List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points
This is a list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points. Since 1977, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (abbreviated GSSPs) are internationally agreed upon reference points on stratigraphic sections of rock which define the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale. They are selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy based on multiple factors, but their accessibility and the degree to which they are representative of the same boundary on sections worldwide are among the most important.
Since GSSPs require well-preserved sections of rock without interruptions in sedimentation, and since most are defined by different stages of animal life, defining them becomes progressively more difficult as one goes farther back in time.
Organization of this list
This list is divided first into the geologic eras of the Phanerozoic (the Cenozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Paleozoic) and then into the geologic periods of each era. Each period is marked below the era bar on top of its subdivided epochs and stages. Each stage is assigned an age in mya, an acronym for million years ago, which is the age at which it began. Most of these ages are derived from astronomical cycles in sediments, magnetic data, biostratigraphic data, and radiometric dating methods. The GSSP assigned to each stage is that stage's lower boundary and oldest point.
Ages are given in "million year ago" (mya). They are obtained with different radiometric dating methods depending on the type of rock and its age. Ages that have a tilde (~) prefix are approximate ages for GSSPs that have not been defined or not been accurately dated.
The Status column has a "golden spike" for every GSSP which has been formally agreed by the ICS. Those without have only candidate sections which have not yet been formally ratified. The clock stands for times that are currently defined only by an age.
The "Defining markers" column lists the evidence in the rock used to define the boundary. (Ideally, these are applicable in rock sections worldwide.) Most of the boundaries rely on the fossil record (biologic), paleomagnetic data (magnetic), and/or climate data determined by carbon and oxygen isotopes.
List
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holocene | |||||||
Meghalayan | 0.0042 | Mawmluh Cave, Meghalaya, India |
|
25°15′44″N 91°42′54″E / 25.2622°N 91.7150°E | [1][2] | ||
Northgrippian | 0.0082 | NGRIP1 ice core, |
|
75°06′00″N 42°19′12″W / 75.1000°N 42.3200°W | [1] | ||
Greenlandian | 0.0117 | NGRIP2 ice core, |
|
75°06′00″N 42°19′12″W / 75.1000°N 42.3200°W | [1][3] | ||
Pleistocene | |||||||
Upper/Late | 0.129 | - |
|
- | - | ||
Chibanian | 0.774 | Chiba, Japan |
|
35°17′39″N 140°08′47″E / 35.2943°N 140.1465°E | [4] | ||
Calabrian | 1.8 | Vrica Section,
Calabria, Italy |
|
39°02′19″N 17°08′05″E / 39.0385°N 17.1348°E | [5] | ||
Gelasian | 2.58 | Monte San Nicola Section, |
|
37°08′47″N 14°12′16″E / 37.146468°N 14.204562°E | [6] |
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pliocene | |||||||
Piacenzian | 3.6 | Punta Piccola Section,
Porto Empedocle, Sicily, Italy |
|
37°17′22″N 13°29′29″E / 37.289386°N 13.491443°E | [7] | ||
Zanclean | 5.333 | Heraclea Minoa section
Heraclea Minoa, Cattolica Eraclea, Sicily, Italy |
|
37°23′33″N 13°16′52″E / 37.392435°N 13.281052°E | [8] | ||
Miocene | |||||||
Messinian | 7.246 | Oued Akrech section, |
|
33°55′30″N 6°48′33″W / 33.925050°N 6.809047°W | [9] | ||
Tortonian | 11.63 | Monte dei Corvi Beach section,
Ancona, Italy |
|
43°35′14″N 13°33′58″E / 43.587242°N 13.566148°E | [10] | ||
Serravallian | 13.82 | Ras il Pellegrin section, |
|
35°54′50″N 14°20′10″E / 35.9139°N 14.3361°E | [11] | ||
Langhian | 15.98 | At 17.84 m in the 'Lower La Vedova Beach' section, Ancona, Italy |
|
43°35′31″N 13°33′44″E / 43.5919°N 13.5623°E | [4] | ||
Burdigalian | 20.44 | Candidate sections:
|
|
- | [4] | ||
Aquitanian | 23.03 | Lemme-Carrosio Section,
Carrosio, Italy |
|
44°39′36″N 8°50′21″E / 44.6601°N 8.83928°E | [12] |
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oligocene | |||||||
Chattian | 27.82 | Monte Cagnero, Central Apennines, Italy | Biological: last occurrence of the planktonic foraminifer Chiloguembelina (Base of Foram Zone P21b) | 43°38′48″N 12°28′04″E / 43.646748°N 12.467771°E | [13] | ||
Rupelian | 33.9 | Massignano quarry section,
Massignano, Ancona, Italy |
|
43°32′10″N 13°35′33″E / 43.536038°N 13.592499°E | [14] | ||
Eocene | |||||||
Priabonian | 37.71 | Alano section,
Piave river, Venetian Prealps, Belluno, Italy |
|
45°54′51″N 11°55′05″E / 45.9141°N 11.9180°E | [15] | ||
Bartonian | 41.2 | Contessa highway section
Gubbio, Central Apennines, Italy |
|
43°22′47″N 12°33′44″E / 43.37972°N 12.56219°E | - | ||
Lutetian | 47.8 | Gorrondatxe sea-cliff section,
Western Pyrenees, Basque Country, Spain |
|
43°22′47″N 3°00′51″W / 43.3796°N 3.0143°W | [16] | ||
Ypresian | 56 | Dababiya section, |
|
25°30′00″N 32°31′52″E / 25.5000°N 32.5311°E | [17][18] | ||
Paleocene | |||||||
Thanetian | 59.2 | Zumaia Section,
Basque Country, Spain |
|
43°17′59″N 2°15′39″W / 43.2996°N 2.2609°W | [19] | ||
Selandian | 61.6 | Zumaia Section,
Basque Country, Spain |
|
43°17′57″N 2°15′40″W / 43.2992°N 2.2610°W | [19] | ||
Danian | 66 | El Kef Section, |
|
36°09′13″N 8°38′55″E / 36.1537°N 8.6486°E | [20] |
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper | |||||||
Rhaetian | ~208.5 | Candidate sections:
|
|
- | - | ||
Norian | ~227 | Candidate sections: |
|
- | - | ||
Carnian | ~237 | Prati di Stuores, Dolomites, Italy |
|
46°31′37″N 11°55′49″E / 46.5269°N 11.9303°E | [39] | ||
Middle | |||||||
Ladinian | ~242 | Bagolino, Lombardian pre-Alps, Italy |
|
45°49′06″N 10°28′13″E / 45.818380°N 10.470270°E | [40] | ||
Anisian | 247.2 | Candidate sections:
|
|
45°04′27″N 28°48′08″E / 45.0742°N 28.8022°E | |||
Lower | |||||||
Olenekian | 251.2 | Candidate sections:
|
|
31°57′55″N 78°01′29″E / 31.9654°N 78.0246°E | |||
Induan | 251.9 | Meishan, Zhejiang, China |
|
31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E |
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pennsylvanian | |||||||
Gzhelian | 303.7 | Candidate sections:
|
|
- | [4] | ||
Kasimovian | 307 | Candidate sections:
|
|
- | [4] | ||
Moscovian | 315.2 | Candidate sections:
|
|
- | [4] | ||
Bashkirian | 323.2 | Arrow Canyon, Nevada, United States |
|
36°44′00″N 114°46′40″W / 36.7333°N 114.7778°W | [46] | ||
Mississippian | |||||||
Serpukhovian | 330.9 | Candidate sections: |
|
- | [4] | ||
Visean | 346.7 | Pengchong Section,
Guangxi, China |
|
24°26′00″N 109°27′00″E / 24.4333°N 109.4500°E | [4] | ||
Tournaisian | 358.9 | La Serre, Montagne Noire, France |
|
43°33′20″N 3°21′31″E / 43.55554°N 3.35868°E | [47] |
Epoch | Stage | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper | |||||||
Hirnantian | 445.2 | Wangjiawan section
Wangjiawan, Yichang, China |
|
30°59′03″N 111°25′11″E / 30.9841°N 111.4197°E | [59] | ||
Katian | 453 | Black Knob Ridge section,
Oklahoma, United States |
|
34°25′50″N 96°04′29″W / 34.4305°N 96.0746°W | [60] | ||
Sandbian | 458.4 | Fågelsång section
Sularp Brook, Skåne, Sweden |
|
55°42′49″N 13°19′32″E / 55.7137°N 13.3255°E | [61] | ||
Middle | |||||||
Darriwilian | 467.3 | Huangnitang Section |
|
28°51′14″N 118°29′23″E / 28.8539°N 118.4897°E | [62] | ||
Dapingian | 470 | Huanghuachang section
Huanghuachang, Yichang, China |
|
30°51′38″N 111°22′26″E / 30.8605°N 111.3740°E | [63][64] | ||
Lower | |||||||
Floian | 477.7 | Diabasbrottet quarry,
Västergötland, Sweden |
|
58°21′32″N 12°30′09″E / 58.3589°N 12.5024°E | [65] | ||
Tremadocian | 485.4 | Greenpoint section
Green Point, Newfoundland, Canada |
|
49°40′58″N 57°57′55″W / 49.6829°N 57.9653°W | [66] |
Era | Period | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neoproterozoic | |||||||
Ediacaran | ~635 | Enorama Creek section |
|
31°19′53″S 138°38′00″E / 31.3314°S 138.6334°E | [78] | ||
Cryogenian | ~720 | Defined chronometrically with an interim calibrated age of ca. 720 Ma. GSSP is in progress. |
|
- | [79] | ||
Tonian | 1000 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Mesoproterozoic | |||||||
Stenian | 1200 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Ectasian | 1400 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Calymmian | 1600 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Paleoproterozoic | |||||||
Statherian | 1800 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Orosirian | 2050 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Rhyacian | 2300 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] | ||
Siderian | 2500 | Defined chronometrically | - | - | [80] |
Eon | Era | Age (mya) | Status | GSSP/GSSA location | Defining markers | Geographic Coordinates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Archean | |||||||
Neoarchean | 2800 | - | Defined chronometrically | - | - | ||
Mesoarchean | 3200 | - | Defined chronometrically | - | - | ||
Paleoarchean | 3600 | - | Defined chronometrically | - | - | ||
Eoarchean | 4031 | Along the Acasta River, Northwest Territories, Canada | Defined chronometrically
Ten oldest U-Pb zircon ages |
65°10′26″N 115°33′14″W / 65.1738°N 115.5538°W | [4] | ||
Hadean | - | 4567.3 | - | Defined chronometrically | - | [4] |
See also
- Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
- International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)
- Geologic Time Scale
- History of the Earth
- Geological history of Earth
References
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