Latin verb paradigms: Difference between revisions
Tag: Reverted |
Tag: Reverted |
||
Line 393: | Line 393: | ||
The '''ablative supine''' represents a transformative event at the origin of motion. |
The '''ablative supine''' represents a transformative event at the origin of motion. |
||
* ''Prīmus '''cubitū''' surgat, postrēmus '''cubitum''' eat.''<ref>Marcus Porcius Cato, De Agri Cultura 1.5.4/5</ref><br>He is the first to |
* ''Prīmus '''cubitū''' surgat, postrēmus '''cubitum''' eat.''<ref>Marcus Porcius Cato, De Agri Cultura 1.5.4/5</ref><br>He is the first to arrive '''from waking up''' and the last to go away '''to sleep'''. |
||
==Types of agreement paradigm== |
==Types of agreement paradigm== |
Revision as of 20:43, 16 June 2023
Latin grammar |
---|
An agreement paradigm is a set of verbs that are selected according to features such as the number, speech role and gender of event participants.
- Number
- Hic Caesarem videt. (He's seeing Caesar.)
- Hī Caesarem vident. (They're seeing Caesar.)
- Speech role
- Ego Caesarem videō. (I'm seeing Caesar.)
- Tū Caesarem vidēs. (You're seeing Caesar.)
- Hic Caesarem videt. (He's seeing Caesar.)
- Gender
- Hic ā Caesare vīsus est. (He was seen by Caesar.)
- Haec ā Caesare vīsa est. (She was seen by Caesar.)
- Hoc ā Caesare vīsum est. (This was seen by Caesar.)
Paradigm names
For each verb entry in a dictionary, there are multiple such agreement paradigms as shown in the table below. The names of the paradigms are taken from Langenscheidt Dictionary,[1] completed and adapted. The paradigms 'imperative indirect active', 'imperative indirect passive', 'supine genitive', 'supine dative' are not present in this dictionary because they are rare in the Classical Period, however they are accounted for in Grammar books and articles. The paradigms for 'supine accusative' and 'supine ablative' are called 'Supine I' and 'Supine II' in Langenscheidt dictionary, but often called 'supine accusative' and 'supine ablative' in articles when compared with the other two.
Paradigm name | ____1____ | ____2____ | ____3____ | ____4____ | ____5____ | ____6____ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative future active | vidēbō | vidēbis | vidēbit | vidēbimus | vidēbitis | vidēbunt |
indicative future passive | vidēbor | vidēberis | vidēbitur | vidēbimur | vidēbiminī | vidēbuntur |
indicative present active | videō | vidēs | videt | vidēmus | vidētis | vident |
indicative present passive | videor | vidēris | vidētur | vidēmur | vidēminī | videntur |
indicative imperfect active | vidēbam | vidēbās | vidēbat | vidēbāmus | vidēbātis | vidēbant |
indicative imperfect passive | vidēbar | vidēbāris | vidēbātur | vidēbāmur | vidēbāminī | vidēbantur |
indicative future perfect | vīderō | vīderis | vīderit | vīderimus | vīderitis | vīderint |
indicative perfect | vīdī | vīdistī | vīdit | vīdimus | vīdistis | vīdērunt |
indicative pluperfect | vīderam | vīderās | vīderat | vīderāmus | vīderātis | vīderant |
subjunctive present active | videam | videās | videat | videāmus | videātis | videant |
subjunctive present passive | videar | videāris | videātur | videāmur | videāminī | videantur |
subjunctive imperfect active | vidērem | vidērēs | vidēret | vidērēmus | vidērētis | vidērent |
subjunctive imperfect passive | vidērer | vidērēris | vidērētur | vidērēmur | vidērēminī | vidērentur |
subjunctive perfect | vīderim | vīderīs | vīderit | vīderīmus | vīderītis | vīderit |
subjunctive pluperfect | vīdissem | vīdissēs | vīdisset | vīdissēmus | vīdissētis | vīdissent |
imperative active | –– | vidē | –– | –– | vidēte | –– |
imperative passive | –– | vidēre | –– | –– | vidēminī | –– |
imperative future active | –– | vidētō | –– | –– | vidētōte | –– |
imperative future passive | –– | vidētor | –– | –– | vidēminō | –– |
imperative indirect active | –– | –– | vidētō | –– | –– | videntō |
imperative indirect passive | –– | –– | vidētor | –– | –– | videntor |
infinitive present active | vidēre | |||||
infinitive present passive | vidī | |||||
infinitive perfect | vīdisse | |||||
participle future nominative | vīsūrus | vīsūra | vīsūrum | vīsūrī | vīsūrae | vīsūra |
participle future accusative | vīsūrum | vīsūram | vīsūrum | vīsūrōs | vīsūrās | vīsūra |
participle future genitive | vīsūrī | vīsūrae | vīsūrī | vīsūrōrum | vīsūrārum | vīsūrōrum |
participle future dative | vīsūrō | vīsūrae | vīsūrō | vīsūrīs | vīsūrīs | vīsūrīs |
participle future ablative | vīsūrō | vīsūrā | vīsūrī | vīsūrīs | vīsūrīs | vīsūrīs |
participle present nominative | vidēns | vidēns | videntēs | videntia | ||
participle present accusative | videntem | vidēns | videntēs | videntia | ||
participle present genitive | videntis | videntis | videntium | videntium | ||
participle present dative | videntī | videntī | videntibus | videntibus | ||
participle present ablative | vidente | vidente | videntibus | videntibus | ||
participle past nominative | vīsus | vīsa | vīsūrō | vīsī | vīsae | vīsa |
participle past accusative | vīsum | vīsam | vīsum | vīsōs | vīsās | vīsa |
participle past genitive | vīsī | vīsae | vīsī | vīsōrum | vīsārum | vīsōrum |
participle past dative | vīsō | vīsae | vīsō | vīsīs | vīsīs | vīsīs |
participle past ablative | vīsō | vīsā | vīsō | vīsīs | vīsīs | vīsīs |
gerundive nominative | videndus | videnda | videndum | videndī | videndae | videnda |
gerundive accusative | videndum | videndam | videndum | videndōs | videndās | videnda |
gerundive genitive | videndī | videndae | videndī | videndōrum | videndārum | videndōrum |
gerundive dative | videndō | videndae | videndō | videndīs | videndīs | videndīs |
gerundive ablative | videndō | videndā | videndō | videndīs | videndīs | videndīs |
supine accusative | vīsum | |||||
supine genitive | vīsūs | |||||
supine dative | vīsuī | |||||
supine ablative | vīsū | |||||
gerund accusative | videndum | |||||
gerund genitive | videndī | |||||
gerund dative | videndō | |||||
gerund ablative | videndō |
Rare supines
Some supines are rare, but they do occur althroughout the Classical Period. Following the pattern whereby supines combine with verbs of motion, we see two patterns: events taking place either where the motion starts or where it ends.
Events at origin
The genitive supine represents a creative event at the origin of motion.
- Quīque Sagittārī veniunt dē sīdere partūs.[2]
The Sagittarians come down from the star where they are born.
The ablative supine represents a transformative event at the origin of motion.
- Prīmus cubitū surgat, postrēmus cubitum eat.[3]
He is the first to arrive from waking up and the last to go away to sleep.
Types of agreement paradigm
Latin has two major types of agreement paradigms with two or more verbs as shown in the tables below:
number | speech role | indicative
present active |
indicative
present passive |
indicative
perfect |
---|---|---|---|---|
singular | speaker | amō | amor | amāvī |
singular | addressee | amās | amāris | amāvistī |
singular | other | amat | amātur | amāvit |
plural | +speaker | amāmus | amāmur | amāvimus |
plural | –speaker +addressee | amātis | amāminī | amāvistis |
plural | –speaker –addressee | amant | amantur | amāvērunt |
number | gender | participle
past nominative |
participle
past accusative |
---|---|---|---|
singular | masculine | amātus | amātum |
singular | feminine | amāta | amātam |
singular | neuter | amātum | amātum |
plural | +masculine | amātī | amātōs |
plural | –masculine +feminine | amātae | amātās |
plural | –masculine +neuter | amāta | amāta |
References
- ^ Cherubini, Sabrina; Epple, Barbara (2014). Langenscheidt Schulwörterbuch Pro Latein. München: Langenscheidt GmbH & Co. KG. pp. 1142–1149. ISBN 978-3-468-11492-2.
- ^ Marcus Manilius, Astronomica 2.1.560
- ^ Marcus Porcius Cato, De Agri Cultura 1.5.4/5