mission as an intended planetary probe is based on evidence from Soviet and non-Soviet sources and historical documents. Typically Soviet planetary missions were initially put into an Earth parking orbit as a launch platform with a rocket engine and attached probe. The probes were then launched toward their targets with an engine burn with a duration of roughly four minutes. If the engine misfired or the burn was not completed, the probes would be left in Earth orbit and given a Kosmos designation.

Kosmos 482 was launched by a Molniya booster on March 31, 1972, four days after the Venera 8 atmospheric probe and may have been similar in design and mission plan. After achieving an Earth parking orbit, the spacecraft made an apparent attempt to launch into a Venus transfer trajectory. It separated into four pieces, two of which remained in low Earth orbit and decayed within 48 hours into south New Zealand and two pieces (presumably the payload and detached engine unit) went into a higher 210 km x 9,800 km, 52 deg inclination orbit.[4] An incorrectly set timer caused the Blok L stage to cut off prematurely, preventing the probe from escaping Earth orbit.

At 1:00 AM on April 3, 1972, four red-hot 13.6-kilogram (30 lb) titanium alloy balls landed within a 16-kilometre (10 mi) radius of each other just outside Ashburton, New Zealand.[5] The 38-centimetre-diameter (15 in) spheres scorched holes in crops and made deep indentations in the soil, but no one was injured. A similarly shaped object was discovered near Eiffelton, New Zealand, in 1978.

Space law required that the space junk be returned to its national owner, but the Soviets denied knowledge or ownership of the satellite.[6] Ownership therefore fell to the farmer upon whose property the satellite fell. The pieces were thoroughly analyzed by New Zealand scientists which determined that they were Soviet in origin because of manufacturing marks and the high-tech welding of the titanium. The scientists concluded that they were probably gas pressure vessels of a kind used in the launching rocket for a satellite or space vehicle and had decayed in the atmosphere.

See also

References

  1. ^ Langbroek, Marco (May 16, 2022). "Kosmos 482: questions around a failed Venera lander from 1972 still orbiting Earth (but not for long)". The Space Review. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  2. ^ David, Leonard (February 25, 2019). "Failed 1970s Venus Probe Could Crash to Earth This Year". Space.com. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  3. ^ "The Space Review: Kosmos 482: questions around a failed Venera lander from 1972 still orbiting Earth (but not for long)". www.thespacereview.com. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  4. ^ Marco Langbroek (May 16, 2022). "Kosmos 482: questions around a failed Venera lander from 1972 still orbiting Earth (but not for long)". spaceref.com. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
  5. ^ "New light on mysterious space balls". New Zealand Herald. August 24, 2002. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  6. ^ Gates, Charlie (January 15, 2011). "Government report on 'space balls' released". Stuff. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
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