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{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Lithognathus''
| fossil_range = [[Miocene]] to Present<ref>{{cite journal
| fossil_range = [[Miocene]] to Present<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Sepkoski
|last=Sepkoski
Line 12: Line 10:
|date=2002
|date=2002
|url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class
|url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class
|accessdate=2008-01-08
|access-date=2008-01-08
|url-status=dead
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220223520/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220223520/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class
|archivedate=2009-02-20
|archive-date=2009-02-20
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
| image = Mormora.jpg
| image = Mormora.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Lithognathus mormyrus]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Lithognathus mormyrus]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| taxon = Lithognathus
⚫
| authority = [[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1839<ref name=WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |author=Bailly, Nicolas |year=2014 |id=126077 |title=''Lithognathus'' Swainson, 1839 |access-date=2015-05-24}}</ref>
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| type_species = ''[[White steenbras|Lithognathus capensis]]''
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| type_species_authority = Swainson, 1839<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Sparidae|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>
| ordo = [[Perciformes]]
| synonyms = * ''Pagrichthys'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1859</small>
| familia = [[Sparidae]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = CofF/>
| genus = '''''Lithognathus'''''
⚫
| genus_authority = [[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1839 <ref name=WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |author=Bailly, Nicolas |year=2014 |id=126077 |title=''Lithognathus'' Swainson, 1839 |accessdate=2015-05-24}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| subdivision = See text
}}
}}


'''''Lithognathus''''' is a [[genus]] of marine [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Sparidae]], which includes the seabreams and porgies. Species in this genus are given the common name of '''steenbras'''. The genus is found in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean from southwestern Europe to South Africa and into the southwestern Indian Ocean.
'''''Lithognathus''''' is ''a'' marine fish genus in the family [[Sparidae]], members of which are commonly known as '''steenbras'''. They are primarily found in coastal regions in [[Southern Africa]] ([[South Africa]], [[Namibia]] and [[Angola]]), but ''L. mormyrus'' also occurs in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], [[Black Sea]], [[Bay of Biscay]] and off various islands in the northeast Atlantic. Depending on the exact species involved, they reach a maximum length of between {{convert|26|and|200|cm|abbr=on}}.


==Taxonomy==
It is parasitized by [[Cymothoa exigua|''Cymothoa exigua'']].
''Lithognathus'' was first proposed as [[taxon]] in 1839 by the English [[zoologist]] [[William John Swainson]], Swainson named it as a [[Monotypy|momotypic]] [[subgenus]] of ''[[Pagellus]]'' with ''Pagellus (Lithognathis) capensis'' as its only species and, therefore, its [[type species]].<ref name = CofF/> Swainson's name is now understood to be a [[junior synonym]] of ''Pagrus lithognathus'' which had been [[Species description|described]] in 1829 by [[Georges Cuvier]], with its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given as the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref name = CofF2>{{Cof genus|genus=Lithognathus|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> The genus ''Lithognathus'' is placed in the family Sparidae within the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Spariformes]] by the 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]''.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |author1=Nelson, J.S. |author1-link=Joseph S. Nelson |author2=Grande, T.C. |author3=Wilson, M.V.H. |year=2016 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |place=Hoboken, NJ |pages=502-506 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |lccn=2015037522 |oclc=951899884 |ol=25909650M |doi=10.1002/9781119174844}}</ref> Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Pagellinae,<ref name = Parenti>{{cite journal |author= Parenti, P. |year=2019 |title=An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae |journal=FishTaxa |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=47-98 |url= https://fishtaxa.com/menuscript/index.php/ft/article/view/49/52}}</ref> but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.<ref name = Nelson5/>

==Etymology==
''Lithognathus'' means "stone jaw", Swainson described the maxillaries as "thick, enlarged, and as hard as stone". It is not a [[tautonym]] as Swainson unnecessarily renamed Cuvier's ''Pagellus lithognathus'' as ''L. lithognathus''.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web |url=https://etyfish.org/acanthuriformes6/ |title=Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024 |author=Christopher Scharpf |work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref>


== Species ==
== Species ==
The [[World Register of Marine Species]] lists the following four species :<ref name=WoRMS/>
The [[World Register of Marine Species]] lists the following four species :<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase genus|genus=Lithognathus|month=October|year=2024}}</ref>
*''[[Lithognathus aureti]]'' <small>Smith, 1962</small> - West coast seabream
*''[[Lithognathus aureti]]'' <small>[[J. L. B. Smith|Smith]], 1962</small> (West coast seabream)
*''[[Lithognathus lithognathus]]'' <small>(Cuvier, 1829)</small> - White steenbras
*''[[Lithognathus lithognathus]]'' <small>(Cuvier, 1829)</small> (White steenbras)
*''[[Lithognathus mormyrus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> - Sand steenbras
*''[[Lithognathus mormyrus]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small> (Sand steenbras)
*''[[Lithognathus olivieri]]'' <small>Penrith & Penrith, 1969</small> - Steenbras
*''[[Lithognathus olivieri]]'' <small>[[Michael Jon Penrith|Penrith]] & [[Mary-Louise Penrith|Penrith]], 1969</small> (Steenbras)


==References==
==Characteristics==
''Lithognathus'' steenbras breams are characterised by an oblong compressed, body with a long snout. The tips of the [[pectoral fin]]s extend almost as far as the origin of the [[anal fin]]. The teeth in the front of the jaws are small and arranged in bands with between 3 and 6 rows of [[Molar (tooth)|molar]]-like teeth in the upper jawand between 2 and 4 rows in the lower jaw. In adults the [[maxilla]]soes not extend as far as the anterior edge of the [[Orbit (anatomy)]], The scales on the head reach as afr as the posterior edge of the orbit.<ref name = WIOF>{{cite book |author=Yukio Iwatsuki |author2=Phillip C Heemstra |name-list-style=and |chapter=Family Sparidae |pages=284–315 |title=Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean |volume=3 |editor1=[[Phil Heemstra|Phillip C Heemstra]] |editor2=Elaine Heemstra |editor3=David A Ebert |editor4=Wouter Holleman |editor5=[[John Ernest Randall|John E Randall]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-990951-32-9 |publisher=South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |url=https://saiab.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1._wiof_volume_3_text.pdf}}</ref> The largest species in the genus is the [[white steenbras]] with a maximum published [[total length]] of {{cvt|200|cm}} while the smallest is the ''L. olivieri''.<ref name = Fishbase/>
<references />


==Distribution==
''Lithognathus'' steenbras breams occur in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean from southwestern Europe to South Africa and into the southwestern Indian Ocean.<ref name = Fishbase/>

==References==
{{Commons category|Lithognathus}}
{{Commons category|Lithognathus}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2261964}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2261964}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Lithognathus| ]]
[[Category:Lithognathus| ]]
[[Category:Sparidae]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Marine fish genera]]
[[Category:Marine fish genera]]
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[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]


[[Category:Spariform fish genera]]

{{Perciformes-stub}}

Latest revision as of 18:36, 23 May 2024

Lithognathus
Temporal range: Miocene to Present[1]
Lithognathus mormyrus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Spariformes
Family: Sparidae
Genus: Lithognathus
Swainson, 1839[2]
Type species
Lithognathus capensis
Swainson, 1839[3]
Species

See text

Synonyms[3]

Lithognathus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. Species in this genus are given the common name of steenbras. The genus is found in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean from southwestern Europe to South Africa and into the southwestern Indian Ocean.

Taxonomy

[edit]

Lithognathus was first proposed as taxon in 1839 by the English zoologist William John Swainson, Swainson named it as a momotypic subgenus of Pagellus with Pagellus (Lithognathis) capensis as its only species and, therefore, its type species.[3] Swainson's name is now understood to be a junior synonym of Pagrus lithognathus which had been described in 1829 by Georges Cuvier, with its type locality given as the Cape of Good Hope.[4] The genus Lithognathus is placed in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.[5] Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Pagellinae,[6] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.[5]

Etymology

[edit]

Lithognathus means "stone jaw", Swainson described the maxillaries as "thick, enlarged, and as hard as stone". It is not a tautonym as Swainson unnecessarily renamed Cuvier's Pagellus lithognathus as L. lithognathus.[7]

Species

[edit]

The World Register of Marine Species lists the following four species :[8]

Characteristics

[edit]

Lithognathus steenbras breams are characterised by an oblong compressed, body with a long snout. The tips of the pectoral fins extend almost as far as the origin of the anal fin. The teeth in the front of the jaws are small and arranged in bands with between 3 and 6 rows of molar-like teeth in the upper jawand between 2 and 4 rows in the lower jaw. In adults the maxillasoes not extend as far as the anterior edge of the Orbit (anatomy), The scales on the head reach as afr as the posterior edge of the orbit.[9] The largest species in the genus is the white steenbras with a maximum published total length of 200 cm (79 in) while the smallest is the L. olivieri.[8]

Distribution

[edit]

Lithognathus steenbras breams occur in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean from southwestern Europe to South Africa and into the southwestern Indian Ocean.[8]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lithognathus.
  1. ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
  2. ^ Bailly, Nicolas (2014). "Lithognathus Swainson, 1839". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2015-05-24.
  3. ^ a b c Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Sparidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  4. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Lithognathus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  5. ^ a b Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
  6. ^ Parenti, P. (2019). "An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae". FishTaxa. 4 (2): 47–98.
  7. ^ Christopher Scharpf (12 January 2024). "Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  8. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Lithognathus". FishBase. October 2024 version.
  9. ^ Yukio Iwatsuki and Phillip C Heemstra (2022). "Family Sparidae". In Phillip C Heemstra; Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; and John E Randall (eds.). Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean (PDF). Vol. 3. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 284–315. ISBN 978-1-990951-32-9.
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