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The list of climate change controversies (or list of global warming controversies) concerns past or present public debates over certain aspects of climate change: whether it is occurring (climate change deniers dispute this), how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it, what its effects will be, whether action should be taken to curb it now or later, and so forth. In the scientific literature, there is a very strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.^[1]

The controversies are, by now, mostly political rather than scientific: there is a scientific consensus that global warming is happening and is caused by human activity.^[2] Public debates that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity). Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States and Australia than globally.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Debates around details in the science

There have been many debates around the details of climate change science. Climate change deniers and "skeptics" tend to cherry-pick data or studies, and then trump up any scientific discussions or apparent discrepancies that match with their agenda.^{[citation needed]} Many of those apparent discrepancies have been reconciled in the meantime, climate models have become more accurate, the scientific consensus on climate change has strengthened and so forth. For example, climatologist Kevin E. Trenberth has published widely on the topic of climate variability and has exposed flaws in the publications of other scientists.^[6]^[7]^[8]

For past debates and controversies on scientific details see for example:

History of climate change science#Discredited theories and reconciled apparent discrepancies
Climate change denial#Discussing specific aspects of climate change science
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change#Challenges and controversies (the IPCC assessment reports, like the most recent IPCC Sixth Assessment Report summarise the state of the art of climate science at the time).

Debates over most effective response to warming

There have been debates on the best responses to slow global warming, and their timing. The debates are around the specific actions for climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation, or climate action in general. See for example:

References

^ "'Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.' IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Working Group I, Summary for Policymakers. 'The best estimate of the human-induced contribution to warming is similar to the observed warming over this period.'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
^ "Scientific consensus: Earth's climate is warming". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
^ Stoddard, Isak; Anderson, Kevin; Capstick, Stuart; Carton, Wim; Depledge, Joanna; Facer, Keri; Gough, Clair; Hache, Frederic; Hoolohan, Claire; Hultman, Martin; Hällström, Niclas; Kartha, Sivan; Klinsky, Sonja; Kuchler, Magdalena; Lövbrand, Eva; Nasiritousi, Naghmeh; Newell, Peter; Peters, Glen P.; Sokona, Youba; Stirling, Andy; Stilwell, Matthew; Spash, Clive L.; Williams, Mariama; et al. (18 October 2021). "Three Decades of Climate Mitigation: Why Haven't We Bent the Global Emissions Curve?". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 46 (1): 653–689. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011104. hdl:1983/93c742bc-4895-42ac-be81-535f36c5039d. ISSN 1543-5938. S2CID 233815004. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
^ Boykoff, M.; Boykoff, J. (July 2004). "Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press" (PDF). Global Environmental Change Part A. 14 (2): 125–136. Bibcode:2004GEC....14..125B. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2015.
^ Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik (2010). Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (first ed.). Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-59691-610-4.
^ Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John T.; Abraham, John P. (2011). "Issues in Establishing Climate Sensitivity in Recent Studies". Remote Sensing. 3 (9): 2051–2056. Bibcode:2011RemS....3.2051T. doi:10.3390/rs3092051. ISSN 2072-4292.
^ Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John T.; O'Dell, Chris; Wong, Takmeng (2010). "Relationships between tropical sea surface temperature and top-of-atmosphere radiation". Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (3). Bibcode:2010GeoRL..37.3702T. doi:10.1029/2009GL042314. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 6402800.
^ Foster, G.; Annan, J. D.; Jones, P. D.; Mann, M. E.; Mullan, B.; Renwick, J.; Salinger, J.; Schmidt, G. A.; Trenberth, K. E. (2010). "Comment on "Influence of the Southern Oscillation on tropospheric temperature" by J. D. McLean, C. R. de Freitas, and R. M. Carter". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 115 (D9). Bibcode:2010JGRD..115.9110F. doi:10.1029/2009JD012960. ISSN 0148-0227.

[1] "'Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.' IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Working Group I, Summary for Policymakers. 'The best estimate of the human-induced contribution to warming is similar to the observed warming over this period.'" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.

[2] "Scientific consensus: Earth's climate is warming". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Retrieved 16 September 2018.

[Stoddard-3] Stoddard, Isak; Anderson, Kevin; Capstick, Stuart; Carton, Wim; Depledge, Joanna; Facer, Keri; Gough, Clair; Hache, Frederic; Hoolohan, Claire; Hultman, Martin; Hällström, Niclas; Kartha, Sivan; Klinsky, Sonja; Kuchler, Magdalena; Lövbrand, Eva; Nasiritousi, Naghmeh; Newell, Peter; Peters, Glen P.; Sokona, Youba; Stirling, Andy; Stilwell, Matthew; Spash, Clive L.; Williams, Mariama; et al. (18 October 2021). "Three Decades of Climate Mitigation: Why Haven't We Bent the Global Emissions Curve?". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 46 (1): 653–689. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011104. hdl:1983/93c742bc-4895-42ac-be81-535f36c5039d. ISSN 1543-5938. S2CID 233815004. Retrieved 31 August 2022.

[4] Boykoff, M.; Boykoff, J. (July 2004). "Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press" (PDF). Global Environmental Change Part A. 14 (2): 125–136. Bibcode:2004GEC....14..125B. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2015.

[merchants_doubt-5] Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik (2010). Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (first ed.). Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-59691-610-4.

[6] Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John T.; Abraham, John P. (2011). "Issues in Establishing Climate Sensitivity in Recent Studies". Remote Sensing. 3 (9): 2051–2056. Bibcode:2011RemS....3.2051T. doi:10.3390/rs3092051. ISSN 2072-4292.

[7] Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John T.; O'Dell, Chris; Wong, Takmeng (2010). "Relationships between tropical sea surface temperature and top-of-atmosphere radiation". Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (3). Bibcode:2010GeoRL..37.3702T. doi:10.1029/2009GL042314. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 6402800.

[8] Foster, G.; Annan, J. D.; Jones, P. D.; Mann, M. E.; Mullan, B.; Renwick, J.; Salinger, J.; Schmidt, G. A.; Trenberth, K. E. (2010). "Comment on "Influence of the Southern Oscillation on tropospheric temperature" by J. D. McLean, C. R. de Freitas, and R. M. Carter". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 115 (D9). Bibcode:2010JGRD..115.9110F. doi:10.1029/2009JD012960. ISSN 0148-0227.

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-{{short description|Political debate over global warming}}
+{{Short description|List of debates over global warming}}
-{{About|the public debate over scientific conclusions on climate change|scientific consensus|Scientific consensus on climate change|denial, dismissal or unwarranted doubt of the scientific consensus|Climate change denial}}
-{{merge to|Climate change denial|discuss=Talk:Climate_change_denial#Merge_global_warming_controversy_into_here?|date=November 2023}}
 {{Use American English|date=August 2021}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
-The '''global warming controversy''' (or '''climate change debates''') concerns past or present public debates over certain aspects of climate change: whether it is occurring ([[Climate change denial|climate change deniers]] dispute this), how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it ([[Attribution of recent climate change|attribution of climate change]]), what [[Effects of climate change|its effects]] will be, whether action should be taken to curb it now or later, and so forth. In the [[scientific literature]], there is a [[Scientific consensus on climate change|very strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased]] in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of [[greenhouse gas]]es.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WGIAR5_SPM_brochure_en.pdf |title='Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.' IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Working Group I, Summary for Policymakers. 'The best estimate of the human-induced contribution to warming is similar to the observed warming over this period.' |access-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022184656/https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WGIAR5_SPM_brochure_en.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2018 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
+The '''list of climate change controversies''' (or '''list of global warming controversies''') concerns past or present public debates over certain aspects of climate change: whether it is occurring ([[Climate change denial|climate change deniers]] dispute this), how much has occurred in modern times, [[Causes of climate change|what has caused it]], what [[Effects of climate change|its effects]] will be, whether action should be taken to curb it now or later, and so forth. In the [[scientific literature]], there is a [[Scientific consensus on climate change|very strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased]] in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of [[greenhouse gas]]es.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WGIAR5_SPM_brochure_en.pdf |title='Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.' IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Working Group I, Summary for Policymakers. 'The best estimate of the human-induced contribution to warming is similar to the observed warming over this period.' |access-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022184656/https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WGIAR5_SPM_brochure_en.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2018 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
-The controversy is, by now, mostly political rather than scientific: there is a scientific consensus that global warming is happening and is caused by human activity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/ |title=Scientific consensus: Earth's climate is warming |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet |access-date=16 September 2018}}</ref> Public debates that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ([[climate sensitivity]]). Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the [[Media coverage of climate change|media]] than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and such disputes are more prevalent in the [[Climate change in the United States|United States]] and [[Climate change in Australia|Australia]] than [[Climate change opinion by country|globally]].<ref name="Stoddard">{{cite journal |last1=Stoddard |first1=Isak |last2=Anderson |first2=Kevin |last3=Capstick |first3=Stuart |last4=Carton |first4=Wim |last5=Depledge |first5=Joanna |last6=Facer |first6=Keri |last7=Gough |first7=Clair |last8=Hache |first8=Frederic |last9=Hoolohan |first9=Claire |last10=Hultman |first10=Martin |last11=Hällström |first11=Niclas |last12=Kartha |first12=Sivan |last13=Klinsky |first13=Sonja |last14=Kuchler |first14=Magdalena |last15=Lövbrand |first15=Eva |display-authors=etal |date=18 October 2021 |title=Three Decades of Climate Mitigation: Why Haven't We Bent the Global Emissions Curve? |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011104 |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=653–689 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011104 |issn=1543-5938 |s2cid=233815004 |access-date=31 August 2022 |last16=Nasiritousi |first16=Naghmeh |last17=Newell |first17=Peter |last18=Peters |first18=Glen P. |last19=Sokona |first19=Youba |last20=Stirling |first20=Andy |last21=Stilwell |first21=Matthew |last22=Spash |first22=Clive L. |last23=Williams |first23=Mariama |hdl=1983/93c742bc-4895-42ac-be81-535f36c5039d|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first1=M. |first2=J. |title=Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press |last1=Boykoff |journal=Global Environmental Change Part A |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=125–136 |date=July 2004 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001 |last2=Boykoff |url=http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/publications/downloads/boykoff04-gec.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106081048/http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/publications/downloads/boykoff04-gec.pdf |archive-date= 6 November 2015 }}</ref><ref name="merchants_doubt">{{cite book | title=Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming | first1=Naomi | last1=Oreskes | author-link1=Naomi Oreskes | first2=Erik | last2=Conway | publisher=Bloomsbury Press | edition=first | isbn=978-1-59691-610-4 | date=2010 | url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores }}</ref>
+The controversies are, by now, mostly political rather than scientific: there is a scientific consensus that global warming is happening and is caused by human activity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/ |title=Scientific consensus: Earth's climate is warming |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet |access-date=16 September 2018}}</ref> Public debates that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases ([[climate sensitivity]]). Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the [[Media coverage of climate change|media]] than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and such disputes are more prevalent in the [[Climate change in the United States|United States]] and [[Climate change in Australia|Australia]] than [[Climate change opinion by country|globally]].<ref name="Stoddard">{{cite journal |last1=Stoddard |first1=Isak |last2=Anderson |first2=Kevin |last3=Capstick |first3=Stuart |last4=Carton |first4=Wim |last5=Depledge |first5=Joanna |last6=Facer |first6=Keri |last7=Gough |first7=Clair |last8=Hache |first8=Frederic |last9=Hoolohan |first9=Claire |last10=Hultman |first10=Martin |last11=Hällström |first11=Niclas |last12=Kartha |first12=Sivan |last13=Klinsky |first13=Sonja |last14=Kuchler |first14=Magdalena |last15=Lövbrand |first15=Eva |display-authors=etal |date=18 October 2021 |title=Three Decades of Climate Mitigation: Why Haven't We Bent the Global Emissions Curve? |url=https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011104 |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=653–689 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011104 |issn=1543-5938 |s2cid=233815004 |access-date=31 August 2022 |last16=Nasiritousi |first16=Naghmeh |last17=Newell |first17=Peter |last18=Peters |first18=Glen P. |last19=Sokona |first19=Youba |last20=Stirling |first20=Andy |last21=Stilwell |first21=Matthew |last22=Spash |first22=Clive L. |last23=Williams |first23=Mariama |hdl=1983/93c742bc-4895-42ac-be81-535f36c5039d|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first1=M. |first2=J. |title=Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press |last1=Boykoff |journal=Global Environmental Change Part A |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=125–136 |date=July 2004 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001 |last2=Boykoff |bibcode=2004GEC....14..125B |url=http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/publications/downloads/boykoff04-gec.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106081048/http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/publications/downloads/boykoff04-gec.pdf |archive-date= 6 November 2015 }}</ref><ref name="merchants_doubt">{{cite book | title=Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming | first1=Naomi | last1=Oreskes | author-link1=Naomi Oreskes | first2=Erik | last2=Conway | publisher=Bloomsbury Press | edition=first | isbn=978-1-59691-610-4 | date=2010 | url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores }}</ref>
-Climate change remains an issue of widespread political debate, often split along party political lines, especially in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|title=Public Support for Climate and Energy Policies in March 2012|year=2012|publisher=Yale Project on Climate Change Communication|url=http://environment.yale.edu/climate/files/Policy-Support-March-2012.pdf|access-date=12 December 2012|archive-date=13 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913113849/http://environment.yale.edu/climate/files/Policy-Support-March-2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-== Debates around the processes of IPCC ==
-{{Further|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change#Challenges and controversies}}
-Deniers have generally attacked either the IPCC's processes, scientist or the synthesis and executive summaries; the full reports attract less attention. Some of the criticism has originated from experts invited by the IPCC to submit reports or serve on its panels. For example, [[John Christy]], a contributing author who works at the [[University of Alabama in Huntsville]], explained in 2007 the difficulties of establishing scientific consensus on the precise extent of human action on climate change:
-{{blockquote|
-Contributing authors essentially are asked to contribute a little text at the beginning and to review the first two drafts. We have no control over editing decisions. Even less influence is granted the 2,000 or so reviewers. Thus, to say that 800 contributing authors or 2,000 reviewers reached consensus on anything describes a situation that is not reality.<ref name="Christy-2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsstc.uah.edu/atmos/christy/ChristyJR_07EC_subEAQ_written.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128074622/http://www.nsstc.uah.edu/atmos/christy/ChristyJR_07EC_subEAQ_written.pdf |archive-date=2007-11-28|title=Written testimony of John R. Christy Ph.D. before House Committee on Energy and Commerce on March 7, 2007|access-date=29 December 2008}}</ref>
-}}
-[[Christopher Landsea]], a hurricane researcher, said of "the part of the IPCC to which my expertise is relevant" that "I personally cannot in good faith continue to contribute to a process that I view as both being motivated by pre-conceived agendas and being scientifically unsound,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavoisier.com.au/papers/articles/landsea.html|title=An Open Letter to the Community from Chris Landsea|access-date=28 April 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070218131946/http://www.lavoisier.com.au/papers/articles/landsea.html| archive-date = 18 February 2007}}</ref> because of comments made at a press conference by [[Kevin Trenberth]] of which Landsea disapproved. Trenberth said "Landsea's comments were not correct";<ref name="Colorodo.edu-Hurricanes-Prometheus">{{cite web|url=http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/prometheus/archives/climate_change/001105final_chapter_hurri.html |title=Prometheus: Final Chapter, Hurricanes and IPCC, Book IV Archives |publisher=Sciencepolicy.colorado.edu |date=14 February 2007 |access-date=29 August 2010}}</ref> the IPCC replied "individual scientists can do what they wish in their own rights, as long as they are not saying anything on behalf of the IPCC".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/prometheus/archives/ipcc-correspondence.pdf|title=Hurricanes and Global Warming for IPCC|agency=Reuters|location=Washington|date=21 October 2004|access-date=30 December 2008}}</ref>
-In 2005, the [[House of Lords]] Economics Committee wrote, "We have some concerns about the objectivity of the IPCC process, with some of its emissions scenarios and summary documentation apparently influenced by political considerations." It doubted the high emission scenarios and said that the IPCC had "played-down" what the committee called "some positive aspects of global warming".<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Climate Change Report |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/12i.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217020012/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/12i.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008 |access-date=29 December 2008}}</ref> The main statements of the House of Lords Economics Committee were rejected in the response made by the United Kingdom government.<ref>{{cite web |author=The Committee Office, House of Lords |date=28 November 2005 |title=House of Lords – Economic Affairs – Third Report |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/71/7104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015221103/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/71/7104.htm |archive-date=15 October 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk}}</ref>
-On 10 December 2008, a report was released by the [[U.S. Senate]] [[Committee on Environment and Public Works]] Minority members, under the leadership of the Senate's most vocal global warming denier [[Jim Inhofe]]. It says it summarizes scientific dissent from the IPCC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Minority.Blogs&ContentRecord_id=2158072e-802a-23ad-45f0-274616db87e6|title=UN Blowback: More Than 650 International Scientists Dissent Over Man-Made Global Warming Claims|website=www.epw.senate.gov|url-status=dead|access-date=11 December 2008|archive-date=11 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211130005/http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Minority.Blogs&ContentRecord_id=2158072e-802a-23ad-45f0-274616db87e6}}</ref> Many of its statements about the numbers of individuals listed in the report, whether they are actually scientists, and whether they support the positions attributed to them, have been disputed.<ref>
-{{cite web
- | title=How many on Inhofe's list are IPCC authors?
- | url=http://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/2008/12/how_many_inhofes_list_compared.php
- | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127052050/http://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/2008/12/how_many_inhofes_list_compared.php | url-status=dead| archive-date=27 January 2012}}</ref><ref>
-{{cite web
- | title=More on Inhofe's alleged list of 650 scientists
- | url=http://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/2008/12/more_on_inhofes_alleged_list_o.php
- | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122122923/http://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/2008/12/more_on_inhofes_alleged_list_o.php | url-status=dead| archive-date=22 January 2012}}</ref><ref>
-{{Cite magazine
- | title=Inhofe's 650 "dissenters" (make That 649... 648...)
- | magazine=The New Republic
- | url=http://www.tnr.com/blog/the-vine/inhofes-650-quotdissentersquot-make-649-648
- | date=15 December 2008
-}}</ref>
 == Debates around details in the science ==
+{{See also|Scientific consensus on climate change}}
-{{Further|History of climate change science|Climate change denial#Discussing specific aspects of climate change science}}
+There have been many debates around the details of climate change science. [[Climate change denial|Climate change deniers]] and "skeptics" tend to [[Cherry picking|cherry-pick]] data or studies, and then trump up any scientific discussions or apparent discrepancies that match with their agenda.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}  Many of those apparent discrepancies have been reconciled in the meantime, [[Climate model|climate models]] have become more accurate, the [[scientific consensus on climate change]] has strengthened and so forth. For example, climatologist [[Kevin E. Trenberth]] has published widely on the topic of [[Climate variability and change|climate variability]] and has exposed flaws in the publications of other scientists.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trenberth |first1=Kevin E. |last2=Fasullo |first2=John T. |last3=Abraham |first3=John P. |date=2011 |title=Issues in Establishing Climate Sensitivity in Recent Studies |journal=Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=2051–2056 |doi=10.3390/rs3092051 |bibcode=2011RemS....3.2051T |issn=2072-4292 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trenberth |first1=Kevin E. |last2=Fasullo |first2=John T. |last3=O'Dell |first3=Chris |last4=Wong |first4=Takmeng |date=2010 |title=Relationships between tropical sea surface temperature and top-of-atmosphere radiation |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |doi=10.1029/2009GL042314 |bibcode=2010GeoRL..37.3702T |s2cid=6402800 |issn=0094-8276|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=G. |last2=Annan |first2=J. D. |last3=Jones |first3=P. D. |last4=Mann |first4=M. E. |last5=Mullan |first5=B. |last6=Renwick |first6=J. |last7=Salinger |first7=J. |last8=Schmidt |first8=G. A. |last9=Trenberth |first9=K. E. |date=2010 |title=Comment on "Influence of the Southern Oscillation on tropospheric temperature" by J. D. McLean, C. R. de Freitas, and R. M. Carter |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=115 |issue=D9 |doi=10.1029/2009JD012960 |bibcode=2010JGRD..115.9110F |issn=0148-0227|doi-access=free }}</ref>
-=== Global dimming ===
-{{excerpt|Global dimming|paragraphs=1}}
-=== Forecasts confidence ===
-The IPCC stated in 2010 it has increased confidence in forecasts coming from [[General circulation model|General Circulation Models]]:
-<blockquote>There is considerable confidence that climate models provide credible quantitative estimates of future climate change, particularly at continental scales and above. This confidence comes from the foundation of the models in accepted physical principles and from their ability to reproduce observed features of current climate and past climate changes. Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation). Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter8.pdf |title=Climate Models and Their Evaluation |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922124304/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter8.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref></blockquote>
-A few scientists believe this confidence in the models' ability to predict future climate is not earned.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Warmaudit31%205.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620221122/http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Warmaudit31%205.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2010 | title = Global Warming: Forecasts by Scientists Versus Scientific Forecasts |author1=Kesten C. Greene |author2=J. Scott Armstrong | journal = Energy & Environment | volume = 18 | pages = 997–1021 | year = 2007 |doi=10.1260/095830507782616887|issue=7|s2cid=154566714 }}</ref>
+For past debates and controversies on scientific details see for example:
+* [[History of climate change science#Discredited theories and reconciled apparent discrepancies]]
+* [[Climate change denial#Discussing specific aspects of climate change science]]
+* [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change#Challenges and controversies]] (the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] assessment reports, like the most recent [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]] summarise the state of the art of climate science at the time).
 == Debates over most effective response to warming ==
 {{See also|Politics of climate change|}}
+There have been debates on the best responses to slow global warming, and their timing. The debates are around the specific actions for [[climate change mitigation]] and [[climate change adaptation]], or [[climate action]] in general. See for example:
-{{excerpt|Economic analysis of climate change}}
+*[[Economic analysis of climate change]]
+*[[Climate change denial#Delaying climate change mitigation measures]]
+*[[Climate change denial#Over reliance on adaptation only]]
+*[[Climate action]]
 == See also ==
 {{portal|border=no|Global warming|Ecology|Environment|World}}
 * [[Attitude polarization]]
-* [[Climate change conspiracy theory]]
 * [[History of climate change policy and politics]]
 * [[Manufactured controversy]]
-* [[Media coverage of climate change]]
-* [[Public opinion on climate change]]
-* [[Skeptical Science]]
 * [[Right-wing antiscience]]
 * [[Politicization of science]]