Editing Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei

{{Infobox company
| name           = Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei
| logo           = 
| slogan         =
| type           = Private [[aksjeselskap]]
| fate           = Merger
| Predecessor    =
| successor      = [[Oslo Sporveier]]<br />[[Bærumsbanen]]
| foundation     = 1892
| defunct        = 1924
| location       = [[Oslo]], [[Norway]]
| industry       = [[Tram]]way
| products       =
| key_people     =
| num_employees  =
| parent         =
| subsid         =
}}

'''A/S Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei''' or '''KES''', nicknamed the '''Blue Tramway''' ({{lang-no|Blåtrikken}}), was a company which operated part of the [[Oslo Tramway]] between 1894 and 1924. It built a network of four lines in Western Oslo, the [[Briskeby Line]] and the [[Frogner Line]] which ran to [[Majorstuen]], and two other consecutive lines, the [[Skøyen Line]] and the [[Lilleaker Line]]. These all connected to a common line through the city center which terminated at [[Jernbanetorget (station)|Jernbanetorget]].

KES was established as the second tram operator in [[Oslo]] (then known as Kristiania). When it commenced services it was the first electric tramway in Scandinavia. It originally opened the Briskeby Line and the Skøyen Line to [[Skillebekk (station)|Skillebekk]] using a fleet of [[KES Class A|Class A]] trams. Later the company also ordered [[KES and KSS Class U|Class U]] and [[KES and KSS Class SS|Class SS]] trams, for a total 78 motor cars and 66 trailers. Skøyen was reached in 1903. The first part of the Frogner Line opened in 1902, and it was completed in 1914. The Lilleaker Line was built to [[Lilleaker (station)|Lilleaker]] in 1919. KES and its competitor, [[Kristiania Sporveisselskab]] (KSS) were both taken over by Oslo Municipality in May 1924 and became [[Oslo Sporveier]]. The take-over did not include the Lilleaker Line and this part of the operation continued as [[Bærumsbanen]].

==History==
===Establishment===
The Oslo Tramway was established as a [[horsecar]] network in 1875 by Kristiania Sporveisselskab. In 1887 it rejected a proposal for L. Samson, a real estate developer, to build a line to [[Majorstuen]] to serve his projects. He therefore contacted engineers H. E. Heyerdal and A. Fenger-Krog, the latter who had studied tramways abroad.<ref>Fasting: 41</ref> They sent an application that year to the municipality, at a time when there were no other electric tramways in operation in Europe. However, the application did not explicitly state that the company would use electric traction.<ref name=f42>Fasting: 42</ref> KSS retained it priority in laying new lines.<ref name=f42 />

[[File:Skabo NEBB tram 1895.jpg|thumb|left|Tram 117 in 1895—a prototype built by [[Skabo Jernbanevognfabrikk|Skabo]] and [[Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri]]]]
The group received permission for two lines, one from [[Jernbanetorget (station)|Jernbanetorget]], the square outside [[Oslo East Station]], to Majorstuen. It would receive a branch from Inkognitogaten and [[Drammensveien]] to [[Skøyen]],<ref name=f43>Fasting: 43</ref> a total distance of {{convert|6|km|sp=us}}.<ref name=f44>Fasting: 44</ref> User of [[overhead wire]]s had been discouraged by the city engineer, but he later changed his mind after a trip to Germany. The issue was decided upon by the municipal council on 19 May 1892.<ref name=f43 /> The [[concession (contract)|concession]] had a duration of thirty years, of which the municipality retained the right to [[municipalization|municipalize]] the company after fifteen years and at the end of the duration.<ref name=f44 />
 
Shares worth 800,000 [[Norwegian krone]] (NOK) issued in October 1892, which sold out in a month. A/S Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei was incorporated on 16 December 1892. Heyerdal was appointed chair of the board, a position he held until his death in 1917. Fenger-Krog was hired as managing director. Six companies bid to deliver trams and electrical equipment; [[AEG (German company)|Allgemeine Elektrizitäts Gesellschaft]] (AEG) won and delivered seven [[KES Class A|Class A]] motor trams and five trailers. In June 1893 the contract to lay the tracks was issued to H. W. Wessel. The company applied the municipality to buy power from its [[Oslo Lysverker]], but was rejected. It therefore decided to build a power station at Majorstuen. On the same lot it built the first depot, a prefabricated [[corrugated galvanised iron|corrugated galvanized iron]] structure from Germany.<ref name=f45>Fasting: 45</ref> Investments totaled NOK&nbsp;817,572.<ref name="f48">Fasting: 48</ref>

===Early operations and expansion===
[[File:Trams at Anthenum 1904.jpeg|thumb|upright|KES trams at Anthenum in the city center in 1904]]
Test runs started on 10 January 1894.<ref name=f45 /> The official opening of the first Nordic electric tramway took place on 2 March 1894 and ordinary operation commenced the following day. It was the seventh electric tramway to open in Europe. Amongst the concerns in the public debate was that horses, such as those from the competing KSS, would not be able to cope with seeing a tram running without being pulled by a horse. The competitor's labor union proposed that KES used stuffed horses in front of their trams, but the horses soon learned to cope with the autonomous vehicle.<ref name=f48>Fasting: 48</ref> At first the trams ran every six minutes, but this proved difficult to operate and it was reduced to an eight-minute [[headway]].<ref name=fr27>Fristad: 27</ref>

Initially the motormen were to both drive and sell tickets, but this was found to be too much work for one person to do efficiently. Conductors were therefore introduced almost immediately.<ref>Fristad: 26</ref> It turned out that operating a correspondence between the Skøyen Line and the Briskeby Line at Parkveien did not work, as trams from Majorstuen were full and most passengers forced to walk into town. Thus from April KES introduced direct services from [[Skillebekk (station)|Skillebekk]] on the Skøyen Line to Jernbanetorget.<ref name="f48"/> It quickly turned out the company had too few trams and four more were delivered by the end of the year. The Skøyen Line was extended to [[Nobels gate (station)|Frognergaden]] on 31 December.<ref name=fr25>Fristad: 25</ref>

The original network was entirely [[single track (rail)|single track]] with [[passing loop]]s. The direct trams led to increased traffic and in 1896 KES therefore applied for permission to lay [[double track]] from Parkveien to Jernbanetorget.<ref name=f51>Fasting: 51</ref> As part of the permit, the municipality bought newly issued shares for NOK&nbsp;200,000 to become shareholder of a fifth of the company.<ref>Fasting: 52</ref> Work commenced in 1898, which also included moving the tracks from Parkveien to Inkognitogaten and from Bogstadveien to Valkyriegaten.<ref name=f51 /> The double track opened in 1898 to Majorstuen, and three years later on the Skøyen Line. The latter was combined with an extension to [[Thune (station)|Thune]].<ref name=fr27 />

[[File:KES Tram 109 at Majorstuen.jpg|thumb|left|A Class A tram at [[Majorstuen (station)|Majorstuen]] in 1908]]
The company gradually expanded its fleet and by 1898 it had taken delivery of twenty-one Class A trams and twelve trailers. A year later a further six trailers were delivered.<ref name=fr29>Fristad: 29</ref> Jørgen Barth took over as managing director in 1898.<ref>Fasting: 55</ref> The same year the [[Holmenkollen Line]] opened and at [[Majorstuen (station)|Majorstuen]] there was a transfer between the trams of KES and [[Holmenkolbanen]].<ref>Fristad: 32</ref> The company took delivery of its first nine larger [[KES and KSS Class U|Class U]] trams in 1899. This was followed by a further five in 1902 and another five in 1905 and 1906.<ref name="fr29"/> From 1901 KES introduced regular stops instead of stopping on signal.<ref name=f63>Fasting: 63</ref>

The company's next task was extending the Skøyen Line and building a route via [[Frogner plass (station)|Frogner plass]] to Majorstuen. KSS had originally been given a permit to extend its [[Vestbanen Line]] to Frogener, but they were required to start construction within 1901. When they failed to do this, the municipality instead offered the permit to KES. The company started construction and the first part of the Frogner Line, from Parkveien to Frogner plass, opened in October 1902. That years KES was paying eight percent dividend.<ref>Fasting: 59</ref> The Skøyen Line, which was at the time named the Bygdøy Line, was extended to [[Skøyen (station)|Skøyen]] on 21 June 1903.<ref name=a7>Aspenberg: 7</ref> There was little investment the following years, although in 1907 and 1908 the company built double track to Frogner and to Thune.<ref name=f70>Fasting: 70</ref>  By 1907 the company had an annual revenue of NOK&nbsp;700,000.<ref name=f69>Fasting: 69</ref>

===Later operations===
[[File:Tram in Drammensveien 1919.jpeg|thumb|Trams on the Skøyen Line]]
Leading up to the 1909 right of the municipality to buy the tramway, KES was evaluated at NOK&nbsp;3 million in 1908. The issue was debated in light of the 1899 establishment of the municipal-owned [[Kristiania Kommunale Sporveie]] and the 1905 sale of it to KSS. There was no similar high-profile debate about munisipalization in 1908 as there had been in 1905. This was in part because there was by then a strong [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative]] majority in the city council—a party who were opposed to municipal a tramway. Instead the municipality negotiated an agreement, whereby it secured itself four percent of the company's gross revenue, increasing to five percent from 1914.<ref name=f69 />

The power station was upgraded in 1909, cutting the coal usage from {{convert|4.0|to|1.3|kg}} per kilowatt hour. The company decided, mostly of concern for its employee's wellbeing, to cover up the tram's open platform bays.<ref name=f70 /> This was in part sorted out through the purchase of new rolling stock. The final five Class U trains were delivered in 1909, bringing the total to twent-four.<ref name="a43"/> Trams were at the time limited by the belief that they could not have a [[wheelbase]] exceeding a tenth of the minimum curve radius. This was proven wrong, allowing the tramway to order new and larger trams.<ref name=f71>Fasting: 71</ref> The first eight [[KSS Class SS|Class SS]] trams were delivered the same year. Deliveries resumed in 1912 and in the following two years a further twenty-six Class SS units were delivered.<ref name=a43>Aspenberg: 43</ref>

[[File:KES Vognhall 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Majorstuen Depot]]'s Hall 2, administration building and chimney for the power station. To the right are a tram each from KES and [[Holmenkolbanen]]]]
Numbered services were introduced in 1909. KES was the first of the two tramways to introduce numbered lines and secured the lowest digits. The Briskeby Line was numbered 1, the Frogner Line 2 and the Skøyen Line 3.<ref name=a7 /> The increased rolling stock allowed most services to run every five minutes from 1910.<ref>Fasting: 72</ref> KES and KSS reached an agreement in 1912 to coordinate their services better. This first materialized in a connecting line in Hegdehaugsveien, which allowed trams to run from [[Stortorvet (station)|Stortorvet]] via the [[Ullevål Hageby Line]] to Majorstuen. At Skillebekk a connection was built through Munkedamsveien, allowing the Vestbanen Line access to the Skøyen Line.<ref name=fr52>Fristad: 52</ref> In conjunction with the [[1914 Jubilee Exhibition]] at Frogner, the Frogner Line was extended along [[Ring 2 (Oslo)|Kirkeveien]] to Majorstuen on 15 May 1914.<ref name=a7 /> In September a new depot opened at Majorstuen, with place for 75 vehicles—the largest in Scandinavia.<ref name=fr82>Fristad: 82</ref>

The third connection opened in 1915, linking Jernbanetorget to the [[Kampen Line]] and the [[Vålerenga Line]] through a connection along Vognmannsgata, Brugata and Vaterland Bridge.<ref name=fr52 /> By 1915 the street tram network consisted of thirteen services, of which two were operated by KES and six were joint operations. All services via [[Homansbyen (station)|Homansbyen]] and Frogner to Majorstuen were joint services. The joint services were operated the relative number of trams in proportion of the ownership of trackage along the line and where each company simply kept the revenue it created on their services.<ref>Fristad: 54</ref> The first women conductors were hired in 1916.<ref>Fasting: 83</ref> Ten older Class A trams were rebuilt with larger wheelbase and bodies in 1918 and 1919, supplemented by 37 new motor trams and 56 new trailers.<ref name=fr62>Fristad: 62</ref>

[[File:KES trams and crew at Majorstuen.jpg|thumb|Staff and trams posing at Majorstuen in 1912]]
From the company's opening it had charged 10 øre for a ride,<ref name=fr62 /> but this was raised to 15 øre in 1918, a price which would remain unaltered for the rest of its history.<ref>Fristad: 64</ref> To ease management of such an odd amount, [[token coin]]s were popular. They were sold with a quantity discount and were commonly used in Oslo as a conventional coin worth 15 øre.<ref name=fr65>Fristad: 65</ref> During this period the country was experiencing inflation. KES and the labor union could not reach an agreement for wage increases and the company was hit by a strike from 11 January to 22 March 1920. It was resolved through the municipality offering to reduce its charges.<ref>Fasting: 89</ref> As part of the agreement, the 5 øre commuter prices in the morning and afternoon were abolished.<ref name=fr65 />

The company started looking into a further extension of the Skøyen Line in 1912, intending to reach [[Bestum]] and [[Øraker]]. They applied for a permit in 1913, which was issued in July 1915. KES immediately started construction of the Lilleaker Line. Trial runs were carried out on 8 May 1919 and the line officially opened to [[Lilleaker (station)|Lilleaker]] the following day.<ref>Bærumsbanen: 3</ref> Unlike the rest of the network, the Lilleaker Line was built as a suburban [[light rail]], running on an exclusive line rather than in the streets. KES started planning further extensions in 1917 and received permission in 1921 to extend the line to [[Avløs (station)|Avløs]].<ref name=gaarder>{{cite journal |title=Bærumsbanen |last=Gaarder |first=Håkon Kinck |year=2001 |volume=44 |pages=4–19 |journal=[[Lokaltrafikk]] |language=no}}</ref>

===Municipalization===
KES and KSS both had concessions which expired on the same date, in March 1924. At this point the municipality was free to purchase the companies at par value. A municipal committee was appointed in 1922 to look into the matter. KES was valuated at NOK&nbsp;9 million, while KSS was worth NOK&nbsp;12.5 million. Oslo Municipality was not interested in taking over the Lilleaker Line, as it was situated in the neighboring municipality of [[Aker, Norway|Aker]]. The committees majority proposed a merger and that KSS received a prolonged concession, while the minority recommended that the tramways be bought by the city. A third option, a jointly public and privately owned company, was also proposed, where the municipality would own fifty-one percent.<ref name=f91>Fasting: 91</ref>

[[File:Stortingsgata.jpg|thumb|left|Tram in Stortingsgata in 1905]]
The issue was considered by the council's executive board, which supported the joint public–private proposal with eleven against nine votes. The argumentation was largely ideological: the left side accused the right for bringing economical advantages for private investors, while the right accused the left of insufficient financial investigations of municipal operations.<ref name=f91 /> The issue was voted on in the municipal council in December, with 43 against 41 councillors supporting the joint model. The latter were members of the [[Communist Party of Norway|Communist Party]] and the [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labor Party]], who both were in favor of a municipal take-over. The new company, Kristiania Sporveier, was incorporated in May 1924 and took over all street tram operations. The city changed its name to Oslo on 1 January 1925, as did the tram company.<ref name=fr92>Fasting: 92</ref>

With the municipalization, most of the assets were transferred to Oslo Sporveier. The exception was the Lilleaker Line, which was kept by the private company. That part was changed into a new tram company, Bærumsbanen. The street trams were transferred to Oslo Sporveier, although a few were kept until 1 July, when the Lilleaker Line was extended to [[Bekkestua (station)|Bekkestua]]. One the same day it took into use twelve [[BB Class A|Class A]] suburban trams.<ref name="Strandholt: 10">Strandholt: 10</ref>

==Network==
[[File:Oslo Tramway 1939 en upload.svg|thumb|A map of the tram network in 1939. Dark blue lines were built by KES.]]

KES operated a network consisting of a common line through the city center, three branches, a suburban line and three connections to KSS's network. The street tram network consisted of the [[Briskeby Line]], the [[Skøyen Line]] and the [[Frogner Line]]. The Skøyen Line continued as the suburban [[Lilleaker Line]]. All of KES's lines remain in use.<ref name=a7 /> The company's common section of track originated at Jernbanetorget, the square outside [[Oslo East Station]]. The line started in Strandgata and continued along Tollbugata to [[Akersgata]]. From there it cut across Stortingsgata and continued along [[Drammensveien]].<ref name=fr25>Fristad: 25</ref>

The Briskeby Line branches from the common section to Parkveien, where it took off onto Riddervolds gate and continued along Briskebyveien, Holtegata and [[Bogstadveien]] before reaching [[Majorstuen (station)|Majorstuen]]. The Skøyen Line runs along Drammensveien to [[Skøyen (station)|Skøyen]].<ref name=fr25 /> From Skøyen the Lilleaker Line continued to Jar.<ref name="Strandholt: 10"/> The Lilleaker Line is a suburban light rail and runs in its own right-of-way along St. Edmunds vei, Bestumveien and Jonas Dahls vei.<ref name=gaarder /> The Frogner Line branched from the Skøyen Line at the intersection of Drammensveien and Frognerveiien at [[Solli plass]], just after the Skøyen Line and the Briskeby Line split. The Frogner Line runs along Frognerveien to Frogner plass, the original terminus.<ref>Fristad: 28</ref> Since 1914 the line has continued along [[Ring 2 (Oslo)|Kirkeveien]] to Majorstuen.<ref name=a7 />

The company operated one depot—[[Majorstuen Depot]].<ref name=a37>Aspenberg: 37</ref> It consisted of three buildings, the largest of which had room for 75 vehicles.<ref name=fr82 /> It also featured the coal-fired [[thermal power station]] used to generate the electricity for the tramway.<ref name=f70 /> Majorstuen was the site of the company's administration, as well as the depot for [[Holmenkolbanen]]. Most of KES facilities have been demolished, but one hall remains and is used by the [[Oslo Tramway Museum]].<ref name=a37 />

==Rolling stock==
The company bought a total 78 motor cars and 66 trailers; 20 of the motorized vehicles were later converted to trailers. The deliveries were form various manufacturers, most of which were German. The sole Norwegian body manufacturer was [[Skabo Jernbanevognfabrikk|Skabo]]. The trams were of three generations, each with their own class designation.<ref name=a43 /> Many of the trams were of the same class as those delivered to KSS.<ref>Aspenberg: 45</ref> KES's trams were painted blue, hence giving rise to their nickname, the "Blue Tramway".<ref>Fasting: 50</ref>

[[File:KES trams 193 164.jpg|thumb|left|Class SS (193, left) and Class U (164) at Athenæum in [[Akersgata]] in 1912]]
The first class of trams, [[KES Class A|Class A]], were manufactured by [[AEG (German company)|Allgemeine Elektrizitäts Gesellschaft]] (AEG) and [[P. Herbrand & Cie.]], both of Germany. The undercarriages were built by [[Bergische Stahlindustri]]. They featured open platform bays and a cabin. Twenty units were built, with nearly the same specifications. The trams were {{convert|6.5|m|sp=us}} long and {{convert|2.0|m|sp=us}} wide. They weighed {{convert|6|t}} and were equipped with two NB80 motors with a combined effect of {{convert|12|kW}}. The exception was three units, no. 118 through 120, which had more powerful VBN120 motors, with a combined {{convert|36|kW}}. They had seating for sixteen and standing room for twelve. The company also had thirty-two similar trailer units built by Herbrand. One of the trams, no. 117, was a prototype built by Skabo with motors from [[Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=De første "electrikkene" |last=Andersen |first=Bjørn |year=1997 |volume=34 |pages=4–12 |journal=[[Lokaltrafikk]] |language=no}}</ref>

[[File:Oslo tram 347 (trailer).jpg|thumb|Trailer 347 on display in the original Blue Tram colors at [[Oslo Tramway Museum]]]]
Twenty-four [[KES and KSS Class U|Class U]] trams were delivered between 1899 and 1906. The electrical components were built by [[Union-Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft]] and the bodies by [[Falkenried]] and Skabo. The trams had two GE52 motors with a combined power output of {{convert|36|kW}} and had a total weight of {{convert|10.2|t}}. They were {{convert|7.8|m|sp=us}} long and were built with open platform bays. Each unit had capacity for twenty seated and fourteen standing passengers.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Unionvognenes historie |last=Andersen |first=Bjørn |year=1995 |volume=25 |pages=10–22 |journal=[[Lokaltrafikk]] |language=no}}</ref> Two units were in 1924 rebuilt to create an [[articulated tram]]. However, it proved prone to derailment in poorly banked S-curves and was never put into revenue service.<ref>{{cite journal |title="To rom og kjøkken" |last=Budmiger |first=Roy |year=1995 |volume=29 |pages=17–19 |journal=[[Lokaltrafikk]] |language=no}}</ref>

KES took delivery of thirty-four [[KES and KSS Class SS|Class SS]] motorized trams and twenty-two trailers between 1909 and 1914. They had electrical components from [[Siemens-Schuckert|Siemens-Schukertwerke]] and were variously built by Herbrand, Falkenried and Skabo. Their main innovation was that the [[wheelbase]] was increased from {{convert|180|to|360|cm|sp=us}}, allowing for a lengthening of the body. The first eleven were {{convert|9.69|m|sp=us}} long, while the rest were {{convert|11.47|m|sp=us}} long. The first eight units had two D72v motors, giving a combined power output of {{convert|72|kW}}. Later units had a power output of {{convert|84|kW}}.<ref>{{cite journal |title=SS-vognene |last=Andersen |first=Bjørn |year=1994 |volume=21/22 |pages=4–29 |journal=[[Lokaltrafikk]] |language=no}}</ref>

The second delivered unit, no. 102, has been preserved by the [[Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology]].<ref>Aspenberg: 44</ref> Two SS motor units, no. 307 from 1913 and no. 322 from 1918, and one trailer, no. 347, have been preserved by the [[Oslo Tramway Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vognparksporveismuseet.atwebpages.com/vognpark/oversikt.htm |title=Sporveismuseets vognsamling |publisher=[[Oslo Tramway Museum]] |access-date=17 May 2014 |language=no |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227105348/http://vognparksporveismuseet.atwebpages.com/vognpark/oversikt.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Commons category|Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei}}
* {{cite book |last=Aspenberg |first=Nils Carl |author-link=Nils Carl Aspenberg |title=Trikker og forstadsbaner i Oslo |publisher=Baneforlaget |location=Oslo |language=no |year=1994 |isbn=82-91448-03-5 |url=http://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/9d8b3627267a5f3e796cc228826ec1ad}}
* {{cite book |author=Bærumsbanen |author-link=Bærumsbanen |title=Bærumsbanen 1919–1944 |year=1944 |language=no}}
* {{cite book |last=Fasting |first=Kåre |title=Sporveier i Oslo gjennom 100 år: 1875–1975 |publisher=Grøhdal & Søn |location=Oslo |isbn=82-504-0116-6 |language=no |year=1975 |url=http://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/b1c111718b419874dce3979c789f4900}}
* {{cite book |last=Fristad |first=Hans Andreas |title=Oslo-trikken – storbysjel på skinner |publisher=Gyldendal |location=Oslo |isbn=82-05-19084-4 |language=no |year=1990 |url=http://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/c862bac18792c4d53028eaa432f83ddd}}
* {{cite book |last=Hartmann |first=Eivind |last2=Mangset |first2=Øistein |title=Neste stopp!: Verneplan for bygninger |year=2001 |publisher=Baneforlaget |location=Oslo |isbn=82-91448-17-5 |language=no}}
* {{cite book |last=Strandholt |first=Thorleif |title=A/S Kristiania elektriske sporvei : Lilleakerbanen åpnet 9. mai 1919 overtatt 1924 av A/S Bærumsbanen ; A/S Akersbanene stiftet 7. juni 1917 ; Østensjøbanen, åpnet 18. desember 1923 som opphørte/overtatt 1949 av A/S Bærumsbanen, stiftet 1. mai 1924 som ble overtatt 1971 av A/S Oslo Sporveier |url=http://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/8b256aa0424dbd1a72f9f64cd7ecb09d |year=1990 |publisher=Sporvejshistorisk Selskab |location=Copenhagen |isbn=8787589311  |language=no}}

{{Oslo Tramway}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Oslo Tramway operators]]
[[Category:Defunct railway companies of Norway]]
[[Category:Companies based in Oslo]]
[[Category:Railway companies established in 1892]]
[[Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1924]]
[[Category:1892 establishments in Norway]]
[[Category:1924 disestablishments in Norway]]