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This is a '''list of the monarchs of Armenia''', rulers of the ancient [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]] (336 BC – AD 428), the medieval [[Bagratid Armenia|Kingdom of Armenia]] (884–1045), various lesser Armenian kingdoms (908–1170), and finally the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] (1198–1375). Also included are prominent vassal princes and lords who ruled during times without an Armenian kingdom, as well as later claimants to the position.
This is a '''list of the monarchs of Armenia''', rulers of the ancient [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]] (336 BC – AD 428), the medieval [[Bagratid Armenia|Kingdom of Armenia]] (884–1045), various lesser Armenian kingdoms (908–1170), and finally the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] (1198–1375). The list also includes prominent vassal princes and lords who ruled during times without an Armenian kingdom, as well as later claimants to the position.


== Ancient Armenia (521 BC – AD 428) ==
== Ancient Armenia (521 BC – AD 428) ==
{{For|the rulers of [[Urartu]], an Iron Age kingdom (858–585 BC) that preceded the ancient Armenian kingdom|list of kings of Urartu}}{{See also|Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)}}
{{For|the rulers of [[Urartu]], an Iron Age kingdom (858–585 BC) that preceded the Satrapy of Armenia|list of kings of Urartu}}{{See also|Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)}}


=== Early satraps (521–401 BC) ===
=== Early satraps (521–401 BC) ===
{{See also|Satrapy of Armenia}}
{{See also|Satrapy of Armenia}}
*[[Hydarnes|Hydarnes I]], satrap in the late 6th century BC?,<ref name=":0" /> granted Armenia by the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] king [[Darius the Great|Darius I]] as a semi-hereditary [[Satrap|satrapy]]<ref>{{citation |last=Shahbazi |first=Shapur |title=Encyclopedia Iranica |volume=7 |pages=41–50 |year=1994 |chapter=Darius I the Great |chapter-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darius-iii |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>
*[[Hydarnes|Hydarnes I]], satrap in the late 6th century BC?,<ref name=":0" /> granted Armenia by the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] king [[Darius the Great|Darius I]] as a semi-hereditary [[Satrap|satrapy]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Shahbazi |first=Shapur |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica |volume=7 |pages=41–50 |year=1994 |title=Darius I the Great |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darius-iii |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref>
* [[Hydarnes the Younger|Hydarnes II]], satrap in the early 5th century BC?
* [[Hydarnes the Younger|Hydarnes II]], satrap in the early 5th century BC?
*[[Hydarnes (father of Stateira)|Hydarnes III]], satrap in the middle of the 5th century BC<ref name=":0" />
*[[Hydarnes (father of Stateira)|Hydarnes III]], satrap in the middle of the 5th century BC<ref name=":0" />
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* '''[[Xerxes of Armenia|Xerxes]]''', 228–c. 212 BC,<ref name=":0" /> son of Arsames<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Xerxes of Armenia|Xerxes]]''', 228–c. 212 BC,<ref name=":0" /> son of Arsames<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Orontes IV]]''', 212–200 BC,<ref name=":0" /> son of Arsames?<ref name=":26" />
* '''[[Orontes IV]]''', 212–200 BC,<ref name=":0" /> son of Arsames?<ref name=":26" />
The Orontid dynasty lost its power in Armenia following a 200 BC revolt instigated by the [[Seleucid Empire]]. The Armenian lands were then incorporated into the [[Seleucid Empire]] under three vassal ''strategoi'' (military governors): [[Artaxias I|Artaxias]] ([[Greater Armenia]]), [[Zariadres]] ([[Sophene]]) and Mithridates ([[Lesser Armenia]]). Armenian royal power was re-established after a decade of vassalage by Artaxias.<ref name=":0" />
The Orontid dynasty lost power in 200 BC due to a revolt instigated by the [[Seleucid Empire]]. The Seleucid Empire then incorporated Armenia, which was placed under three vassal ''strategoi'' (military governors): [[Artaxias I|Artaxias]] ([[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Greater Armenia]]), [[Zariadres]] ([[Sophene]]) and Mithridates ([[Lesser Armenia]]). After a decade of vassalage, Armenian royal power was restored under Artaxias.<ref name=":0" />


=== Artaxiad dynasty (200 BC–AD 2) ===
=== Artaxiad dynasty (200 BC–AD 2) ===
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* '''[[Tigranes the Great|Tigranes II]]''' "the Great", 96/95–56/55 BC,<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Spier |first1=Jeffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw1UEAAAQBAJ |title=Persia: Ancient Iran and the Classical World |last2=Potts |first2=Timothy |last3=Cole |first3=Sara E. |date=2022 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-680-5 |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref> son of Tigranes I<ref name=":4" />
* '''[[Tigranes the Great|Tigranes II]]''' "the Great", 96/95–56/55 BC,<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Spier |first1=Jeffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw1UEAAAQBAJ |title=Persia: Ancient Iran and the Classical World |last2=Potts |first2=Timothy |last3=Cole |first3=Sara E. |date=2022 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-680-5 |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref> son of Tigranes I<ref name=":4" />
* '''[[Artavasdes II of Armenia|Artavasdes II]]''', 56–34<ref name=":5" />/30 BC,<ref name=":0" /> son of Tigranes II<ref name=":5" />
* '''[[Artavasdes II of Armenia|Artavasdes II]]''', 56–34<ref name=":5" />/30 BC,<ref name=":0" /> son of Tigranes II<ref name=":5" />
** [[Alexander Helios]], son of [[Cleopatra]] and [[Mark Antony]], was nominally given the title of King of Armenia (among other eastern countries) by his parents in the [[Donations of Alexandria]] (34 BC).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wijlick |first=Hendrikus A. M. van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qUPEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0 |title=Rome and the Near Eastern Kingdoms and Principalities, 44-31 BC: A Study of Political Relations during Civil War |date=2020 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44176-7 |pages=138 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Alexander Helios]], son of [[Cleopatra]] and [[Mark Antony]], was nominally given the title of King of Armenia (among other eastern countries) by his parents in the [[Donations of Alexandria]] (34 BC).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wijlick |first=Hendrikus A. M. van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qUPEAAAQBAJ |title=Rome and the Near Eastern Kingdoms and Principalities, 44-31 BC: A Study of Political Relations during Civil War |date=2020 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44176-7 |pages=138 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[Artaxias II]]''', 34/30–20 BC,<ref name=":0" /> son of Artavasdes II<ref name=":0" />
* '''[[Artaxias II]]''', 34/30–20 BC,<ref name=":0" /> son of Artavasdes II<ref name=":0" />
* '''[[Tigranes III]]''', 20–8 BC,<ref name=":0" /> son of Artavasdes II<ref name=":4" />
* '''[[Tigranes III]]''', 20–8 BC,<ref name=":0" /> son of Artavasdes II<ref name=":4" />
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* '''Erato''' (alone), 1–2<ref name=":0" />
* '''Erato''' (alone), 1–2<ref name=":0" />


=== Non-dynastic kings (2–61) ===
=== Non-dynastic rulers (2–61) ===
[[File:Tigranes V of Armenia cropped.png|thumb|Coin of [[Tigranes V of Armenia|Tigranes V]] ({{Reign|6|12}})]]
[[File:Tigranes V of Armenia cropped.png|thumb|Coin of [[Tigranes V of Armenia|Tigranes V]] ({{Reign|6|12}})]]
This period of time saw conflict between the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] empires result in rapid appointments and depositions of Armenian client kings by both sides.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Baumer |first=Christoph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_W01EAAAQBAJ |title=History of the Caucasus: Volume 1: At the Crossroads of Empires |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-7556-3969-4 |pages=125, 142, 166, 190, 305, 310–311 |language=en}}</ref>
The first century AD was a time of intense conflict between the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] empires. In Armenia, this resulted in rapid appointments and depositions of Armenian client kings by both sides.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Baumer |first=Christoph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_W01EAAAQBAJ |title=History of the Caucasus: Volume 1: At the Crossroads of Empires |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-7556-3969-4 |pages=125, 142, 166, 190, 305, 310–311 |language=en}}</ref>


* '''[[Ariobarzanes II of Atropatene|Ariobarzanes]]''', 2–4,<ref name=":0" /> a [[Medes|Median]] prince<ref name=":0" /> and matrilineal descendant of Tigranes II<ref name=":4" />
* '''[[Ariobarzanes II of Atropatene|Ariobarzanes]]''', 2–4,<ref name=":0" /> a [[Medes|Median]] prince<ref name=":0" /> and matrilineal descendant of Tigranes II<ref name=":4" />
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* '''[[Pacorus of Armenia|Aurelius Pacorus]]''', 160–163,<ref name=":1" /> son of the Parthian king [[Vologases IV]]<ref name=":3" />
* '''[[Pacorus of Armenia|Aurelius Pacorus]]''', 160–163,<ref name=":1" /> son of the Parthian king [[Vologases IV]]<ref name=":3" />
* '''Sohaemus''' (second reign), 164–c. 180<ref name=":1" />
* '''Sohaemus''' (second reign), 164–c. 180<ref name=":1" />
* '''[[Vologases V|Vologases II]]''', c. 180–190,<ref name=":1" /> son of the Parthian king Vologases IV, later ruled Parthia as ''Vologases V'' 190–208
* '''[[Vologases V|Vologases II]]''', c. 180–190,<ref name=":1" /> son of the Parthian king Vologases IV, later ruled Parthia (as Vologases V) 190–208
* '''[[Khosrov I of Armenia|Khosrov I]]''', c. 190–214/216,<ref name=":1" /> son of Vologases II<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Khosrov I of Armenia|Khosrov I]]''', c. 190–214/216,<ref name=":1" /> son of Vologases II<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Tiridates II of Armenia|Tiridates II]]''', 217–252,<ref name=":1" /> son of Khosrov I<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Tiridates II of Armenia|Tiridates II]]''', 217–252,<ref name=":1" /> son of Khosrov I<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Hormizd I|Hormizd-Ardashir]]''',<ref name=":24" /> 252/253<ref name=":24" />– c. 270, son of the Sasanian king Shapur I; made king of Armenia by his father after the Sasanians conquered the kingdom,<ref name=":24" /> later king of the Sasanian Empire as ''Hormizd I''
* '''[[Hormizd I|Hormizd-Ardashir]]''',<ref name=":24" /> 252/253<ref name=":24" />– c. 270, son of the Sasanian king Shapur I; made king of Armenia by his father after the Sasanians conquered the kingdom,<ref name=":24" /> later king of the Sasanian Empire (as Hormizd I)
* '''[[Narseh]]''', c. 270–293,<ref name=":24" /> brother of Hormizd-Ardashir, later king of the Sasanian Empire<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Narseh]]''', c. 270–293,<ref name=":24" /> brother of Hormizd-Ardashir, later king of the Sasanian Empire<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Khosrov II of Armenia|Khosrov II]]''', 279/280–287 (in western Armenia),<ref name=":7" /> son of Tiridates II?,<ref name=":24" /> enthroned by the Romans after Narseh ceded parts of western Armenia to Emperor [[Probus (emperor)|Probus]]<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Khosrov II of Armenia|Khosrov II]]''', 279/280–287 (in western Armenia),<ref name=":7" /> son of Tiridates II?,<ref name=":24" /> enthroned by the Romans after Narseh ceded parts of western Armenia to Emperor [[Probus (emperor)|Probus]]<ref name=":24" />
*[[Tiridates of Armenia (287–298)|'''Tiridates''' ('''III''')]], 287–298,<ref name=":24" /> brother of Khosrov II, initially king of only western Armenia but granted the rest of the kingdom as well after Narseh became king of the Sasanian Empire<ref name=":24" />
*'''Tiridates''' ('''III'''), 287–298,<ref name=":24" /> brother of Khosrov II, initially king of only western Armenia but later granted the rest of the kingdom after Narseh became king of the Sasanian Empire<ref name=":24" />
*'''[[Tiridates III of Armenia|Tiridates III]]''' (or '''IV''') "the Great", 298–330,<ref name=":7" /> son of Khosrov II<ref name=":24" />
*'''[[Tiridates III of Armenia|Tiridates III]]''' (or '''IV''') "the Great", 298–330,<ref name=":7" /> son of Khosrov II<ref name=":24" />
*'''[[Khosrov III the Small|Khosrov III]]''' "the Small", 330–338, son of Tiridates III<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spuler |first=Bertold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHCAz1b8eCgC |title=Rulers and Governments of the World |date=1977 |publisher=Bowker |isbn=978-0-85935-021-1 |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref>
*'''[[Khosrov III the Small|Khosrov III]]''' "the Small", 330–338, son of Tiridates III<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spuler |first=Bertold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHCAz1b8eCgC |title=Rulers and Governments of the World |date=1977 |publisher=Bowker |isbn=978-0-85935-021-1 |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref>
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*'''[[Arshak II]]''', 350–368, son of Tiran<ref name=":7" />
*'''[[Arshak II]]''', 350–368, son of Tiran<ref name=":7" />
*'''[[Pap of Armenia|Pap]]''', 368–374,<ref name=":7" /> son of Arshak II<ref name=":24" />
*'''[[Pap of Armenia|Pap]]''', 368–374,<ref name=":7" /> son of Arshak II<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Varazdat]]''', 374–378,<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Zakaria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jastAQAAIAAJ |title=The Chronicle of Deacon Zakʻaria of Kʻanakʻer |date=2004 |publisher=Mazda Publishers |isbn=978-1-56859-121-6 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> nephew of Pap (perhaps son of Pap's younger brother Tiridates)<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Varazdat]]''', 374–378,<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Zakaria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jastAQAAIAAJ |title=The Chronicle of Deacon Zakʻaria of Kʻanakʻer |date=2004 |publisher=Mazda Publishers |isbn=978-1-56859-121-6 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> nephew of Pap (perhaps son of Pap's younger brother, Tiridates)<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Arshak III]]''', c. 378–387<ref name=":6" /> and '''[[Vologases of Armenia|Vologases III]]''',<ref name=":24" /> c. 378–386, sons of Pap<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Arshak III]]''', c. 378–387<ref name=":6" /> and '''[[Vologases of Armenia|Vologases III]]''',<ref name=":24" /> c. 378–386, sons of Pap<ref name=":24" />


The Sasanians appointed their own Armenian king ([[Khosrov IV of Armenia|Khosrov IV]]) in 384, against the Roman-supported Arshak III, leading Armenia to becoming informally divided under the two kings. The division was made formal through an agreement between the Roman emperor [[Theodosius I]] and Sasanian king [[Shapur III]] in 387, which partitioned Armenia into a western (under Roman influence) and an eastern (under Sasanian influence) kingdom.<ref name=":6" />
In 384, the Sasanian Empire appointed [[Khosrov IV of Armenia|Khosrov IV]] as Armenian king, in opposition to the Roman-supported Arshak III. This resulted in Armenia becoming informally divided under the two kings. In 387, the division was made formal through an agreement between the Roman emperor [[Theodosius I]] and Sasanian king [[Shapur III]]. The agreement saw Armenia be partitioned into a western (under Roman influence) and a eastern (under Sasanian influence) kingdom.<ref name=":6" />


==== Kings in western Armenia (387–389) ====
==== Western Armenia (387–389) ====


* '''Arshak III''', 387–c. 389,<ref name=":6" /> former king of all of Armenia<ref name=":6" />
* '''Arshak III''', 387–c. 389,<ref name=":6" /> former king of all of Armenia<ref name=":6" />


Upon the death of Arshak III in 389, Emperor Theodosius I chose to not appoint another king, ending the western kingdom.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last1=Hacikyan |first1=Agop Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvA-oV0alP8C |title=The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the oral tradition to the Golden Age |last2=Basmajian |first2=Gabriel |last3=Franchuk |first3=Edward S. |last4=Ouzounian |first4=Nourhan |date=2000 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-2815-6 |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref> The territories formerly ruled by Arshak were incorporated into the Roman Empire as a province.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last=Redgate |first=Anne Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RriWQgAACAAJ |title=The Armenians |date=2000 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-631-14372-7 |pages=62, 67, 77, 91–95, 133, 135, 137–138 |language=en}}</ref>
Upon the death of Arshak III in 389, Emperor Theodosius I chose to not appoint another king, ending the western kingdom.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last1=Hacikyan |first1=Agop Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvA-oV0alP8C |title=The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the oral tradition to the Golden Age |last2=Basmajian |first2=Gabriel |last3=Franchuk |first3=Edward S. |last4=Ouzounian |first4=Nourhan |date=2000 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-2815-6 |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref> Arshak's lands were instead incorporated into the Roman Empire.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last=Redgate |first=Anne Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RriWQgAACAAJ |title=The Armenians |date=2000 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-631-14372-7 |pages=62, 67, 77, 91–95, 133, 135, 137–138 |language=en}}</ref>


==== Kings in eastern Armenia (384–428) ====
==== Eastern Armenia (384–428) ====


* '''[[Khosrov IV of Armenia|Khosrov IV]]''', 384–389,<ref name=":6" /> son of Varazdat?<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Khosrov IV of Armenia|Khosrov IV]]''', 384–389,<ref name=":6" /> son of Varazdat?<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Vramshapuh]]''', 389/401–417,<ref name=":6" /> son of Varazdat?<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Vramshapuh]]''', 389/401–417,<ref name=":6" /> son of Varazdat?<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Khosrov V of Armenia|Khosrov V]]''', 417–418,<ref name=":6" /> possibly the same person as Khosrov IV<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Khosrov V of Armenia|Khosrov V]]''', 417–418,<ref name=":6" /> possibly the same person as Khosrov IV<ref name=":24" />
* '''[[Shapur IV|Shapur]]''', 418–422, son of the Sasanian king [[Yazdegerd I]],<ref name=":24" /> later king of the Sasanian Empire as ''Shapur IV''
* '''[[Shapur IV|Shapur]]''', 418–422, son of the Sasanian king [[Yazdegerd I]],<ref name=":24" /> later king of the Sasanian Empire (as Shapur IV)
* '''[[Artaxias IV]]''', 422–428,<ref name=":6" /> son of Vramshapuh<ref name=":0" />
* '''[[Artaxias IV]]''', 422–428,<ref name=":6" /> son of Vramshapuh<ref name=":0" />


The Sasanian king [[Bahram V]] deposed the last eastern king, Artaxias IV, in 428 with the permission of the Armenian nobility and annexed his domains into the Sasanian Empire.<ref name=":23" />
In 428, the Sasanian king [[Bahram V]] deposed Artaxias IV, with the permission of the Armenian nobility, and annexed his lands into the Sasanian Empire.<ref name=":23" />

== Vassal lords and princes (428–884) ==
== Vassal lords and princes (428–884) ==


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{{See also|Sasanian Armenia}}
{{See also|Sasanian Armenia}}
[[File:Vahan Mamikonyan.jpg|thumb|20th-century artwork of [[Vahan I Mamikonian]], autonomous ''marzbān'' 485–505/510]]
[[File:Vahan Mamikonyan.jpg|thumb|20th-century artwork of [[Vahan I Mamikonian]], autonomous ''marzbān'' 485–505/510]]
Following their deposition of the last Arsacid king Artaxias IV, the Sasanian Empire entrusted the rule of their Armenian territories to an official with the title ''[[Marzban|marzbān]]'',<ref name=":18" /> a title variously interpreted as governor-general<ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Bauer-Manndorff |first=Elisabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-BtAAAAMAAJ |title=Armenia, Past and Present |date=1981 |publisher=Armenian Prelacy |pages=85 |language=en}}</ref> or viceroy. The first ''marzbān'', appointed by Bahram V, was the military officer [[Veh Mihr Shapur]].<ref name=":0" />
The Sasanian-ruled Armenian territories were after 428 placed under the rule of an official with the title ''[[Marzban|marzbān]]''<ref name=":18" /> (governor-general<ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Bauer-Manndorff |first=Elisabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-BtAAAAMAAJ |title=Armenia, Past and Present |date=1981 |publisher=Armenian Prelacy |pages=85 |language=en}}</ref> or viceroy<ref name=":0" />). The first ''marzbān'', appointed by Bahram V, was the military officer [[Veh Mihr Shapur]].<ref name=":0" />


The list of ''marzbān'' is not entirely contiguous due to both periods without an appointed ''marzbān'' and gaps in the historical record. It was relatively common for the office to be vacant since the Sasanians periodically tried to assert more direct control.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Vacca |first=Alison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRYuDwAAQBAJ |title=Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-18851-8 |pages=123–124 |language=en}}</ref>
The list of ''marzbān''s is not entirely contiguous. This is due to gaps in the historical record as well as there having been periods without any appointed ''marzbān''s. It was relatively common for the office to be vacant since the Sasanian Empire periodically tried to assert more direct control.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Vacca |first=Alison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRYuDwAAQBAJ |title=Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-18851-8 |pages=123–124 |language=en}}</ref>


* [[Veh Mihr Shapur]], ''marzbān'' 428–442,<ref name=":0" /> Sasanian military officer
* [[Veh Mihr Shapur]], ''marzbān'' 428–442,<ref name=":0" /> Sasanian military officer
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* [[Sahak II Bagratuni]], insurgent ''marzbān'' 482–483,<ref name=":10" /> Armenian noble
* [[Sahak II Bagratuni]], insurgent ''marzbān'' 482–483,<ref name=":10" /> Armenian noble
* [[Vahan I Mamikonian]], autonomous ''marzbān'' 485–505/510,<ref name=":10" /> Armenian noble
* [[Vahan I Mamikonian]], autonomous ''marzbān'' 485–505/510,<ref name=":10" /> Armenian noble
* [[Vard Mamikonian]], autonomus ''marzbān'' 505/501–509/514,<ref name=":10" /> Armenian noble
* [[Vard Mamikonian]], autonomous ''marzbān'' 505/510–509/514,<ref name=":10" /> Armenian noble
* [[Mjej I Gnuni]], ''marzbān'' 518–548,<ref name=":10" /> Armenian noble
* [[Mjej I Gnuni]], ''marzbān'' 518–548,<ref name=":10" /> Armenian noble
* [[Philip Siwni]], ''marzbān'' 574–576,<ref name=":10" /> Armenian noble
* [[Philip Siwni]], ''marzbān'' 574–576,<ref name=":10" /> Armenian noble
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=== Presiding princes of Armenia (628–884) ===
=== Presiding princes of Armenia (628–884) ===
[[File:Ashot Medz.png|thumb|Modern imaginary portrait of [[Ashot I of Armenia|Ashot V Bagratuni]], who served as the last presiding prince of Armenia 856–884 and later reigned as King of Armenia (as Ashot I) 884–890]]
[[File:Ashot Medz.png|thumb|Modern imaginary portrait of [[Ashot I of Armenia|Ashot V Bagratuni]], who served as the last presiding prince of Armenia 856–884 and later reigned as King of Armenia (as Ashot I) 884–890]]
The position of presiding prince of Armenia (formally "prince of the Armenians") was created by the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century in order to legitimize a local vassal leader with Byzantine backing and counteract Sasanian efforts in the region. During later centuries, the presiding princes wavered in allegiance between Byzantium and the Caliphates, who competed over influence. Most often they were largely autonomous tributary vassals.<ref name=":19" /> The earliest known presiding prince was [[Mjej II Gnuni]], appointed by the Byzantines in the early 7th century.<ref name=":10" />
In the sixth century, the Byzantine Empire established the position of presiding prince of Armenia (formally "prince of the Armenians"). This office was created in an attempt to legitimize a local vassal leader with Byzantine backing and counteract Sasanian efforts in the region. During later centuries, the princes often wavered in allegiance between Byzantium and the Islamic Caliphates, who competed over influence in the region. The princes were most often autonomous tributary vassals.<ref name=":19" /> The earliest known presiding prince of Armenia is [[Mjej II Gnuni]], appointed by the Byzantines in the early seventh century.<ref name=":10" />


* [[Mjej II Gnuni]], 628–635 (for the Byzantine Empire)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Mjej II Gnuni]], 628–635 (for the Byzantine Empire)<ref name=":10" />
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* Theodore Rshtuni (second time), 645–653 (for the Byzantine Empire), 653–655 (for the Rashidun Caliphate)<ref name=":10" />
* Theodore Rshtuni (second time), 645–653 (for the Byzantine Empire), 653–655 (for the Rashidun Caliphate)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Mushegh IV Mamikonian]], 654 (for the Byzantine Empire)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Mushegh IV Mamikonian]], 654 (for the Byzantine Empire)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Hamazasp Mamikonian]], 655–657 (for the Rashidun Caliphate), 657–658 (for the Byzantine Empire)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Hamazasp IV Mamikonian|Hamazasp Mamikonian]], 655–657 (for the Rashidun Caliphate), 657–658 (for the Byzantine Empire)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Grigor I Mamikonian]], 662–684/685 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Grigor I Mamikonian]], 662–684/685 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Ashot II Bagratuni (prince)|Ashot II Bagratuni]], 686–689/690 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Ashot II Bagratuni]], 686–689/690 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Nerseh Kamsarakan]], 689/690–691 (for the Byzantine Empire)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Nerses Kamsarakan|Nerseh Kamsarakan]], 689/690–691 (for the Byzantine Empire)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Smbat VI Bagratuni]], 691–697; 700–711 (for the Byzantine Empire), 697–700 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Smbat VI Bagratuni]], 691–697; 700–711 (for the Byzantine Empire), 697–700 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Ashot III Bagratuni]] "the Blind", 732–748 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)<ref name=":10" />
* [[Ashot III Bagratuni]] "the Blind", 732–748 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)<ref name=":10" />
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{{See also|Bagratuni dynasty|Bagratid Armenia}}
{{See also|Bagratuni dynasty|Bagratid Armenia}}
[[File:Ijevan Ashot Yerkat statue (cropped).jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Ashot II of Armenia|Ashot II]] ({{Reign|914|928}})]]
[[File:Ijevan Ashot Yerkat statue (cropped).jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Ashot II of Armenia|Ashot II]] ({{Reign|914|928}})]]
After more than four centuries of dormancy, the Armenian kingdom was restored under the [[Bagratuni dynasty]], which had already produced several vassal princes during the previous centuries. The Bagratuni princes were during their efforts to gain power of the other Armenian noble families supported by the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliphs, who feared Byzantine influence in the region. In 884, the Bagratuni prince Ashot V was crowned king (as Ashot I) by his peers. His new position was recognised by both the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate; both Emperor [[Basil I]] and Caliph [[Al-Mu'tamid]] sent him a royal crown.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Chahin |first=Mack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVD8AQAAQBAJ |title=The Kingdom of Armenia: New Edition |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-85243-5 |pages=228, 230, 232 |language=en}}</ref>
After more than four centuries of dormancy, the Armenian kingdom was restored under the [[Bagratuni dynasty]], from which several presiding princes had hailed. The [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliphs were prominent supporters of the Bagratuni princes gaining power over other Armenian nobles due to fears of Byzantine influence in the region. In 884, Prince Ashot V Bagratuni was crowned king (as Ashot I) by his peers. Ashot's new position was recognised by both the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate; Emperor [[Basil I]] and Caliph [[Al-Mu'tamid]] each sent him a royal crown.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Chahin |first=Mack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVD8AQAAQBAJ |title=The Kingdom of Armenia: New Edition |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-85243-5 |pages=228, 230, 232 |language=en}}</ref>


* '''[[Ashot I of Armenia|Ashot I]]''' "the Great", 884–890,<ref name=":0" /> previously prince
* '''[[Ashot I of Armenia|Ashot I]]''' "the Great", 884–890,<ref name=":0" /> previously prince
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* '''[[Smbat II of Armenia|Smbat II]]''' "the Conqueror", 977–989,<ref name=":0" /> son of Ashot III
* '''[[Smbat II of Armenia|Smbat II]]''' "the Conqueror", 977–989,<ref name=":0" /> son of Ashot III
* '''[[Gagik I of Armenia|Gagik I]]''', 989–1017/1020,<ref name=":0" /> son of Ashot III
* '''[[Gagik I of Armenia|Gagik I]]''', 989–1017/1020,<ref name=":0" /> son of Ashot III
* '''[[Hovhannes-Smbat III of Armenia|Hovhannes-Smbat III]]''', 1017/1020–1040/1041 (in [[Ani]]),<ref name=":0" /> son of Gagik I
* [[Hovhannes-Smbat III of Armenia|Hovhannes-'''Smbat III''']], 1017/1020–1040/1041 (in [[Ani]]),<ref name=":0" /> son of Gagik I
* '''[[Ashot IV of Armenia|Ashot IV]]''' "the Valiant", 1017/1020–1040/1041 (in [[Talin, Armenia|Talin]]),<ref name=":0" /> son of Gagik I
* '''[[Ashot IV of Armenia|Ashot IV]]''' "the Valiant", 1017/1020–1040/1041 (in [[Talin, Armenia|Talin]]),<ref name=":0" /> son of Gagik I
* '''[[Gagik II of Armenia|Gagik II]]''', 1042–1045,<ref name=":0" /> son of Ashot IV
* '''[[Gagik II of Armenia|Gagik II]]''', 1042–1045,<ref name=":0" /> son of Ashot IV
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=== Lesser medieval Armenian kingdoms ===
=== Lesser medieval Armenian kingdoms ===


==== Artsruni dynasty of Vaspurakan (908–1021) ====
==== Vaspurakan, Artsruni dynasty (908–1021) ====
{{See also|Artsruni dynasty|Kingdom of Vaspurakan}}
{{See also|Artsruni dynasty|Kingdom of Vaspurakan}}
The Artsruni family were princes ruling in Vaspurakan under the Bagratids. They revolted against the Bagratuni dynasty after King Smbat I ceded some of their land to the nearby princes of [[Syunik (historical province)|Syunik]] and Vaspurakan became a separate kingdom under the Artsruni dynasty shortly thereafter in 908, after prince Gagik Artsruni was recognised as a king by Abbasid caliph.<ref name=":8" />
The Artsruni family ruled in Vaspurakan as princes under the Bagratuni kings. The Artsruni family revolted after King Smbat ceded some of the Artsruni lands to the nearby princes of [[Syunik (historical province)|Syunik]]. Shortly thereafter, in 908, Vaspurakan became a separate kingdom with Gagik Artsruni's recognition as a king by Abbasid caliph.<ref name=":8" />


* [[Gagik I Artsruni|'''Gagik''' Artsruni]], 908<ref name=":8" />–937/943<ref name=":0" />
* [[Gagik I Artsruni|'''Gagik''' Artsruni]], 908<ref name=":8" />–937/943<ref name=":0" />
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Senekerim-Hovhannes, the last king of Vaspurakan, surrendered his crown to the Byzantine Empire in 1021 under pressure from incursions by the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turks]] and resettled with his family in [[Cappadocia]].<ref name=":7" />
Senekerim-Hovhannes, the last king of Vaspurakan, surrendered his crown to the Byzantine Empire in 1021 under pressure from incursions by the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turks]] and resettled with his family in [[Cappadocia]].<ref name=":7" />


==== Bagratuni dynasty of Vanand (961–1065) ====
==== Vanand, Bagratuni dynasty (961–1065) ====
{{See also|Kingdom of Vanand}}The Kingdom of Vanand was created as a vassal state by the Bagratids in 961, ruled by members of their dynasty.<ref name="SAE2">{{cite book |last1=Arakelyan |first1=Babken |title=[[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]] Volume 5 |last2=Vardanyan |first2=Vrezh |last3=Khalpakhchyan |first3=Hovhannes |publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia |year=1979 |location=Yerevan |pages=342–344 |language=hy |contribution=Կարս [Kars] |authorlink1=Babken Arakelyan}}</ref>
{{See also|Kingdom of Vanand}}The Kingdom of Vanand was created as a vassal state by the Bagratuni kings in 961, ruled by members of their own dynasty.<ref name="SAE2">{{cite book |last1=Arakelyan |first1=Babken |title=[[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]] Volume 5 |last2=Vardanyan |first2=Vrezh |last3=Khalpakhchyan |first3=Hovhannes |publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia |year=1979 |location=Yerevan |pages=342–344 |language=hy |contribution=Կարս [Kars] |authorlink1=Babken Arakelyan}}</ref>


* '''[[Mushegh of Kars|Mushegh]]''', 961/962–984,<ref name=":0" /> son of Abas I of Armenia<ref name=":10" />
* '''[[Mushegh of Kars|Mushegh]]''', 961/962–984,<ref name=":0" /> son of Abas I of Armenia<ref name=":10" />
* '''[[Abas I of Kars|Abas I]]''', 984–1029,<ref name=":0" /> son of Mushegh<ref name=":10" />
* '''[[Abas I of Kars|Abas I]]''', 984–1029,<ref name=":0" /> son of Mushegh<ref name=":10" />
* '''[[Gagik-Abas II of Kars|Gagik-Abas II]]''', 1029–1065,<ref name=":0" /> son of Abas I;<ref name=":10" /> claimed the position of king of all Armenia following the collapse of the main Bagratid kingdom in 1045.<ref name="SAE2" />
* [[Gagik-Abas II of Kars|Gagik-'''Abas II''']], 1029–1065,<ref name=":0" /> son of Abas I;<ref name=":10" /> claimed the position of king of all Armenia after the collapse of the main Bagratid kingdom in 1045.<ref name="SAE2" />


Vanand was ceded to the Byzantine Empire by Gagik-Abas II<ref name="SAE2" /> in 1065.<ref name=":7" /><ref name="SAE2" />
Vanand was ceded to the Byzantine Empire by Gagik-Abas II<ref name="SAE2" /> in 1065.<ref name=":7" /><ref name="SAE2" />


==== Kiurikian dynasty of Tashir-Dzoraget (982–c. 1145) ====
==== Tashir-Dzoraget, Kiurikian dynasty (982–c. 1145) ====
{{See also|Kiurikian dynasty|Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget}}
{{See also|Kiurikian dynasty|Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget}}
[[File:Haghpat monastery bas relief.jpg|thumb|[[Kiurike I]] of [[Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget|Tashir-Dzoraget]] (left, {{Reign|982|989}}) and [[Smbat II of Armenia|Smbat II]] of Armenia (right, r. 977–989)]]
[[File:Haghpat monastery bas relief.jpg|thumb|[[Kiurike I]] of [[Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget|Tashir-Dzoraget]] (left, {{Reign|982|989}}) and [[Smbat II of Armenia|Smbat II]] of Armenia (right, r. 977–989)]]
The Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget was a vassal kingdom founded in 982 by Kiuriki I, youngest son of Ashot III of Armenia, and thereafter ruled by his descendants. It was for most of its history ruled from the fortress of [[Lori Fortress|Lori]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Akopyan |first1=Alexander |last2=Vardanyan |first2=Aram |date=2015 |title=A Contribution to Kiurikid Numismatics: Two Unique Coins of Gagik, King of Kakhet'i and of David II of Loři (Eleventh Century) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43859792 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |volume=175 |pages=214 |jstor=43859792 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref>
The Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget was a vassal kingdom founded in 982 by Kiuriki I, youngest son of Ashot III of Armenia, and was thereafter ruled by his descendants. It was for most of its history ruled from the fortress of [[Lori Fortress|Lori]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Akopyan |first1=Alexander |last2=Vardanyan |first2=Aram |date=2015 |title=A Contribution to Kiurikid Numismatics: Two Unique Coins of Gagik, King of Kakhet'i and of David II of Loři (Eleventh Century) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43859792 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |volume=175 |pages=214 |jstor=43859792 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref>


* '''[[Kiurike I]]''', 982–989,<ref name=":10" /> son of Ashot III of Armenia<ref name=":10" />
* '''[[Kiurike I]]''', 982–989,<ref name=":10" /> son of Ashot III of Armenia<ref name=":10" />
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* '''[[David II of Lori|David II]]''' and '''[[Abas of Lori|Abas]]''', c. 1089–c. 1145,<ref name=":11" /> sons of Kiurike II<ref name=":11" />
* '''[[David II of Lori|David II]]''' and '''[[Abas of Lori|Abas]]''', c. 1089–c. 1145,<ref name=":11" /> sons of Kiurike II<ref name=":11" />


Tashir-Dzoraget was largely conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1081/1089.<ref name=":10" /> In the early 12th century, further conqueste led to David II and Abas only retaining control of the fortress of [[Macnaberd]]. The kingdom was fully conquered by around 1145, though it is possible that some members of the Kiurikian dynasty retained control of fortresses and settlements in the region thereafter.<ref name=":11" />
Tashir-Dzoraget was largely conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1081/1089.<ref name=":10" /> In the early 12th century, further conquests led to David II and Abas only retaining control of the fortress of [[Macnaberd]]. The kingdom was fully conquered by around 1145, though it is possible that some members of the Kiurikian dynasty retained control of fortresses and settlements in the region thereafter.<ref name=":11" />


==== Siunia dynasty of Syunik (970–1170) ====
==== Syunik, Siunia dynasty (970–1170) ====
{{See also|Siunia dynasty|Kingdom of Syunik}}
{{See also|Siunia dynasty|Kingdom of Syunik}}
The independent [[Kingdom of Syunik]] was established under the Siuni prince Smbat Sahak in 970.<ref name=":7" />
The independent [[Kingdom of Syunik]] was established under the Siuni prince Smbat Sahak in 970.<ref name=":7" />
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=== Ahlat ''Shah-i Armen''s (1100–1185) ===
=== Ahlat ''Shah-i Armen''s (1100–1185) ===
{{See also|Shah-Armens}}
{{See also|Shah-Armens}}
In the decades following the [[Battle of Manzikert]] (1071), one of the [[Turkmens|Turkmen]]<ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=A. C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dp-LDwAAQBAJ |title=The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East |last2=Yildiz |first2=Sara Nur |last3=Yildiz |first3=Dr Sara Nur |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85773-346-7 |language=en |chapter=The World of Tutbeg b. Bahram al-Khilati}}</ref> vassal dynasties of the Seljuk Turks gained control of the city of [[Ahlat]] in the former Armenian heartland. These Muslim [[Emir|''emirs'']] took the title ''Shah-i Armen'' ("King of the Armenians");<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eastmond |first=Antony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANAoDwAAQBAJ |title=Tamta's World |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-16756-8 |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Payaslian |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMIWDAAAQBAJ |title=The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-60858-0 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> the same title the Caliphates had previously used for the Bagratuni kings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lynch |first=H. F. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yHP1DwAAQBAJ |title=Armenia, Travels and Studies Vol 1: Volume 1 |date=2020 |isbn=978-3-7524-1017-4 |pages=330 |language=en}}</ref>
In the decades following the [[Battle of Manzikert]] (1071), one of the [[Turkmens|Turkmen]]<ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=A. C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dp-LDwAAQBAJ |title=The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East |last2=Yildiz |first2=Sara Nur |last3=Yildiz |first3=Dr Sara Nur |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85773-346-7 |language=en |chapter=The World of Tutbeg b. Bahram al-Khilati}}</ref> vassal dynasties of the Seljuk Turks gained control of [[Ahlat]], in the former Armenian heartland. These Muslim [[Emir|''emirs'']] took the title ''Shah-i Armen'' ("King of the Armenians");<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eastmond |first=Antony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANAoDwAAQBAJ |title=Tamta's World |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-16756-8 |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Payaslian |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMIWDAAAQBAJ |title=The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-60858-0 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> the same title Islamic sources had previously used for the Bagratuni kings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lynch |first=H. F. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yHP1DwAAQBAJ |title=Armenia, Travels and Studies Vol 1: Volume 1 |date=2020 |isbn=978-3-7524-1017-4 |pages=330 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |language=en}}</ref>


* '''[[Sökmen I]]''', 1100–1111<ref name=":20" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Güzel |first1=Hasan Celâl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmFtAAAAMAAJ |title=The Turks: Middle ages |last2=Oğuz |first2=Cem |last3=Karatay |first3=Osman |date=2002 |publisher=Yeni Türkiye |isbn=978-975-6782-57-6 |pages=496 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[Sökmen I]]''', 1100–1111<ref name=":20" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Güzel |first1=Hasan Celâl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmFtAAAAMAAJ |title=The Turks: Middle ages |last2=Oğuz |first2=Cem |last3=Karatay |first3=Osman |date=2002 |publisher=Yeni Türkiye |isbn=978-975-6782-57-6 |pages=496 |language=en}}</ref>
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* '''[[Sökmen II]]''', 1128–1185<ref name=":20" />
* '''[[Sökmen II]]''', 1128–1185<ref name=":20" />


Sökmen II left no heirs and his death in 1185 terminated the ''Shah-i Armen'' dynastic line. Ahlat was thereafter ruled by a series of slave ''emirs'';''<ref name=":20" />'' [[Seyfeddin Bektimur]] 1185–1193, [[Bedreddin Aksungur]] 1193–1198, [[Sücaeddin Kutlug]] 1198, [[Melukülmansur Muhammed]] 1198–1207, and [[Izzeddin Balaban]] 1207.<ref name=":22" /> The city's period of relative autonomy came to an end when it was captured by the [[Ayyubid Sultanate]] in 1207.<ref name=":20" />
Sökmen II left no heirs, his death in 1185 terminating the ''Shah-i Armen'' dynastic line. Ahlat was thereafter ruled by a series of slave ''emirs'';''<ref name=":20" />'' [[Seyfeddin Bektimur]] 1185–1193, [[Bedreddin Aksungur]] 1193–1198, [[Sücaeddin Kutlug]] 1198, [[Melukülmansur Muhammed]] 1198–1207, and [[Izzeddin Balaban]] 1207.<ref name=":22" /> The city's period of relative autonomy came to an end when it was captured by the [[Ayyubid Sultanate]] in 1207.<ref name=":20" />


=== Qara Qoyunlu (1420–1437) ===
=== Qara Qoyunlu (1420–1437) ===
{{See also|Qara Qoyunlu}}
{{See also|Qara Qoyunlu}}
The title ''Shah-i Armen'' was temporarily revived in the 15th century under the rule of the Turkmen [[Qara Qoyunlu]],<ref name=":21" /> being used by Sultan [[Iskandar (Qara Qoyunlu)|Qara Iskander]] as part of his policy to cultivate the Armenian population, particularly the clergy and local nobility.<ref name=":27">Dickran Kouymjian, "Armenia from the Fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the Forced Emigration under Shah Abbas (1604)," ''The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times'', Richard Hovannisian, editor (New York: St. Martin Press, 1997), vol. 2, p. 5</ref>
The title ''Shah-i Armen'' was temporarily revived in the 15th century under the rule of the Turkmen [[Qara Qoyunlu]],<ref name=":21" /> being used by Sultan [[Iskandar (Qara Qoyunlu)|Qara Iskander]] as part of his policy to cultivate the Armenian population.<ref name=":27">Dickran Kouymjian, "Armenia from the Fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the Forced Emigration under Shah Abbas (1604)," ''The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times'', Richard Hovannisian, editor (New York: St. Martin Press, 1997), vol. 2, p. 5</ref>


* '''[[Iskandar (Qara Qoyunlu)|Qara Iskander]]''', 1420–1437<ref name=":27" />
* '''[[Iskandar (Qara Qoyunlu)|Qara Iskander]]''', 1420–1437<ref name=":27" />
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== Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1080–1375) ==
== Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1080–1375) ==
{{See also|Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia}}{{For|the rulers of Georgia, who sometimes controlled large amounts of Armenian land in 1118–1476 and were related to the Bagratuni dynasty|List of monarchs of Georgia#Georgia under Bagrationi dynasty}}
{{See also|Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia}}{{For|the rulers of Georgia, who sometimes controlled large amounts of Armenian land in 1118–1476 and were related to the Bagratuni dynasty|List of monarchs of Georgia#Georgia under Bagrationi dynasty}}
The [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] was a state formed in the [[Middle Ages]] by Armenian refugees who fled the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]] invasion of their homeland.<ref name="SAE">{{in lang|hy}} Poghosyan, S.; Katvalyan, M.; Grigoryan, G. et al. ''Cilician Armenia'' (Կիլիկյան Հայաստան). [[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]]. vol. v. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1979, pp. 406–428</ref> It was initially ruled by the [[Rubenids]], an offshoot of the Bagratuni dynasty. While the Rubenid rulers were initially regional princes, their close ties with the Western world after the [[First Crusade]] saw the principality recognised as a kingdom under [[Leo I, Prince of Armenia|Leo I]] by the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1198.<ref name="Badmoutioun Hayots, Volume II">{{cite book | last = Kurdoghlian | first = Mihran | title = Badmoutioun Hayots, Volume II | publisher = Hradaragoutioun Azkayin Oussoumnagan Khorhourti |year= 1996 | location = Athens, Greece | pages =29–56|language=hy}}</ref> The rulers of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilia thereafter styled themselves simply as "King of Armenia".<ref name=":10" />
The [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] was a state formed in the [[Middle Ages]] by Armenians who fled the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]] invasion of their homeland.<ref name="SAE">{{in lang|hy}} Poghosyan, S.; Katvalyan, M.; Grigoryan, G. et al. ''Cilician Armenia'' (Կիլիկյան Հայաստան). [[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]]. vol. v. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1979, pp. 406–428</ref> It was initially ruled by the [[Rubenids]], an offshoot of the Bagratuni dynasty. While the Rubenid rulers were initially regional princes, their close ties with the Western world after the [[First Crusade]] saw the principality recognised as a kingdom under [[Leo I, Prince of Armenia|Leo I]] by the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1198.<ref name="Badmoutioun Hayots, Volume II">{{cite book | last = Kurdoghlian | first = Mihran | title = Badmoutioun Hayots, Volume II | publisher = Hradaragoutioun Azkayin Oussoumnagan Khorhourti |year= 1996 | location = Athens, Greece | pages =29–56|language=hy}}</ref> The rulers of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilia thereafter styled themselves simply as "King of Armenia".<ref name=":10" />


=== Rubenid dynasty (1080–1252) ===
=== Rubenid dynasty (1080–1252) ===
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{{See also|Hethumids}}
{{See also|Hethumids}}
[[File:Hetoum and Zabel.jpeg|thumb|Coin depicting [[Isabella, Queen of Armenia|Isabella]] ({{Reign|1219|1252}}) and [[Hethum I of Armenia|Hethum I]] (r. 1226–1269)]]
[[File:Hetoum and Zabel.jpeg|thumb|Coin depicting [[Isabella, Queen of Armenia|Isabella]] ({{Reign|1219|1252}}) and [[Hethum I of Armenia|Hethum I]] (r. 1226–1269)]]
The Hethumid dynasty gained power through marriage with Isabella of the Rubenid dynasty. Upon her death, her husband [[Hethum I, King of Armenia|Hethum I]] became sole ruler and was followed as king by their descendants.
The Hethumid dynasty gained power through marriage with Isabella of the Rubenid dynasty. Upon her death, her husband [[Hethum I, King of Armenia|Hethum I]] became sole ruler and he was followed as king by their descendants.


* '''[[Hethum I of Armenia|Hethum I]]''', 1226–1269,<ref name=":10" /> second husband of Isabella<ref name=":10" />
* '''[[Hethum I of Armenia|Hethum I]]''', 1226–1269,<ref name=":10" /> second husband of Isabella<ref name=":10" />
Line 292: Line 293:
{{See also|House of Lusignan|House of Neghir}}
{{See also|House of Lusignan|House of Neghir}}
[[File:Bust Leon V of Armenia.jpg|thumb|Bust of [[Leo V of Armenia|Leo V]], the last King of Armenia ({{Reign|1374|1375}})]]
[[File:Bust Leon V of Armenia.jpg|thumb|Bust of [[Leo V of Armenia|Leo V]], the last King of Armenia ({{Reign|1374|1375}})]]
After the death of [[Leo IV, King of Armenia|Leo IV]] in 1341 his cousin Guy de Lusignan was elected to succeed him as [[Constantine II, King of Armenia|Constantine II]], beginning the rule of the Lusignan dynasty. This dynasty ruled for just over three decades before Cilicia was captured by the [[Mamluk]]s, bringing an end to the kingdom.
After the death of [[Leo IV, King of Armenia|Leo IV]] in 1341, Leo's cousin Guy de Lusignan was elected to succeed him as [[Constantine II, King of Armenia|Constantine II]], beginning the rule of the Lusignan dynasty. This dynasty ruled for just over three decades before Cilicia was captured by the [[Mamluk]]s, bringing an end to the kingdom.


* '''[[Constantine II, King of Armenia|Constantine II]]''', 1342–1344,<ref name=":10" /> cousin<ref name=":10" /> and chosen successor<ref name=":28">{{Cite book |last1=Künker |first1=Fritz Rudolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWd0mimd-dMC |title=1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights |last2=Kirsch |first2=Arne |last3=Steinbach |first3=Sebastian |publisher=Numismatischer Verlag Künker |pages=340–341 |language=en}}</ref> of Leo IV (House of Lusignan)
* '''[[Constantine II, King of Armenia|Constantine II]]''', 1342–1344,<ref name=":10" /> cousin<ref name=":10" /> and chosen successor<ref name=":28">{{Cite book |last1=Künker |first1=Fritz Rudolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWd0mimd-dMC |title=1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights |last2=Kirsch |first2=Arne |last3=Steinbach |first3=Sebastian |publisher=Numismatischer Verlag Künker |pages=340–341 |language=en}}</ref> of Leo IV (House of Lusignan)
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=== Lusignan claimants (1375–1489) ===
=== Lusignan claimants (1375–1489) ===
The deposed Leo V continued to claim the title "King of Armenia" in exile until his death in 1393. His claims were then inherited by his distant cousin [[James I of Cyprus|James I]] (both were great-grandsons of the Cypriot king [[Hugh III of Cyprus|Hugh III]]), who ruled as King of Cyprus. From 1393 to the end of the Cypriot kingdom in 1489, the rulers of Cyprus claimed the full title "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia".<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Ghazarian |first=Jacob G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nh0DwAAQBAJ |title=The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins 1080–1393 |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=0-7007-1418-9 |location=Oxford}} Section "The seeds of Lusignan rule in Cilicia"</ref>
Leo V continued to claim the title "King of Armenia" in exile until his death in 1393. Leo's claims were then inherited by [[James I of Cyprus|James I]], his cousin (both were great-grandsons of the Cypriot king [[Hugh III of Cyprus|Hugh III]]) who ruled as King of Cyprus. From 1393 to the end of the Cypriot kingdom in 1489, the rulers of Cyprus claimed the full title "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia".<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Ghazarian |first=Jacob G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nh0DwAAQBAJ |title=The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins 1080–1393 |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=0-7007-1418-9 |location=Oxford}} Section "The seeds of Lusignan rule in Cilicia"</ref>


* Leo V, 1375–1393, former king of Armenia<ref name=":12" />
* Leo V, 1375–1393, former king of Armenia<ref name=":12" />
Line 320: Line 321:
=== Savoyard claimants (1485–1946) ===
=== Savoyard claimants (1485–1946) ===
[[File:Vitorioemanuel.jpg|thumb|The [[House of Savoy]] claimed the titular style "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia" for centuries. It was in use as late as the 20th century, for instance by [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] of Italy (pictured).<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Arielli |first=Nir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jR59DAAAQBAJ |title=Fascist Italy and the Middle East, 1933–1940 |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |year=2010 |isbn=978-1349312047 |location=London |pages=173}}</ref>]]
[[File:Vitorioemanuel.jpg|thumb|The [[House of Savoy]] claimed the titular style "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia" for centuries. It was in use as late as the 20th century, for instance by [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] of Italy (pictured).<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Arielli |first=Nir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jR59DAAAQBAJ |title=Fascist Italy and the Middle East, 1933–1940 |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |year=2010 |isbn=978-1349312047 |location=London |pages=173}}</ref>]]
Charlotte, who ruled as Queen of Cyprus 1458–1464, was deposed in 1464 but maintained claims to her dispossessed titles in exile. In 1485, Charlotte ceded her titular claims to her first cousin once removed [[Charles I, Duke of Savoy]].<ref name=":15">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=George |title=A History of Cyprus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1948 |volume=The Frankish Period, 1432–1571 |location=Cambridge |oclc=468917323}} p. 612</ref> As a consequence of Charlotte's sale, the [[House of Savoy]] is often seen as the heirs of the Lusignan kings of Cyprus and Armenian Cilicia.<ref name=":13" /> For centuries thereafter, the heads of the family maintained the style "Duke of Savoy and titular King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia".<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Mauvillon |first=Eleazar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHsVAAAAYAAJ |title=The History of Francis-Eugene, Prince of Savoy |publisher=James Hodges |year=1742 |location=London}} p. 1</ref> The title "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia" was maintained even after the Savoyard dynasts became [[kings of Italy]], for instance being used by both [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]]<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4G_Cz9TF88C |title=Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2011 |isbn=978-0141048864 |location=London}} Section "Sabaudia".</ref> and [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]].<ref name=":14" />
Charlotte, who ruled as Queen of Cyprus 1458–1464, was deposed in 1464 but maintained claims to her titles in exile. In 1485, she ceded all her titular claims to her first cousin once removed, [[Charles I, Duke of Savoy]].<ref name=":15">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=George |title=A History of Cyprus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1948 |volume=The Frankish Period, 1432–1571 |location=Cambridge |oclc=468917323}} p. 612</ref> As a consequence of Charlotte's sale, the [[House of Savoy]] is often seen as the heirs of the Lusignan kings of Cyprus and Armenian Cilicia.<ref name=":13" /> For centuries thereafter, the heads of the family maintained the style "Duke of Savoy and titular King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia".<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Mauvillon |first=Eleazar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHsVAAAAYAAJ |title=The History of Francis-Eugene, Prince of Savoy |publisher=James Hodges |year=1742 |location=London}} p. 1</ref>
The title "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia" was maintained even after the Savoyard dynasts became [[kings of Italy]], for instance being used by both [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]]<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4G_Cz9TF88C |title=Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2011 |isbn=978-0141048864 |location=London}} Section "Sabaudia".</ref> and [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]].<ref name=":14" />


* Charlotte of Cyprus, 1464–1485, former queen of Cyprus<ref name=":15" />
* Charlotte of Cyprus, 1464–1485, former queen of Cyprus<ref name=":15" />

Latest revision as of 16:13, 15 May 2024

King of Armenia
Details
First monarchHydarnes I (satrap)
Orontes II (king)
Last monarchLeo V
Formation521 BC (satrapy)
336 BC (kingdom)
Abolition1375

This is a list of the monarchs of Armenia, rulers of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia (336 BC – AD 428), the medieval Kingdom of Armenia (884–1045), various lesser Armenian kingdoms (908–1170), and finally the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1198–1375). The list also includes prominent vassal princes and lords who ruled during times without an Armenian kingdom, as well as later claimants to the position.

Ancient Armenia (521 BC – AD 428)

[edit]
For the rulers of Urartu, an Iron Age kingdom (858–585 BC) that preceded the Satrapy of Armenia, see list of kings of Urartu.
See also: Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

Early satraps (521–401 BC)

[edit]
See also: Satrapy of Armenia

Orontid dynasty (401–200 BC)

[edit]
See also: Orontid dynasty
Modern depiction of Orontes IV (r. 212–200 BC)

The Orontid dynasty lost power in 200 BC due to a revolt instigated by the Seleucid Empire. The Seleucid Empire then incorporated Armenia, which was placed under three vassal strategoi (military governors): Artaxias (Greater Armenia), Zariadres (Sophene) and Mithridates (Lesser Armenia). After a decade of vassalage, Armenian royal power was restored under Artaxias.[1]

Artaxiad dynasty (200 BC–AD 2)

[edit]
See also: Artaxiad dynasty
Coin of Tigranes II (r. 95–55 BC)

Non-dynastic rulers (2–61)

[edit]
Coin of Tigranes V (r. 6–12)

The first century AD was a time of intense conflict between the Roman and Parthian empires. In Armenia, this resulted in rapid appointments and depositions of Armenian client kings by both sides.[1]

Arsacid dynasty (61–428)

[edit]
See also: Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
Statue of Tiridates I (r. 54–58, 61/66–75/88)
Modern depiction of Tiridates III (r. 298–330)

In 384, the Sasanian Empire appointed Khosrov IV as Armenian king, in opposition to the Roman-supported Arshak III. This resulted in Armenia becoming informally divided under the two kings. In 387, the division was made formal through an agreement between the Roman emperor Theodosius I and Sasanian king Shapur III. The agreement saw Armenia be partitioned into a western (under Roman influence) and a eastern (under Sasanian influence) kingdom.[18]

Western Armenia (387–389)

[edit]
  • Arshak III, 387–c. 389,[18] former king of all of Armenia[18]

Upon the death of Arshak III in 389, Emperor Theodosius I chose to not appoint another king, ending the western kingdom.[19] Arshak's lands were instead incorporated into the Roman Empire.[5]

Eastern Armenia (384–428)

[edit]

In 428, the Sasanian king Bahram V deposed Artaxias IV, with the permission of the Armenian nobility, and annexed his lands into the Sasanian Empire.[19]

Vassal lords and princes (428–884)

[edit]

Marzbāns in Sasanian Armenia (428–646)

[edit]
See also: Sasanian Armenia
20th-century artwork of Vahan I Mamikonian, autonomous marzbān 485–505/510

The Sasanian-ruled Armenian territories were after 428 placed under the rule of an official with the title marzbān[20] (governor-general[20] or viceroy[1]). The first marzbān, appointed by Bahram V, was the military officer Veh Mihr Shapur.[1]

The list of marzbāns is not entirely contiguous. This is due to gaps in the historical record as well as there having been periods without any appointed marzbāns. It was relatively common for the office to be vacant since the Sasanian Empire periodically tried to assert more direct control.[21]

Presiding princes of Armenia (628–884)

[edit]
Modern imaginary portrait of Ashot V Bagratuni, who served as the last presiding prince of Armenia 856–884 and later reigned as King of Armenia (as Ashot I) 884–890

In the sixth century, the Byzantine Empire established the position of presiding prince of Armenia (formally "prince of the Armenians"). This office was created in an attempt to legitimize a local vassal leader with Byzantine backing and counteract Sasanian efforts in the region. During later centuries, the princes often wavered in allegiance between Byzantium and the Islamic Caliphates, who competed over influence in the region. The princes were most often autonomous tributary vassals.[21] The earliest known presiding prince of Armenia is Mjej II Gnuni, appointed by the Byzantines in the early seventh century.[22]

Restored kingdom (884–1045)

[edit]

Bagratuni dynasty (884–1045)

[edit]
See also: Bagratuni dynasty and Bagratid Armenia
Statue of Ashot II (r. 914–928)

After more than four centuries of dormancy, the Armenian kingdom was restored under the Bagratuni dynasty, from which several presiding princes had hailed. The Abbasid caliphs were prominent supporters of the Bagratuni princes gaining power over other Armenian nobles due to fears of Byzantine influence in the region. In 884, Prince Ashot V Bagratuni was crowned king (as Ashot I) by his peers. Ashot's new position was recognised by both the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate; Emperor Basil I and Caliph Al-Mu'tamid each sent him a royal crown.[23]

The Bagratid kingdom and its capital of Ani was conquered by the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos in 1045.[23]

Lesser medieval Armenian kingdoms

[edit]

Vaspurakan, Artsruni dynasty (908–1021)

[edit]
See also: Artsruni dynasty and Kingdom of Vaspurakan

The Artsruni family ruled in Vaspurakan as princes under the Bagratuni kings. The Artsruni family revolted after King Smbat ceded some of the Artsruni lands to the nearby princes of Syunik. Shortly thereafter, in 908, Vaspurakan became a separate kingdom with Gagik Artsruni's recognition as a king by Abbasid caliph.[23]

Senekerim-Hovhannes, the last king of Vaspurakan, surrendered his crown to the Byzantine Empire in 1021 under pressure from incursions by the Seljuk Turks and resettled with his family in Cappadocia.[15]

Vanand, Bagratuni dynasty (961–1065)

[edit]
See also: Kingdom of Vanand

The Kingdom of Vanand was created as a vassal state by the Bagratuni kings in 961, ruled by members of their own dynasty.[24]

Vanand was ceded to the Byzantine Empire by Gagik-Abas II[24] in 1065.[15][24]

Tashir-Dzoraget, Kiurikian dynasty (982–c. 1145)

[edit]
See also: Kiurikian dynasty and Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
Kiurike I of Tashir-Dzoraget (left, r. 982–989) and Smbat II of Armenia (right, r. 977–989)

The Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget was a vassal kingdom founded in 982 by Kiuriki I, youngest son of Ashot III of Armenia, and was thereafter ruled by his descendants. It was for most of its history ruled from the fortress of Lori.[25]

Tashir-Dzoraget was largely conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1081/1089.[22] In the early 12th century, further conquests led to David II and Abas only retaining control of the fortress of Macnaberd. The kingdom was fully conquered by around 1145, though it is possible that some members of the Kiurikian dynasty retained control of fortresses and settlements in the region thereafter.[25]

Syunik, Siunia dynasty (970–1170)

[edit]
See also: Siunia dynasty and Kingdom of Syunik

The independent Kingdom of Syunik was established under the Siuni prince Smbat Sahak in 970.[15]

The Kingdom of Syunik was conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1170.[27]

Shah-i Armens (1100–1185; 1420–1437)

[edit]
Coin of Qara Iskander, the last Shah-i Armen (r. 1420–1437)

Ahlat Shah-i Armens (1100–1185)

[edit]
See also: Shah-Armens

In the decades following the Battle of Manzikert (1071), one of the Turkmen[28] vassal dynasties of the Seljuk Turks gained control of Ahlat, in the former Armenian heartland. These Muslim emirs took the title Shah-i Armen ("King of the Armenians");[29][30] the same title Islamic sources had previously used for the Bagratuni kings.[31]

Sökmen II left no heirs, his death in 1185 terminating the Shah-i Armen dynastic line. Ahlat was thereafter ruled by a series of slave emirs;[28] Seyfeddin Bektimur 1185–1193, Bedreddin Aksungur 1193–1198, Sücaeddin Kutlug 1198, Melukülmansur Muhammed 1198–1207, and Izzeddin Balaban 1207.[33] The city's period of relative autonomy came to an end when it was captured by the Ayyubid Sultanate in 1207.[28]

Qara Qoyunlu (1420–1437)

[edit]
See also: Qara Qoyunlu

The title Shah-i Armen was temporarily revived in the 15th century under the rule of the Turkmen Qara Qoyunlu,[30] being used by Sultan Qara Iskander as part of his policy to cultivate the Armenian population.[34]

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1080–1375)

[edit]
See also: Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
For the rulers of Georgia, who sometimes controlled large amounts of Armenian land in 1118–1476 and were related to the Bagratuni dynasty, see List of monarchs of Georgia § Georgia under Bagrationi dynasty.

The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenians who fled the Seljuk invasion of their homeland.[35] It was initially ruled by the Rubenids, an offshoot of the Bagratuni dynasty. While the Rubenid rulers were initially regional princes, their close ties with the Western world after the First Crusade saw the principality recognised as a kingdom under Leo I by the Holy Roman Empire in 1198.[36] The rulers of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilia thereafter styled themselves simply as "King of Armenia".[22]

Rubenid dynasty (1080–1252)

[edit]
See also: Rubenids
19th-century depiction of Leo I (r. 1198–1219)

Hethumid dynasty (1226–1341)

[edit]
See also: Hethumids
Coin depicting Isabella (r. 1219–1252) and Hethum I (r. 1226–1269)

The Hethumid dynasty gained power through marriage with Isabella of the Rubenid dynasty. Upon her death, her husband Hethum I became sole ruler and he was followed as king by their descendants.

Lusignan and Neghir dynasties (1342–1375)

[edit]
See also: House of Lusignan and House of Neghir
Bust of Leo V, the last King of Armenia (r. 1374–1375)

After the death of Leo IV in 1341, Leo's cousin Guy de Lusignan was elected to succeed him as Constantine II, beginning the rule of the Lusignan dynasty. This dynasty ruled for just over three decades before Cilicia was captured by the Mamluks, bringing an end to the kingdom.

  • Constantine II, 1342–1344,[22] cousin[22] and chosen successor[37] of Leo IV (House of Lusignan)
  • Constantine III, 1344–1363,[22] elected by the Armenian nobility;[37] grandnephew of Hethum I (House of Neghir)
  • Leo (V) "the Usurper", 1363–1365,[37][38] unknown lineage; seized the throne and then abdicated after a reign of two years[37]
  • Constantine IV, 1365–1373,[22] cousin of Constantine III[22] (House of Neghir)
    • Peter de Lusignan, King of Cyprus, was invited to become king by some Armenian barons in 1368 but died in 1369 while making preparations to cross the sea to Cilicia with his forces[22][37]
  • Marie of Korikos, regent 1373–1374,[37] widow of Constantine III and Constantine IV; served as regent while delegations were sent to negotiate with prospective new candidates for the kingship[37]
  • Leo V (or VI), 1374–1375,[37] nephew of Constantine II[22] (House of Lusignan)

Later claimants

[edit]

Lusignan claimants (1375–1489)

[edit]

Leo V continued to claim the title "King of Armenia" in exile until his death in 1393. Leo's claims were then inherited by James I, his cousin (both were great-grandsons of the Cypriot king Hugh III) who ruled as King of Cyprus. From 1393 to the end of the Cypriot kingdom in 1489, the rulers of Cyprus claimed the full title "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia".[39]

After the fall of the Kingdom of Cyprus in 1489, Catherine Cornaro sold her claims and titles (including her claim to Armenia) to the Republic of Venice, which at times thereafter advanced a shadowy claim to Cilicia or Armenia as a whole.[40]

Savoyard claimants (1485–1946)

[edit]
The House of Savoy claimed the titular style "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia" for centuries. It was in use as late as the 20th century, for instance by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (pictured).[41]

Charlotte, who ruled as Queen of Cyprus 1458–1464, was deposed in 1464 but maintained claims to her titles in exile. In 1485, she ceded all her titular claims to her first cousin once removed, Charles I, Duke of Savoy.[42] As a consequence of Charlotte's sale, the House of Savoy is often seen as the heirs of the Lusignan kings of Cyprus and Armenian Cilicia.[40] For centuries thereafter, the heads of the family maintained the style "Duke of Savoy and titular King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia".[43]

The title "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia" was maintained even after the Savoyard dynasts became kings of Italy, for instance being used by both Victor Emmanuel II[44] and Victor Emmanuel III.[41]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn Baumer, Christoph (2021). History of the Caucasus: Volume 1: At the Crossroads of Empires. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 125, 142, 166, 190, 305, 310–311. ISBN 978-0-7556-3969-4.
  2. ^ Shahbazi, Shapur (1994). "Darius I the Great". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 7. New York: Columbia University. pp. 41–50.
  3. ^ a b c Lang, David Marshall (1980). Armenia, Cradle of Civilization. Allen & Unwin. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-04-956009-3.
  4. ^ Boyce, Mary; Grenet, F. (2015). A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule. BRILL. p. 310. ISBN 978-90-04-29391-5.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Redgate, Anne Elizabeth (2000). The Armenians. Wiley. pp. 62, 67, 77, 91–95, 133, 135, 137–138. ISBN 978-0-631-14372-7.
  6. ^ a b c d e Toumanoff, Cyrille (1963). Studies in Christian Caucasian History. Georgetown University Press. pp. 279–282.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Wijlick, Hendrikus A. M. van (2020). Rome and the Near Eastern Kingdoms and Principalities, 44-31 BC: A Study of Political Relations during Civil War. BRILL. p. 242. ISBN 978-90-04-44176-7.
  8. ^ a b c Spier, Jeffrey; Potts, Timothy; Cole, Sara E. (2022). Persia: Ancient Iran and the Classical World. Getty Publications. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-60606-680-5.
  9. ^ Wijlick, Hendrikus A. M. van (2020). Rome and the Near Eastern Kingdoms and Principalities, 44-31 BC: A Study of Political Relations during Civil War. BRILL. p. 138. ISBN 978-90-04-44176-7.
  10. ^ Brijder, Herman (2014). Nemrud Dagi: Recent Archaeological Research and Preservation and Restoration Activities in the Tomb Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-61451-622-4.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Marek, Christian (2021). In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press. p. 571. ISBN 978-0-691-23365-9.
  12. ^ Vardanankʻ ew Vahaneankʻ (in Armenian). Diocese of the Armenian Church of America. 1984. p. 16.
  13. ^ a b Potts, Daniel T. (1988). Araby the Blest: Studies in Arabian Archaeology. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-87-7289-051-7.
  14. ^ a b c Russell, James R. (1987). Zoroastrianism in Armenia. Harvard University, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-0-674-96850-9.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 174–176, xxxvii–xxxviii. ISBN 978-0-8108-7450-3.
  16. ^ Spuler, Bertold (1977). Rulers and Governments of the World. Bowker. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-85935-021-1.
  17. ^ "ARMENIA AND IRAN ii. The pre-Islamic period – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved Sep 4, 2019.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Zakaria (2004). The Chronicle of Deacon Zakʻaria of Kʻanakʻer. Mazda Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-56859-121-6.
  19. ^ a b Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the oral tradition to the Golden Age. Wayne State University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8143-2815-6.
  20. ^ a b Bauer-Manndorff, Elisabeth (1981). Armenia, Past and Present. Armenian Prelacy. p. 85.
  21. ^ a b Vacca, Alison (2017). Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-107-18851-8.
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