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A part of [[Monacan people|Monacan]] country upon the arrival of English settlers in Virginia, the region had traditionally been occupied by them and other [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] [[Tutelo language|Tutelo]]-speaking tribes since ca. 1270, driving [[Powhatan|Virginia Algonquians]] eastward. Explorer [[John Lederer]] visited one of the Siouan villages ([[Saponi]]) in 1670, on the Staunton River at Otter Creek, southwest of the present-day city, as did Batts and Fallam in 1671. The Siouans occupied the area until c. 1702, when it was taken in conquest by the [[Seneca people|Seneca]] [[Iroquois]]. The Iroquois ceded control to the [[Colony of Virginia]] beginning in 1718 and formally at the Treaty of Albany in 1721.
A part of [[Monacan people|Monacan]] country upon the arrival of English settlers in Virginia, the region had traditionally been occupied by them and other [[Siouan languages|Siouan]] [[Tutelo language|Tutelo]]-speaking tribes since ca. 1270, driving [[Powhatan|Virginia Algonquians]] eastward. Explorer [[John Lederer]] visited one of the Siouan villages ([[Saponi]]) in 1670, on the Staunton River at Otter Creek, southwest of the present-day city, as did Batts and Fallam in 1671. The Siouans occupied the area until c. 1702, when it was taken in conquest by the [[Seneca people|Seneca]] [[Iroquois]]. The Iroquois ceded control to the [[Colony of Virginia]] beginning in 1718 and formally at the Treaty of Albany in 1721.


First settled in 1757, Lynchburg was named for its founder, John Lynch, who at the age of 17 started a ferry service at a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] across the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] to carry traffic to and from [[New London, Virginia|New London]]. He was also responsible for Lynchburg's first bridge across the river, which replaced the ferry in 1812. He and his mother are buried in the graveyard at the [[South River Friends Meetinghouse]]. The "City of Seven Hills" quickly developed along the hills surrounding Lynch's Ferry. [[Thomas Jefferson]] maintained a home near Lynchburg, called [[Poplar Forest]]. Jefferson frequented Lynchburg and remarked "''Nothing would give me greater pleasure than to be useful to the town of Lynchburg. I consider it as the most interesting spot in the state.''"
First settled in 1757, Lynchburg was named for its founder, John Lynch, who at the age of 17 started a ferry service at a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] across the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] to carry traffic to and from [[New London, Virginia|New London]]. He was also responsible for Lynchburg's first bridge across the river, which replaced the ferry in 1812. He and his mother are buried in the graveyard at the [[South River Friends Meetinghouse]]. The "City of Seven Hills" quickly developed along the hills surrounding Lynch's Ferry. [[Thomas Jefferson]] maintained a home near Lynchburg, called [[Poplar Forest]]. Jefferson frequented Lynchburg and remarked, "Nothing would give me greater pleasure than to be useful to the town of Lynchburg. I consider it as the most interesting spot in the state."


Lynchburg was established by charter in 1786 at the site of Lynch's Ferry on the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]]. These new easy means of transportation routed traffic through Lynchburg and allowed it to become the new center of commerce for tobacco trading. In 1810, Jefferson wrote, "''Lynchburg is perhaps the most rising place in the U.S.... It ranks now next to Richmond in importance...''" Lynchburg became a center of commerce and manufacture in the 19th century, and by the 1850s, Lynchburg (along with New Bedford, Mass.) was one of the richest towns per capita in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Clifton |last=Potter |lastauthoramp=yes |first2=Dorothy |last2=Potter |title=Lynchburg: A City Set on Seven Hills |location=Charleston, SC |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2004 |page=39 |isbn=0-7385-2461-1 }}</sup></ref> Chief industries were tobacco, iron and steel. Transportation facilities included the [[James River Bateau]] on the James River, and later, the [[James River and Kanawha Canal]] and, still later, four railroads, including the [[Virginia and Tennessee Railroad]] and the [[Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad]].
Lynchburg was established by charter in 1786 at the site of Lynch's Ferry on the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]]. The new easy means of transportation routed traffic through Lynchburg and allowed it to become the new center of commerce for tobacco trading. In 1810, Jefferson wrote, "Lynchburg is perhaps the most rising place in the U.S.... It ranks now next to Richmond in importance...."


Lynchburg became a center of commerce and manufacture in the 19th century, and by the 1850s, Lynchburg (along with [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]]) was one of the richest towns per capita in the US.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Clifton |last=Potter |lastauthoramp=yes |first2=Dorothy |last2=Potter |title=Lynchburg: A City Set on Seven Hills |location=Charleston, SC |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2004 |page=39 |isbn=0-7385-2461-1}}</sup></ref> The chief industries were tobacco, iron and steel.
⚫
Early on, Lynchburg was not known for its religiosity. In 1804, evangelist [[Lorenzo Dow]] wrote of Lynchburg "''... where I spoke in the open air in what I conceived to be the seat of Satan's Kingdom. Lynchburg was a deadly place for the worship of God''." This was in reference to the lack of churches in Lynchburg. As the wealth of Lynchburg grew, prostitution and other "rowdy" activities became quite common and, in many cases, ignored, if not accepted, by the "powers that be" of the time. Much of this activity took place in an area of downtown referred to as the "''Buzzard's Roost''."{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}

Transportation facilities included the [[James River Bateau]] on the James River, and later, the [[James River and Kanawha Canal]] and, still later, four railroads, including the [[Virginia and Tennessee Railroad]] and the [[Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad]].

⚫
Early on, Lynchburg was not known for its religiosity. In 1804, evangelist [[Lorenzo Dow]] wrote of Lynchburg "...where I spoke in the open air in what I conceived to be the seat of Satan's Kingdom. Lynchburg was a deadly place for the worship of God'." That was in reference to the lack of churches in Lynchburg. As the wealth of Lynchburg grew, prostitution and other "rowdy" activities became quite common and, in many cases, ignored, if not accepted, by the "powers that be" of the time. Much of the activity took place in an area of downtown referred to as the "Buzzard's Roost."{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}


During the [[American Civil War]], Lynchburg, which served as a [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] supply base, was approached within {{convert|1|mi|km|adj=on}} by the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] forces of General [[David Hunter]] as he drove south from the [[Shenandoah Valley]]. Under the false impression that the Confederate forces stationed in Lynchburg were much larger than anticipated, Hunter was repelled by the forces of Confederate General [[Jubal Anderson Early|Jubal Early]] on June 18, 1864, in the [[Battle of Lynchburg]]. To create the false impression, a train was continuously run up and down the tracks while the citizens of Lynchburg cheered as if reinforcements were unloading. Local prostitutes took part in the deception, misinforming their Union clients of the large number of Confederate reinforcements.
During the [[American Civil War]], Lynchburg, which served as a [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] supply base, was approached within {{convert|1|mi|km|adj=on}} by the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] forces of General [[David Hunter]] as he drove south from the [[Shenandoah Valley]]. Under the false impression that the Confederate forces stationed in Lynchburg were much larger than anticipated, Hunter was repelled by the forces of Confederate General [[Jubal Anderson Early|Jubal Early]] on June 18, 1864, in the [[Battle of Lynchburg]]. To create the false impression, a train was continuously run up and down the tracks while the citizens of Lynchburg cheered as if reinforcements were unloading. Local prostitutes took part in the deception, misinforming their Union clients of the large number of Confederate reinforcements.


From April 6–10, 1865, Lynchburg served as the [[Virginia State Capitol|Capital of Virginia]]. Under Governor [[William Smith (Virginia governor)|William Smith]], the executive and legislative branches of the commonwealth escaped to Lynchburg with the fall of Richmond. Then [[Gen. Robert E. Lee]] surrendered to Gen. [[Ulysses S. Grant]] at [[Battle of Appomattox Court House|Appomattox Courthouse]], roughly 20 miles east of Lynchburg, ending the Civil War.
From April 6 to 10, 1865, Lynchburg served as the [[Virginia State Capitol|Capital of Virginia]]. Under Governor [[William Smith (Virginia governor)|William Smith]], the executive and legislative branches of the commonwealth escaped to Lynchburg with the fall of Richmond. Then, [[Gen. Robert E. Lee]] surrendered to Gen. [[Ulysses S. Grant]] at [[Battle of Appomattox Court House|Appomattox Courthouse]], roughly 20 mi east of Lynchburg, ending the Civil War.


In the latter 19th century, Lynchburg's economy evolved into manufacturing (the city being sometimes referred to as the "Pittsburgh of the South") and, per capita, made the city one of the wealthiest in the United States. In 1880, Lynchburg resident [[James Albert Bonsack]] invented the first cigarette rolling machine. Shortly thereafter Dr. [[Charles Browne Fleet]], a physician and pharmacological tinkerer, introduced the first mass marketed over-the-counter [[enema]]. About this time, Lynchburg was also the preferred site for the Norfolk & Western junction with the Shenandoah Valley Railroad. However, the citizens of Lynchburg did not want the junction due to the noise and pollution it would create. Therefore, it was located in what would become the City of Roanoke.
In the latter 19th century, Lynchburg's economy evolved into manufacturing (the city being sometimes referred to as the "Pittsburgh of the South") and, per capita, made the city one of the wealthiest in the United States. In 1880, Lynchburg resident [[James Albert Bonsack]] invented the first cigarette rolling machine. Shortly thereafter Dr. [[Charles Browne Fleet]], a physician and pharmacological tinkerer, introduced the first mass marketed over-the-counter [[enema]]. About this time, Lynchburg was also the preferred site for the Norfolk & Western junction with the Shenandoah Valley Railroad. However, the citizens of Lynchburg did not want the junction due to the noise and pollution it would create. Therefore, it was located in what would become the City of Roanoke.


[[Image:World War I Memorial, Lynchburg, VA IMG 4108.JPG|200px|right|thumb|[[World War I]] Memorial in downtown Lynchburg]]
[[Image:World War I Memorial, Lynchburg, VA IMG 4108.JPG|200px|right|thumb|[[World War I]] Memorial in downtown Lynchburg]]
In the late 1950s, a number of interested citizens, including Virginia Senator [[Mosby Perrow Jr.|Mosby G. Perrow, Jr.]], requested the federal government to change its long-planned route for the interstate highway now known as I-64 between Clifton Forge and Richmond.<ref>"Additional Interstate Road Systems Approved," Petersburg-Colonial Heights Progress-Index, 1958-04-27 at 20.</ref> Since the 1940s, maps of the federal interstate highway system depicted that highway taking a northern route, with no interstate highway running through Lynchburg, but the federal government assured Virginia that the highway's route would be decided by the state.<ref>Routes of the Recommended Interregional Highway System, ca. 1943.</ref> A proposed southern route called for the Interstate to follow from Richmond via US-360 and US-460, via Lynchburg to Roanoke and US-220 from Roanoke to Clifton Forge, then west following US-60 into West Virginia. Although the State Highway Commission's minutes reflected its initial approval of the northern route, the issue remained in play,<ref>Minutes of the Meeting of the State Highway Commission of Virginia, Held in Richmond September 11, 1945, page 12.</ref> proponents of the southern route ultimately succeeded in persuading a majority of Virginia Highway Commissioners to support the change after a study championed by Perrow demonstrated that it would serve a greater percentage of the state's manufacturing and textile centers. But in July 1961 Governor Lindsay Almond and U.S. Secretary of Commerce Luther Hodges announced that the route would not be changed.<ref>"Opposition to Northern Route Dropped," Danville Bee, 1961-07-06 at 3</ref> This left Lynchburg as the only city with a population in excess of 50,000 (at the time) not served by an interstate.<ref>Richmond Times-Dispatch, June 13, 1999.</ref>
In the late 1950s, a number of interested citizens, including Virginia Senator [[Mosby Perrow Jr.|Mosby G. Perrow, Jr.]], requested the federal government to change its long-planned route for the interstate highway now known as I-64 between Clifton Forge and Richmond.<ref>"Additional Interstate Road Systems Approved," Petersburg-Colonial Heights Progress-Index, 1958-04-27 at 20.</ref> Since the 1940s, maps of the federal interstate highway system had depicted that highway taking a northern route, with no interstate highway running through Lynchburg, but the federal government assured Virginia that the highway's route would be decided by the state.<ref>Routes of the Recommended Interregional Highway System, ca. 1943.</ref>
A proposed southern route called for the Interstate to follow from Richmond via US-360 and US-460, via Lynchburg to Roanoke and US-220 from Roanoke to Clifton Forge, then west following US-60 into West Virginia. Although the State Highway Commission's minutes reflected its initial approval of the northern route, the issue remained in play,<ref>Minutes of the Meeting of the State Highway Commission of Virginia, Held in Richmond September 11, 1945, page 12.</ref> proponents of the southern route ultimately succeeded in persuading a majority of Virginia Highway Commissioners to support the change after a study championed by Perrow demonstrated that it would serve a greater percentage of the state's manufacturing and textile centers. However, in July 1961 Governor Lindsay Almond and US Secretary of Commerce Luther Hodges announced that the route would not be changed.<ref>"Opposition to Northern Route Dropped," Danville Bee, 1961-07-06 at 3</ref> This left Lynchburg as the only city with a population in excess of 50,000 (at the time) not served by an interstate.<ref>Richmond Times-Dispatch, June 13, 1999.</ref>


[[Image:Lynchburg Virginia c1919 LOC cph 3c22241u.jpg|thumb|center|600px|1919 panorama]]
[[Image:Lynchburg Virginia c1919 LOC cph 3c22241u.jpg|thumb|center|600px|1919 panorama]]
For several decades throughout the mid-20th century, the state of Virginia authorized compulsory sterilization of the mentally retarded for the purpose of [[eugenics]]. The operations were carried out at the [[Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded]], now known as the Central Virginia Training School, located just outside Lynchburg in [[Madison Heights, Virginia|Madison Heights]]. An estimated 8,300 Virginians were sterilized and relocated to Lynchburg, known as a "dumping ground" of sorts for the feeble-minded, poor, blind, epileptic, and those otherwise seen as genetically "unfit".<ref>[http://www.poormagazine.com/public_html/columns/column_91.html "A Simple Act of Mothering"], ''Poor Magazine/PNN'' {{wayback|url=http://www.poormagazine.com/public_html/columns/column_91.html |date=20090822122024 }}</ref>
For several decades throughout the mid-20th century, the state of Virginia authorized compulsory sterilization of the mentally retarded for the purpose of [[eugenics]]. The operations were carried out at the [[Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded]], now known as the Central Virginia Training School, just outside Lynchburg in [[Madison Heights, Virginia|Madison Heights]]. An estimated 8,300 Virginians were sterilized and relocated to Lynchburg, known as a "dumping ground" of sorts for the feeble-minded, poor, blind, epileptic, and those otherwise seen as genetically "unfit".<ref>[http://www.poormagazine.com/public_html/columns/column_91.html "A Simple Act of Mothering"], ''Poor Magazine/PNN'' {{wayback|url=http://www.poormagazine.com/public_html/columns/column_91.html |date=20090822122024 }}</ref>

⚫
Sterilizations were carried out for 35 years until 1972, when operations were finally halted. Later in the late 1970s, the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] filed a [[class-action lawsuit]] against the state of Virginia on behalf of the sterilization victims. As a result, the victims received formal apologies and counseling if they chose. Requests to grant the victims reverse sterilization operations were denied.


⚫
[[Carrie Buck]], the plaintiff in the [[United States Supreme Court]] case ''[[Buck v. Bell]]'', was sterilized after being classified as "feeble-minded" as part of the state's eugenics program while she was a patient at the Lynchburg Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded.
⚫
Sterilizations were carried out for 35 years until 1972 when operations were finally halted. Later in the late 1970s, the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] filed a [[class-action lawsuit]] against the state of Virginia on behalf of the sterilization victims. As a result of this suit, the victims received formal apologies and counseling if they chose. Requests to grant the victims reverse sterilization operations were denied.


⚫
The story of Buck's sterilization and the court case was made into a television drama in 1994, ''[http://imdb.com/title/tt0109051/ Against Her Will: The Carrie Buck Story]''.
⚫
[[Carrie Buck]], the plaintiff in the [[United States Supreme Court]] case ''[[Buck v. Bell]]'', was sterilized after being classified as "feeble-minded", as part of the state's eugenics program while she was a patient at the Lynchburg Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded.


⚫
"Virginia State Epileptic Colony," a song by the [[Manic Street Preachers]] on their 2009 album ''[[Journal For Plague Lovers]],'' addresses the state's program of eugenics.
⚫
The story of Carrie Buck's sterilization and the court case was made into a television drama in 1994, ''[http://imdb.com/title/tt0109051/ Against Her Will: The Carrie Buck Story]''.


Downtown Lynchburg has seen a significant amount of revitalization since 2002, with hundreds of new loft apartments created through adaptive reuse of historic warehouses and mills. Since 2000, there has been more than $110 million in private investment in downtown and business activity increased by 205% from 2004 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=http://www.downtownlynchburg.com/our-story/|title=About Downtown Lynchburg|url=http://www.downtownlynchburg.com/our-story/|website=Downtown Lynchburg|accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref> In 2014, 75 new apartments were added to downtown with 155 further units under construction increasing the number of housing units downtown by 48% from 2010 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=http://www.downtownlynchburg.com/our-story/|title=About Downtown Lynchburg|url=http://www.downtownlynchburg.com/our-story/|website=Downtown Lynchburg|accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref>
⚫
"Virginia State Epileptic Colony," a song by the [[Manic Street Preachers]] on their 2009 album '[[Journal For Plague Lovers]],' addresses the state's program of eugenics.


Downtown Lynchburg has seen a significant amount of revitalization since 2002 with hundreds of new loft apartments created through adaptive reuse of historic warehouses and mills. Since 2000, there has been more than $110 million in private investment in downtown and business activity increased by 205% from 2004 – 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=http://www.downtownlynchburg.com/our-story/|title=About Downtown Lynchburg|url=http://www.downtownlynchburg.com/our-story/|website=Downtown Lynchburg|accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref> In 2014, 75 new apartments were added to downtown with 155 further units under construction increasing the number of housing units downtown by 48% from 2010 – 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=http://www.downtownlynchburg.com/our-story/|title=About Downtown Lynchburg|url=http://www.downtownlynchburg.com/our-story/|website=Downtown Lynchburg|accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref> In 2015, the $5.8 million Lower Bluffwalk pedestrian street zone opened to the public in downtown which has seen a significant amount of residential and commercial development around the zone in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lower Bluffwalk Grand Opening Article|url=http://www.newsadvance.com/news/local/recreated-water-bearer-statue-unveiled-in-downtown-lynchburg/article_169254cd-e180-5d19-b46f-c950ebd21517.html|accessdate=22 December 2015|publisher=News and Advance|date=12 August 2015}}</ref> Notable projects underway in downtown by the end of 2015 include the $25 million Hilton Curio branded Virginian Hotel restoration project, $16.6 million restoration of the Academy Center of the Arts, and $4.6 million expansion of Amazement Square Children's Museum. <ref>{{cite web|title=Downtown Lynchburg Projects Map|url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=zNzRFEH1zBJc.kp9ZCr_fTePI|website=Downtown Lynchburg Projects Map}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Academy Center of the Arts Article|url=http://www.newsadvance.com/news/local/lynchburg-city-council-approves-million-for-academy-theatre-restoration/article_9fa5f760-71ff-11e5-a225-fb5d159cc9f2.html|accessdate=22 December 2015|publisher=News and Advance|date=13 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Announcement of Hilton Curio Branded Virginian Hotel|url=http://www.newsadvance.com/news/business/the-virginian-lynchburg-will-be-part-of-hilton-boutique-hotel/article_db103cfc-8fa5-11e5-a291-2f246703226d.html|accessdate=22 December 2015|publisher=News and Advance|date=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Amazement Square Education Center Expansion|title=Amazement Square Education Center Expansion|url=http://www.amazementsquare.com/education-center/|accessdate=December 22, 2015}}</ref>
In 2015, the $5.8 million Lower Bluffwalk pedestrian street zone opened to the public in Downtown, which has seen a significant amount of residential and commercial development around the zone in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lower Bluffwalk Grand Opening Article|url=http://www.newsadvance.com/news/local/recreated-water-bearer-statue-unveiled-in-downtown-lynchburg/article_169254cd-e180-5d19-b46f-c950ebd21517.html|accessdate=22 December 2015|publisher=News and Advance|date=12 August 2015}}</ref> Notable projects underway in downtown by the end of 2015 include the $25 million Hilton Curio branded Virginian Hotel restoration project, $16.6 million restoration of the Academy Center of the Arts, and $4.6 million expansion of Amazement Square Children's Museum. <ref>{{cite web|title=Downtown Lynchburg Projects Map|url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=zNzRFEH1zBJc.kp9ZCr_fTePI|website=Downtown Lynchburg Projects Map}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Academy Center of the Arts Article|url=http://www.newsadvance.com/news/local/lynchburg-city-council-approves-million-for-academy-theatre-restoration/article_9fa5f760-71ff-11e5-a225-fb5d159cc9f2.html|accessdate=22 December 2015|publisher=News and Advance|date=13 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Announcement of Hilton Curio Branded Virginian Hotel|url=http://www.newsadvance.com/news/business/the-virginian-lynchburg-will-be-part-of-hilton-boutique-hotel/article_db103cfc-8fa5-11e5-a291-2f246703226d.html|accessdate=22 December 2015|publisher=News and Advance|date=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Amazement Square Education Center Expansion|title=Amazement Square Education Center Expansion|url=http://www.amazementsquare.com/education-center/|accessdate=December 22, 2015}}</ref>


Over 40 sites in Lynchburg are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Lynchburg, Virginia|National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2008a}}</ref>
Over 40 sites in Lynchburg are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Lynchburg, Virginia|National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2008a}}</ref>

Revision as of 12:05, 27 July 2016

Lynchburg, Virginia
Independent city
City of Lynchburg
Downtown Lynchburg skyline
Downtown Lynchburg skyline
Official seal of Lynchburg, Virginia
Seal
Nickname(s): 
"The Hill City"; "City of Seven Hills"
Location within Virginia
Location within Virginia
Country United States
State Virginia
Founded1786
Incorporated (town)1805
Incorporated (city)1852
Named forJohn Lynch
Government
 • TypeCouncil–Manager
 • MayorJoan Foster[1]
 • Vice MayorTreney Tweedy[1]
 • CouncilLynchburg City Council
Area
 • Independent city128 km2 (49.6 sq mi)
 • Land127 km2 (49.1 sq mi)
 • Water1 km2 (0.5 sq mi)
Elevation
192 m (630 ft)
Population
 (2014)
 • Independent city79,047 (US: 416th)
 • Density594/km2 (1,539/sq mi)
 • Urban
116,636 (US: 271st)
 • Metro
257,835 (US: 184th)
 • Demonym
Lynchburgian Lynchburger
Time zoneUTC– 05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC– 04:00 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)
24501, 24502, 24503, 24504, 24551
Area code(s)434
FIPS code51-47672
GNIS feature ID1479007[2]
Major airportLYH
Websitelynchburgva.gov
Lynchburg City Hall

Lynchburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 75,568. The 2014 census estimates an increase to 79,047.[3] Located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River, Lynchburg is known as the "City of Seven Hills" or the "Hill City".[4] Lynchburg was the only major city in Virginia that was not captured by the Union before the end of the American Civil War.[5]

Lynchburg is the principal city of the Metropolitan Statistical Area of Lynchburg, near the geographic center of Virginia. It is the fifth largest MSA in Virginia with a population of 254,171[6] and hosts several institutions of higher education. Other nearby cities include Roanoke, Charlottesville, and Danville.

History

Lynchburg historical marker

A part of Monacan country upon the arrival of English settlers in Virginia, the region had traditionally been occupied by them and other Siouan Tutelo-speaking tribes since ca. 1270, driving Virginia Algonquians eastward. Explorer John Lederer visited one of the Siouan villages (Saponi) in 1670, on the Staunton River at Otter Creek, southwest of the present-day city, as did Batts and Fallam in 1671. The Siouans occupied the area until c. 1702, when it was taken in conquest by the Seneca Iroquois. The Iroquois ceded control to the Colony of Virginia beginning in 1718 and formally at the Treaty of Albany in 1721.

First settled in 1757, Lynchburg was named for its founder, John Lynch, who at the age of 17 started a ferry service at a ford across the James River to carry traffic to and from New London. He was also responsible for Lynchburg's first bridge across the river, which replaced the ferry in 1812. He and his mother are buried in the graveyard at the South River Friends Meetinghouse. The "City of Seven Hills" quickly developed along the hills surrounding Lynch's Ferry. Thomas Jefferson maintained a home near Lynchburg, called Poplar Forest. Jefferson frequented Lynchburg and remarked, "Nothing would give me greater pleasure than to be useful to the town of Lynchburg. I consider it as the most interesting spot in the state."

Lynchburg was established by charter in 1786 at the site of Lynch's Ferry on the James River. The new easy means of transportation routed traffic through Lynchburg and allowed it to become the new center of commerce for tobacco trading. In 1810, Jefferson wrote, "Lynchburg is perhaps the most rising place in the U.S.... It ranks now next to Richmond in importance...."

Lynchburg became a center of commerce and manufacture in the 19th century, and by the 1850s, Lynchburg (along with New Bedford, Massachusetts) was one of the richest towns per capita in the US.[7] The chief industries were tobacco, iron and steel.

Transportation facilities included the James River Bateau on the James River, and later, the James River and Kanawha Canal and, still later, four railroads, including the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad and the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad.

Early on, Lynchburg was not known for its religiosity. In 1804, evangelist Lorenzo Dow wrote of Lynchburg "...where I spoke in the open air in what I conceived to be the seat of Satan's Kingdom. Lynchburg was a deadly place for the worship of God'." That was in reference to the lack of churches in Lynchburg. As the wealth of Lynchburg grew, prostitution and other "rowdy" activities became quite common and, in many cases, ignored, if not accepted, by the "powers that be" of the time. Much of the activity took place in an area of downtown referred to as the "Buzzard's Roost."[citation needed]

During the American Civil War, Lynchburg, which served as a Confederate supply base, was approached within 1-mile (1.6 km) by the Union forces of General David Hunter as he drove south from the Shenandoah Valley. Under the false impression that the Confederate forces stationed in Lynchburg were much larger than anticipated, Hunter was repelled by the forces of Confederate General Jubal Early on June 18, 1864, in the Battle of Lynchburg. To create the false impression, a train was continuously run up and down the tracks while the citizens of Lynchburg cheered as if reinforcements were unloading. Local prostitutes took part in the deception, misinforming their Union clients of the large number of Confederate reinforcements.

From April 6 to 10, 1865, Lynchburg served as the Capital of Virginia. Under Governor William Smith, the executive and legislative branches of the commonwealth escaped to Lynchburg with the fall of Richmond. Then, Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, roughly 20 mi east of Lynchburg, ending the Civil War.

In the latter 19th century, Lynchburg's economy evolved into manufacturing (the city being sometimes referred to as the "Pittsburgh of the South") and, per capita, made the city one of the wealthiest in the United States. In 1880, Lynchburg resident James Albert Bonsack invented the first cigarette rolling machine. Shortly thereafter Dr. Charles Browne Fleet, a physician and pharmacological tinkerer, introduced the first mass marketed over-the-counter enema. About this time, Lynchburg was also the preferred site for the Norfolk & Western junction with the Shenandoah Valley Railroad. However, the citizens of Lynchburg did not want the junction due to the noise and pollution it would create. Therefore, it was located in what would become the City of Roanoke.

World War I Memorial in downtown Lynchburg

In the late 1950s, a number of interested citizens, including Virginia Senator Mosby G. Perrow, Jr., requested the federal government to change its long-planned route for the interstate highway now known as I-64 between Clifton Forge and Richmond.[8] Since the 1940s, maps of the federal interstate highway system had depicted that highway taking a northern route, with no interstate highway running through Lynchburg, but the federal government assured Virginia that the highway's route would be decided by the state.[9]

A proposed southern route called for the Interstate to follow from Richmond via US-360 and US-460, via Lynchburg to Roanoke and US-220 from Roanoke to Clifton Forge, then west following US-60 into West Virginia. Although the State Highway Commission's minutes reflected its initial approval of the northern route, the issue remained in play,[10] proponents of the southern route ultimately succeeded in persuading a majority of Virginia Highway Commissioners to support the change after a study championed by Perrow demonstrated that it would serve a greater percentage of the state's manufacturing and textile centers. However, in July 1961 Governor Lindsay Almond and US Secretary of Commerce Luther Hodges announced that the route would not be changed.[11] This left Lynchburg as the only city with a population in excess of 50,000 (at the time) not served by an interstate.[12]

1919 panorama

For several decades throughout the mid-20th century, the state of Virginia authorized compulsory sterilization of the mentally retarded for the purpose of eugenics. The operations were carried out at the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded, now known as the Central Virginia Training School, just outside Lynchburg in Madison Heights. An estimated 8,300 Virginians were sterilized and relocated to Lynchburg, known as a "dumping ground" of sorts for the feeble-minded, poor, blind, epileptic, and those otherwise seen as genetically "unfit".[13]

Sterilizations were carried out for 35 years until 1972, when operations were finally halted. Later in the late 1970s, the American Civil Liberties Union filed a class-action lawsuit against the state of Virginia on behalf of the sterilization victims. As a result, the victims received formal apologies and counseling if they chose. Requests to grant the victims reverse sterilization operations were denied.

Carrie Buck, the plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell, was sterilized after being classified as "feeble-minded" as part of the state's eugenics program while she was a patient at the Lynchburg Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded.

The story of Buck's sterilization and the court case was made into a television drama in 1994, Against Her Will: The Carrie Buck Story.

"Virginia State Epileptic Colony," a song by the Manic Street Preachers on their 2009 album Journal For Plague Lovers, addresses the state's program of eugenics.

Downtown Lynchburg has seen a significant amount of revitalization since 2002, with hundreds of new loft apartments created through adaptive reuse of historic warehouses and mills. Since 2000, there has been more than $110 million in private investment in downtown and business activity increased by 205% from 2004 to 2014.[14] In 2014, 75 new apartments were added to downtown with 155 further units under construction increasing the number of housing units downtown by 48% from 2010 to 2014.[15]

In 2015, the $5.8 million Lower Bluffwalk pedestrian street zone opened to the public in Downtown, which has seen a significant amount of residential and commercial development around the zone in recent years.[16] Notable projects underway in downtown by the end of 2015 include the $25 million Hilton Curio branded Virginian Hotel restoration project, $16.6 million restoration of the Academy Center of the Arts, and $4.6 million expansion of Amazement Square Children's Museum. [17][18][19][20]

Over 40 sites in Lynchburg are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[21]

Geography and climate

Lynchburg is located at 37°24′13″N 79°10′12″W / 37.40361°N 79.17000°W / 37.40361; -79.17000 (37.403672, −79.170205).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 49.6 square miles (128.5 km2), of which 49.2 square miles (127.4 km2) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) (1.0%) is water.[22]

Lynchburg has a four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with cool winters and hot, humid summers. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 35.1 °F (1.7 °C) in January to 75.3 °F (24.1 °C) in July. Nights tend to be significantly cooler than days throughout much of the year due in part to the moderate elevation. In a typical year, there are 26 days with a high temperature 90 °F (32 °C) or above, and 7.5 days with a high of 32 °F (0 °C) or below.[23] Snowfall averages 12.9 inches (33 cm) per season but this amount varies highly with each winter; the snowiest winter is 1995–96 with 56.8 in (144 cm) of snow, but the following winter recorded only trace amounts, the least on record.[24]

Temperature extremes range from 106 °F (41 °C), recorded on July 10, 1936, down to −11 °F (−24 °C), recorded on February 20, 2015.[23] However, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) and 0 °F (−18 °C) readings, with the last such occurrences being July 8, 2012 and February 20, 2015, respectively.[23]

Template:Lynchburg, Virginia weatherbox

Adjacent counties

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18304,630—
18406,39538.1%
18508,07126.2%
18606,853−15.1%
18706,825−0.4%
188015,959133.8%
189019,70923.5%
190018,891−4.2%
191029,49456.1%
192030,0702.0%
193040,66135.2%
194044,5419.5%
195047,7277.2%
196054,79014.8%
197054,083−1.3%
198066,74323.4%
199066,049−1.0%
200065,269−1.2%
201075,56815.8%
2015 (est.)79,812[25]5.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[26]
1790–1960[27] 1900–1990[28]
1990–2000[29] 2010–2012[3]

As of the 2010 census,[30] there were 75,568 people, 25,477 households, and 31,992 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,321.5 people per square mile (510.2/km²). There were 27,640 housing units at an average density of 559.6 per square mile (216.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 63.0% White, 29.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.5% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.63% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population.

There were 25,477 households out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.6% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.8% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.92.

The age distribution of the city had: 22.1% under the age of 18, 15.5% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,234, and the median income for a family was $40,844. Males had a median income of $31,390 versus $22,431 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,263. About 12.3% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.4% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

Lynchburg ranks below the 2006 median annual household income for the U.S. as a whole, which was $48,200, according to the US Census Bureau.[31]

The city's population was stable for 25+ years: in 2006, it was 67,720; in 2000, it was 65,269; in 1990, it was 66,049; in 1980, it was 66,743.[32]

In 2009 almost 27% of Lynchburg children lived in poverty. The state average that year was 14 percent.[33]

Economy

Bank of the James in Lynchburg
The Allied Arts Building in Downtown Lynchburg, completed in 1931

Lynchburg features a skilled labor force, low unemployment rate,[34] and below average cost of living. Of Virginia's larger metro areas, Forbes Magazine ranked Lynchburg the 5th best place in Virginia for business in 2006, with Virginia being the best state in the country for business.[35] Only 6 places in Virginia were surveyed and most of Virginia's cities were grouped together by Forbes as "Northern Virginia". Lynchburg achieved the rank 109 in the whole nation in the same survey.

Industries within the Lynchburg MSA include nuclear technology, pharmaceuticals and material handling. A diversity of small businesses with the region has helped maintain a stable economy and minimized the downturns of the national economy.[36][37] Reaching as high as 1st place (tied) in 2007, Lynchburg has been within the Top 10 Digital Cities survey for its population since the survey's inception in 2004.

The Lynchburg News & Advance reports that while more people are working than ever in greater Lynchburg, wages since 1990 have not kept up with inflation. Central Virginia Labor Council President Walter Fore believes this is due to lack of white-collar jobs. According to the Census Bureau, adjusted for inflation, 1990 median household income was about $39,000 compared to 2009 median household income of $42,740. As of 2009 Forbes has named Lynchburg as the 70th best metro area for business and careers, ahead of Chicago and behind Baton Rouge. The reason for the decent ranking was due to the low cost of living and low wages in Lynchburg. In other areas, the region didn't come in as strong. It ranked at 189 for cultural and leisure and at 164 for educational attainment.[38]

Virginia Business Magazine reports that Young Professionals in Lynchburg recently conducted a study that clearly showed how much of its young workforce has been lost.[39]

Top employers

According to Lynchburg's 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[40] the top private employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Centra Health 5,593
2 Liberty University 4,620
3 BWX Technologies, Inc. 2,800
4 Areva 2,000
5 Genworth Financial 1,600
6 Lynchburg City Public Schools 1,381
7 City of Lynchburg 1,183
8 J.Crew 1,100
9 Walmart 660
10 Kroger 607

Education

Thomas C. Miller Elementary School for Innovation

The city is served by the Lynchburg City Public Schools. The school board is appointed by the Lynchburg City Council.

  • E C Glass High School – 2111 Memorial Ave
  • Heritage High School – 3020 Wards Ferry Rd
    • Linkhorne Middle School – 2525 Linkhorne Dr
    • Paul Laurence Dunbar Middle School – 1208 Polk St
    • Sandusky Middle School – 805 Chinook Place
      • William Marvin Bass Elementary School
      • Bedford Hills Elementary School
      • Dearington Elementary School for Innovation
      • Heritage Elementary School
      • Linkhorne Elementary School
      • Paul M. Munro Elementary School
      • Perrymont Elementary School
      • Robert S. Payne Elementary School
      • Sandusky Elementary School
      • Sheffield Elementary School
      • Thomas C. Miller Elementary School for Innovation
      • Boonsboro Elementary School

The city is also home to a number of mostly religious private schools, including Holy Cross Regional Catholic School, James River Day School, Liberty Christian Academy, New Covenant Classical Christian School, Appomattox Christian Academy, Temple Christian School, and Virginia Episcopal School.

Lynchburg is also home to the Central Virginia Governor's School for Science and Technology located in Heritage High School. This magnet school consists of juniors and seniors selected from each of the Lynchburg area high schools. As one of eighteen Governor's Schools in Virginia, the Central Virginia Governor's School focuses on infusing technology into both the math and science curriculum.

Further education options include a number of surrounding county public school systems.

Colleges and universities in Lynchburg include Central Virginia Community College, Liberty University, Lynchburg College, Randolph College, Sweet Briar College, and Virginia University of Lynchburg.

Health care

  • Lynchburg General Hospital – Lynchburg, VA
  • Virginia Baptist Hospital – Lynchburg, VA

Transportation

Local transit

The Greater Lynchburg Transit Company (GLTC) operates the local public transport bus service within the city. The GLTC additionally provides the shuttle bus service on the Liberty University campus.

The GLTC has selected a property directly across from Lynchburg-Kemper Street Station as its top choice of sites upon which to build the new transfer center for their network of public buses. They are interested in facilitating intermodal connections between GLTC buses and the intercity bus and rail services which operate from that location. The project is awaiting final government approval and funding, and is expected to be completed around 2013.[41]

Greyhound and Amtrak operate from Kemper Street Station

Intercity transit

Intercity passenger rail and bus services are based out of Kemper Street Station, a historic, three-story train station recently restored and converted by the city of Lynchburg to serve as an intermodal hub for the community. The station is located at 825 Kemper Street.[42]

Bus

Greyhound Lines located their bus terminal in the main floor of Kemper Street Station following its 2002 restoration.[42] Greyhound offers transport to other cities throughout Virginia, the US, Canada, and Mexico.

Outside Amtrak's lobby at Kemper Street Station

Rail

Amtrak's long distance Crescent and a Northeast Regional connect Lynchburg with Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Charlotte, Atlanta, Birmingham, New Orleans and intermediate points.

In October 2009, Lynchburg became the southern terminus for a Northeast Regional that previously had overnighted in Washington. The forecast ridership was 51,000 for the 180-mile extension's first year, but the actual count was triple that estimate, and the train paid for itself without any subsidy.[43] By FY 2015, the Regional had 190,000 riders. The Lynchburg station alone served a total of 85,000 riders in 2015. It is located in the track level ground floor of Kemper Street Station.[44]

Lynchburg has two major freight railroads. It is the crossroads of two Norfolk Southern lines. One is the former mainline of the Southern Railway, upon which Kemper Street Station is situated. NS has a classification yard located next to the shopping mall. Various yard jobs can be seen. Railfans who wish to visit the NS Lynchburg yard are advised to inquire with an NS official. CSX Transportation also has a line through the city and a small yard.

Air

Lynchburg Regional Airport is solely served by American Eagle to Charlotte. American Eagle, a subsidiary of American Airlines, is the only current scheduled airline service provider, with seven daily arrivals and departures. In recent years air travel has increased with 157,517 passengers flying in and out of the airport in 2012, representing 78% of the total aircraft load factor for that time period.

Highway

Primary roadways include U.S. Route 29, U.S. Route 501, U.S. Route 221, running north-south, and U.S. Highway 460, running east-west. While not served by an interstate, much of Route 29 has been upgraded to interstate standards and significant improvements have been made to Highway 460.

Arts and culture

In a Forbes magazine survey, Lynchburg ranked 189 for cultural and leisure out of 200 cities surveyed.[38]

  • Lynchburg Symphony Orchestra: Created in 1983, throughout the years a variety of music has been presented, from the classical to the patriotic to the popular.
  • Academy of Fine Arts: Are you looking for the center of creativity in Central Virginia – a place that sparks your imagination, where all ages can go to be entertained and educated in theatre, dance, music and the visual arts? Then come to the Academy of Fine Arts!
  • Renaissance Theatre: Our mission is to create opportunities for community involvement in the arts through live theatrical experiences, with productions from the classics to new works.
  • Lynchburg Art Club: The Club was formed in March 1895 and our mission is to promote and advance art in the Lynchburg community.

Attractions and entertainment

The following attractions are located within the Lynchburg MSA:

  • Amazement Square: Central Virginia's first multidisciplinary, hands-on children's museum.
  • Appomattox Courthouse: The site of the Battle of Appomattox Court House, where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant took place on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War.
  • Crabtree Falls: The longest waterfall east of the Mississippi River, the falls trails lead hikers along a 1.7-mile trail with beautiful views of five cascades of the Crabtree Falls. Nelson County, Virginia also in and next to the National Forest with American Chestnuts trees still growing in it. Jim Petite used to own the falls and meadows.
  • James River Heritage Trail: Composed of two smaller trails, the Blackwater Creek Bikeway and RiverWalk.
  • Lynchburg Museum: Through the doors of the Lynchburg Museum one can relive the city's past, rich with tales of Monacan tribes, early Quaker settlers, the reign of King Tobacco, the bloody struggle of the Civil War, the New South, and the drama of change in the 20th century.
  • Miller-Claytor House: Pre-19th century townhouse where Thomas Jefferson allegedly proved to the owner of the house's garden that tomatoes were not poisonous by eating one of the fruit. Home was dismantled in 1936 and rebuilt at its Riverside Park location, where the garden was also restored.
  • National D-Day Memorial: Located in Bedford, Virginia, it commemorates all those who served the United States during the D-Day Invasion of Normandy, France on June 6, 1944 during World War II.
  • Nature Zone: A division of Lynchburg Parks and Recreation.
  • Old City Cemetery Museums & Arboretum: The most visited historic site in the City of Lynchburg. Established in 1806, the Old City Cemetery is Lynchburg's only public burial ground and one of its oldest cemeteries.[45]
  • The Old Court House: The Hill City's most famous historic landmark built in 1855. Fashioned as a Greek temple high above the James River, it is now the home of Central Virginia's best collection of memorabilia, fine furnishings, costumes and industrial history.[citation needed]
  • Peaks of Otter: Three mountain peaks in the Blue Ridge Mountains, overlooking the town of Bedford, Virginia and in prominent view throughout most of Lynchburg.
  • Phase 2 Dining & Entertainment: The city's largest, club-style concert venue
  • Point of Honor: The Federal-era mansion of Dr. George Cabell, Sr., friend and physician of the patriot Patrick Henry, and John S. Langhorne whose daughter Elizabeth Langhorne Lewis led the fight for women’s suffrage.[1] His granddaughters include Mrs. Charles Dana Gibson, the original “Gibson Girl” and Nancy Langhorne, Lady Astor, the first woman elected to the British Parliament.[2]
  • Poplar Forest: Thomas Jefferson's retreat home. Jefferson designed the octagonal house during his second term as president and sojourned here in his retirement to find rest and leisure and escape public life. Ongoing restoration and archaeology.
  • River Ridge Mall: The city's shopping mall.
  • Smith Mountain Lake: The largest lake entirely within Virginia, located in Bedford County, Virginia (part of the Lynchburg MSA), features about 20,000 surface acres and 500 miles of shoreline

Sports and recreation

Percival's Island section of James River walking trail in Lynchburg

Lynchburg is home to sporting events and organizations including:

  • 7 Hills Hash House Harriers: The local chapter of an international group of non-competitive running, social and drinking clubs.
  • Hiking areas include the Appalachian Trail, Apple Orchard Trail, Blackwater Creek Natural Area, Candlers Mountain to Camp Hydaway, Crabtree Falls, Flat Top, Holliday Lake, Mount Pleasant National Scenic Holliday Lake, Otter Creek Trail, and Sharp Candlers Mountain to Camp Hydaway
  • Liberty Flames: A NCAA Division I department of athletics competing in 20 sports. They are a member of the Big South Conference.
  • Lynchburg College
  • Lynchburg Hillcats: A Class High-A professional baseball team in the Carolina League. They are affiliated with Cleveland of the MLB American League.
  • Riverside Runners (Lynchburg Road Runners Club) – The main stop for information on local races (either for charity or for fun), or races within a few hours of the surrounding area.
  • Blackwater Rugby Club: The local Men's Div. III rugby union football club, member of southern division of the Capitol Rugby Union.

Neighborhoods

The first neighborhoods of Lynchburg developed upon seven hills adjacent to the original ferry landing. These neighborhoods include:

  • College Hill
  • Daniel's Hill
  • Diamond Hill
  • Tinbridge Hill
  • Franklin Hill
  • Garland Hill
  • White Rock Hill

Other major neighborhoods include Boonsboro, Rivermont, Fairview Heights, Fort Hill, Forest Hill (Old Forest Rd. Area), Timberlake, Windsor Hills, Sandusky, Linkhorne, and Wyndhurst.

Notable people

Notable residents of Lynchburg include:

Media

Print

  • The News & Advance, Lynchburg's daily newspaper that serves the Central Virginia region and is owned by Berkshire Hathaway.
  • Lynchburg Living, bi-monthly periodical
  • The Lynchburg Guide, quarterly resource directory
  • The Burg, weekly entertainment newspaper published by The News & Advance
  • Lynch's Ferry, a biannual journal of local history

Television

Radio

  • WJJX 102.7, Urban Contemporary based in Lynchburg
  • WLNI105.9, Talk Radio based in Lynchburg
  • WLEQ 106.9, BOB-FM, Good Times, Great Oldies, Home of Rock'n'Roll's Great Hits, Lynchburg
  • WNRN (WNRS 89.9), Modern Rock based in Charlottesville
  • WROV 96.3, Rock based in Roanoke
  • WKHF 93.7, Hot AC based in Lynchburg
  • WRMV 94.5, Southern Gospel based in Madison Heights
  • WRVL 88.3, Christian Radio based in Lynchburg
  • WRXT 90.3, Contemporary Christian Radio based in Lynchburg
  • W227BG 93.3 ESPN Sports translator of 106.3 Gretna – Translator at Timberlake – Low power
  • WSLC 94.9, Country based in Roanoke
  • WSLQ 99.1, Adult Contemporary based in Roanoke
  • WSNZ 102.7, Adult Contemporary based in Roanoke
  • WHTU 103.9, Oldies based in Lynchburg
  • WVBE 100.1, Urban Contemporary based in Lynchburg
  • WVTF 89.1, Public Radio based in Blacksburg
  • W208AP 89.5 Radio IQ – BBC News/NPR talk translator of 89.9 WFFC Ferrum – Translator at Candlers Mountain – Low power
  • WWEM 91.7, Classical Music simulcast of WWED-FM in Spotsylvania/Fredericksburg
  • WWMC 90.9, Christian CHR/Rock radio based at Liberty University
  • WWZW 96.7, Hot AC based in Buena Vista
  • WXLK 92.3, Top-40 Radio based in Roanoke
  • WYYD 107.9, Country based in Lynchburg
  • WZZI/WZZU 101.5, Roanoke/ 97.9, Lynchburg, Classic/Modern Rock based in Lynchburg
  • WAMV 1420, Southern Gospel based in Madison Heights
  • WBRG 1050, Talk/ Sports based in Lynchburg also simulcast on 104.5
  • WKPA 1390, Religious based in Lynchburg
  • WLLL 930, Gospel Music based in Lynchburg
  • WLVA 580, (silent), based in Lynchburg
  • WVGM 1320, ESPN Sports based in Lynchburg
  • WKDE-FM 105.5, Country based in Altavista
  • WKDE 1000 AM, Talk Radio based in Altavista

Sister cities

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ a b http://wset.com/news/local/vice-mayor-joan-foster-selected-as-new-mayor-of-lynchburg
  2. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  3. ^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  4. ^ "Lynchburg's History". Lynchburg Historical Foundation. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  5. ^ Spencer Tucker, American Civil War : the definitive encyclopedia and document collection (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2013), 1174.
  6. ^ Weldon Cooper. "Official 2010 Census Count Demographics". Cooper Center. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  7. ^ Potter, Clifton; Potter, Dorothy (2004). Lynchburg: A City Set on Seven Hills. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 0-7385-2461-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Additional Interstate Road Systems Approved," Petersburg-Colonial Heights Progress-Index, 1958-04-27 at 20.
  9. ^ Routes of the Recommended Interregional Highway System, ca. 1943.
  10. ^ Minutes of the Meeting of the State Highway Commission of Virginia, Held in Richmond September 11, 1945, page 12.
  11. ^ "Opposition to Northern Route Dropped," Danville Bee, 1961-07-06 at 3
  12. ^ Richmond Times-Dispatch, June 13, 1999.
  13. ^ "A Simple Act of Mothering", Poor Magazine/PNN Template:Wayback
  14. ^ http://www.downtownlynchburg.com/our-story/. "About Downtown Lynchburg". Downtown Lynchburg. Retrieved December 22, 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |last1= (help)
  15. ^ http://www.downtownlynchburg.com/our-story/. "About Downtown Lynchburg". Downtown Lynchburg. Retrieved December 22, 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |last1= (help)
  16. ^ "Lower Bluffwalk Grand Opening Article". News and Advance. August 12, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
  17. ^ "Downtown Lynchburg Projects Map". Downtown Lynchburg Projects Map.
  18. ^ "Academy Center of the Arts Article". News and Advance. October 13, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
  19. ^ "Announcement of Hilton Curio Branded Virginian Hotel". News and Advance. November 20, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
  20. ^ Amazement Square Education Center Expansion. "Amazement Square Education Center Expansion". Retrieved December 22, 2015.
  21. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
  22. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  23. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference NOAA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ "Snow Extremes: Lynchburg". National Weather Service Blacksburg, VA. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
  25. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  26. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  27. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  28. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  29. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  30. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  31. ^ http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/income_wealth/010583.html
  32. ^ http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980/tracts-cities/CensusTracts1980-LynchburgVA.pdf
  33. ^ http://www2.newsadvance.com/news/2011/nov/06/rising-child-poverty-lynchburg-fuels-need-more-cou-ar-1436237/
  34. ^ U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics<http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?la+51>
  35. ^ Forbes Magazine, Best Paces for Business
  36. ^ City Quietly Growing ABC 13 – WSET-TV in Lynchburg, Virginia
  37. ^ Bureau of Economic Analysis
  38. ^ a b Lynchburg News & Advance
  39. ^ Virginia Business Magazine
  40. ^ City of Lynchburg CAFR
  41. ^ Petska, Alicia. (February 3, 2010). "GLTC favors Kemper Street site for transfer station", The News and Advance. Retrieved February 4, 2010.
  42. ^ a b "Lynchburg, VA (LYH)". Great American Stations. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
  43. ^ http://www.newsadvance.com/opinion/editorials/article_41a99f78-044b-11e3-8c5b-0019bb30f31a.html
  44. ^ "Northeast, Mid-Atlantic and Virginia Service Timetable", January 18, 2010. Amtrak. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
  45. ^ Lynchburg Regional Convention & Visitors Bureau; http://www.gravegarden.org/lbg.htm
  46. ^ Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.
  47. ^ "Brandon Inge Stats". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  48. ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/i/ingebr01.shtml
  49. ^ "Byerley appointed Vice Dean for Education". Vital Signs. UNC Health Care News. September 12, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2015.

Further reading

  • Blackford, Jr., Charles M. (1891). Annals of the Lynchburg Home Guard. Lynchburg, Va.: Lynchburg Home Guard – via John W. Rohr, Electric Power Printer and Binder.
  • Houck, Peter W. (1986). A Prototype of a Confederate Hospital Center in Lynchburg, Virginia. Lynchburg, Va.: Warwick House Publishing. LCCN 86-50952.
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