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Coordinates: 53°10′N 8°04′W / 53.167°N 8.067°W / 53.167; -8.067
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{{short description|River in Ireland, tributary of the Shannon}}
[[File:Riverstown Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 1254015.jpg|thumb|right|Little Brosna river at [[Riverstown (near Birr)|Riverstown]]]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
'''The Little Brosna River ''' (''An Bhrosnach Bheag'' in [[Irish language|Irish]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.logainm.ie/67225.aspx |title=Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann - Placenames Database of Ireland |publisher=Logainm.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref> rises near [[Dunkerrin]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It flows for 44&nbsp;km before joining the [[River Shannon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shannon-fishery-board.ie/guides/game/little-brosna-river.htm |title=Fishing in Ireland. An angler's guide to the best fishing in Ireland |publisher=Shannon-fishery-board.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref>
{{Use Irish English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Little Brosna
| image = Riverstown Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 1254015.jpg
| image_caption = Little Brosna River at [[Riverstown (near Birr)|Riverstown]]
| name_etymology = Possibly means "place of twigs"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.logainm.ie/en/1414288 | title=An Bhrosnach | publisher=logainm.ie | accessdate=26 January 2020 }}</ref>
| native_name ={{native name|ga|An Bhrosnach Bheag}}
| source1_location = Near [[Dunkerrin]], [[County Offaly]]
| mouth_location = [[Atlantic]] via the [[River Shannon]]
| river_system = [[River Shannon|Shannon]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = Ireland
| length = {{Convert|57.6|km|mi}}
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|8.062|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishhydro.com/counties/offaly.htm|title = IHA: Co. Offally}}</ref>
| basin_size = {{Convert|662|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left =[[River Camcor|Camcor River]]
}}

The '''Little Brosna River''' ({{lang-ga|An Bhrosnach Bheag}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.logainm.ie/67225.aspx |title=Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann - Placenames Database of Ireland |publisher=Logainm.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref> rises near [[Dunkerrin]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It flows for 36 miles<ref>Ordnance Survey of Ireland: Rivers and their Catchment Basins 1958 (Table of Reference)</ref> before joining the [[River Shannon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shannon-fishery-board.ie/guides/game/little-brosna-river.htm |title=Fishing in Ireland. An angler's guide to the best fishing in Ireland |publisher=Shannon-fishery-board.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref>


==Course==
==Course==
The river rises near Dunkerrin, and enters the River Shannon near [[Victoria Lock (River Shannon)|Victoria Lock]], [[Clonahenoge]]. It flows over an area of limestone then passes through an area of [[Shannon Callows|Callow]] before merging with the Shannon. It forms part of the boundary between County Offaly and [[County Tipperary]].<ref>Pocket Guide to The Little Brosna & Camcor Rivers, published by the Shannon Regional Fisheries Board</ref>
The river rises near Dunkerrin, and flows near [[Birr, County Offaly|Birr]]; it forms part of the boundary between County Offaly and [[County Tipperary]].<ref>Pocket Guide to The Little Brosna & Camcor Rivers, published by the Shannon Regional Fisheries Board</ref> It crosses an area of [[limestone]], then passes through an area of [[Shannon Callows|callow]] before merging with the easternmost of four channels of the Shannon near [[Victoria Lock (River Shannon)|Victoria Lock]], by [[Clonahenoge]] and facing [[Meelick, County Galway|Meelick]].<ref name=ShRBDBklet>{{cite web |url=http://www.shannonrbd.com/Final%20RBMP/Little%20Brosna%20WMU.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2020-10-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502142434/http://www.shannonrbd.com/Final%20RBMP/Little%20Brosna%20WMU.pdf |archivedate=2015-05-02 }}</ref>

===Tributaries===
The most significant [[tributary]] is the [[River Camcor]] at Birr, while others include the Pallas Stream, Bunow River, Clareen Stream, Golden Grove Stream and Keeloge Stream.<ref name=ShRBDBklet/>


==Bridges==
==Bridges==
'''[[Sharavogue]] Bridge''' built in the early 1850s carries the R492 road over the river which here forms the boundary between the townlands of [[Sharavogue]] and Ballincor Demesne. The bridge is listed as being of Architectural and technical interest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=OF&regno=14938021 |title=Sharavogue Bridge, County Offaly: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |publisher=Buildingsofireland.ie |date= |accessdate=2014-02-18}}</ref>
'''Sharavogue Bridge''', built in the early 1850s, carries the R492 road over the river which here forms the boundary between the townlands of [[Sharavogue]] and Ballincor Demesne. The bridge is listed as being of architectural and technical interest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=OF&regno=14938021 |title=Sharavogue Bridge, County Offaly: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |publisher=Buildingsofireland.ie |date= |accessdate=2014-02-18}}</ref>


'''Railway bridge''' at Glasderry More is a latticed metal bridge carrying the (disused) railway line over the Little Brosna.<ref name="offaly1">{{cite web|url=http://www.offaly.ie/eng/Services/Heritage/Documents/Offaly_Bridges_Part_1.pdf |title=Bridges of Offaly County : An Industrial Heritage Review |publisher=Offaly.ie |accessdate=2014-02-18}}</ref>
'''Railway Bridge''' at Glasderry More is a latticed metal bridge carrying the (disused) railway line over the Little Brosna.<ref name="offaly1">{{cite web|url=http://www.offaly.ie/eng/Services/Heritage/Documents/Offaly_Bridges_Part_1.pdf |title=Bridges of Offaly County : An Industrial Heritage Review |publisher=Offaly.ie |accessdate=2014-02-18}}</ref>


'''[[Riverstown (near Birr)|Riverstown]] Bridge''' with five arches carrys the [[N52 road (Ireland)|N52]] across the Little Brosna. A narrow bridge at 5.15m between parapets traffic negotiating this bridge often has to give way to other vehicles.<ref name="offaly1"/>
'''Riverstown Bridge''', with five arches, carries the [[N52 road (Ireland)|N52]] across the Little Brosna near [[Riverstown (near Birr)|Riverstown]]. This is a narrow bridge at 5.15m between parapets, with traffic negotiating the bridge one direction at a time with the aid of traffic lights.<ref name="offaly1"/>


'''[[Derrinsallow]] Bridge''', built about 1850 has three arches of dressed limestone and rubble. The bridge crosses from County Tipperary to County Offlay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=OF&regno=14935002 |title=Derrinsallow Bridge, County Offaly: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |publisher=Buildingsofireland.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref>
'''Croghan Bridge''' a stone bridge of three arches from the mid-18th century, it carries the Croghan Road, [[Birr, County Offaly|Birr]] across the Little Brosna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=OF&regno=14819281|title = Croghan Bridge, TOWNPARKS (BB. BY.), Birr, OFFALY}}</ref>

'''Ivy Bridge''' crosses the river within the demesne of Birr Castle, just downstream of the confluence of the rivers Camcor and Little Brosna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=TN&regno=22400528|title = Ivy Bridge, CROGHAN, TIPPERARY NORTH}}</ref>

'''Derrinsallow Bridge''', built about 1850, has three arches of dressed limestone and rubble. It crosses from County Offaly to County Tipperary at [[Derrinsallow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=OF&regno=14935002 |title=Derrinsallow Bridge, County Offaly: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |publisher=Buildingsofireland.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref>


'''New Bridge''' built about 1820 is the last crossing before joining the Shannon. It has five rounded arches of limestone. The bridge takes the [[R438 road (Ireland)|R438]] road between County Tipperary and County Offaly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=TN&regno=22400202 |title=New Bridge, Tipperary North: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |publisher=Buildingsofireland.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref>
'''New Bridge''' built about 1820 is the last crossing before joining the Shannon. It has five rounded arches of limestone. The bridge takes the [[R438 road (Ireland)|R438]] road between County Tipperary and County Offaly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=TN&regno=22400202 |title=New Bridge, Tipperary North: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |publisher=Buildingsofireland.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref>


==Angling==
==Angling==
The river is a popular [[angling]] river, particularly known for it’s [[brown trout]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shannon-fishery-board.ie/downloads/2010/Camcor_Guide_2MB.PDF |title=publications &#124; publications |publisher=Shannon-fishery-board.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref> An electric fishing survey of the river at [[Riverstown (near Birr)|Riverstown]] was conducted in September 2012 by Inland Fisheries Ireland. Species noted here were brown trout (87), [[Lamprey]] (1), [[Salmon]] (38) and [[Stone Loach]] (7).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wfdfish.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/SHIRBD_prel_report_e_2012.pdf |title=Preliminary Synopsis of WFD Surveillance Monitoring Fish Stock Surveys at River Sites in the Shannon International River Basin District |date=September 2012 |publisher=Wfdfish.ie |accessdate=2014-02-18}}</ref>
The Little Brosna is a historic and popular [[angling]] river, particularly known for its [[brown trout]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shannon-fishery-board.ie/downloads/2010/Camcor_Guide_2MB.PDF |title=publications &#124; publications |publisher=Shannon-fishery-board.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref> An electric fishing survey of the river at [[Riverstown (near Birr)|Riverstown]] was conducted in September 2012 by [[Inland Fisheries Ireland]]. Species noted here were brown trout (87), [[lamprey]] (1), [[salmon]] (38) and [[stone loach]] (7).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wfdfish.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/SHIRBD_prel_report_e_2012.pdf |title=Preliminary Synopsis of WFD Surveillance Monitoring Fish Stock Surveys at River Sites in the Shannon International River Basin District |date=September 2012 |publisher=Wfdfish.ie |accessdate=2014-02-18}}</ref>

Some good Fishing can be had around Shinrone and Birr during the months of late spring and early Summer. Dry Fly Fishing is the preferred method used by anglers To catch Trout on the river. In some cases, Spinning can be used to catch some of the bigger brown trout

[[Inland Fisheries Ireland|Inland fisheries Ireland]] operate a Fish Farm Outside [[Shinrone]], near [[Brosna, County Offaly|Brosna]]. Rainbow & Brown trout are bred in the Farm. The Fish farm is located on the River.


==Drainage==
==Drainage==
The Little Brosna [[Water Management]] Unit Action Plan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shannonrbd.com/Final%20RBMP/Little%20Brosna%20WMU.pdf |title=Little Brosna Water Management Unit Action Plan |publisher=Shannonrbd.com |accessdate=2014-02-18}}</ref> covers 681km2 in County Offaly, North Tipperary and County Laois.
The Little Brosna [[Water Management]] Unit Action Plan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shannonrbd.com/Final%20RBMP/Little%20Brosna%20WMU.pdf |title=Little Brosna Water Management Unit Action Plan |publisher=Shannonrbd.com |accessdate=2014-02-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161255/http://www.shannonrbd.com/Final%20RBMP/Little%20Brosna%20WMU.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-25 }}</ref> covers 681km2 in County Offaly, North Tipperary and [[County Laois]].

Sharavogue Bog is a [[raised bog]] situated on the flood plain of the Little Brosna at Sharavogue in County Offaly. It is an example of a type of habitat that is becoming increasingly rare in Ireland and Europe and is on the list of [[Special Areas of Conservation]], as listed by the [[National Parks and Wildlife Service (Ireland)|National Parks and Wildlife Service]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npws.ie/protectedsites/specialareasofconservationsac/sharavoguebogsac/ |title=Sharavogue Bog SAC - National Parks & Wildlife Service |publisher=Npws.ie |accessdate=2014-02-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225044147/http://www.npws.ie/protectedsites/specialareasofconservationsac/sharavoguebogsac/ |archivedate=2014-02-25 }}</ref><ref name=legalEEA>[http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/natura-2000 Rights] for [[Natura 2000]] data: ''EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (Eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: [[Directorate-General for the Environment (European Commission)|Directorate-General for Environment]].''</ref><ref name=legalNPWS>{{cite web|url=http://www.npws.ie/en/MapsData/ |accessdate=11 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217231537/http://www.npws.ie/en/MapsData/ |title = NPWS Maps Data (archived) |archivedate=17 December 2007 }}</ref>


Redwood raised bog, named for [[Redwood, North Tipperary]], has developed on the southern margin of the Little Brosna flood plain at its confluence with the Shannon. It forms part of the Little Brosna [[Shannon Callows|Callows]] Area of Scientific Interest, which is of international importance as a wildfowl habitat and as a classical example of a flood plain ecosystem. The reserve includes the last relatively intact bog dome on the flood plain margin as well as a dried out portion of another dome and an area of fen. The intact dome has a typical raised bog flora and in the centre it retains quaking areas and numerous bog pools. Established in 1991 it is in state ownership.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.npws.ie/naturereserves/tipperary/ |title=Tipperary - National Parks & Wildlife Service |publisher=Npws.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518015814/http://www.npws.ie/naturereserves/tipperary/ |archive-date=18 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
''' Sharavogue Bog''' is a [[raised bog]] situated on the flood plain of the Little Brosna at Sharavogue in County Offaly. It is an example of a type of habitat that is becoming increasingly rare in Ireland and Europe and is on the list of '''[[Special Areas of Conservation]]''', as listed by the [[National Parks and Wildlife Service (Ireland)|National Parks and Wildlife Service]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npws.ie/protectedsites/specialareasofconservationsac/sharavoguebogsac/ |title=Sharavogue Bog SAC - National Parks & Wildlife Service |publisher=Npws.ie |date= |accessdate=2014-02-18}}</ref><ref name=legalEEA>[http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/natura-2000 Rights] for [[Natura 2000]] data: ''EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (Eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: [[Directorate-General for the Environment (European Commission)|Directorate-General for Environment]].''</ref><ref name=legalNPWS>[http://www.npws.ie/en/MapsData/ ]{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>


==See also==
'''[[Redwood, North Tipperary|Redwood]] raised [[bog]]''' has developed on the southern margin of the Little Brosna flood plain at its confluence with the Shannon. It forms part of the Little Brosna [[Shannon Callows|Callows]] Area of Scientific Interest, which is of international importance as a wildfowl habitat and as a classical example of a flood plain ecosystem. The reserve includes the last relatively intact bog dome on the flood plain margin as well as a dried out portion of another dome and an area of fen. The intact dome has a typical raised bog flora and in the centre it retains quaking areas and numerous bog pools. Established in 1991 it is in state ownership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npws.ie/naturereserves/tipperary/ |title=Tipperary - National Parks & Wildlife Service |publisher=Npws.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref>
* [[Rivers of Ireland]]
* [[Shannon River Basin]]


==References==
==References==
Line 35: Line 69:
[[Category:Rivers of County Offaly]]
[[Category:Rivers of County Offaly]]
[[Category:Rivers of County Tipperary]]
[[Category:Rivers of County Tipperary]]
[[Category:River Shannon]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the River Shannon]]

Latest revision as of 14:58, 16 October 2022

Little Brosna
Little Brosna River at Riverstown
EtymologyPossibly means "place of twigs"[1]
Native nameAn Bhrosnach Bheag (Irish)
Location
CountryIreland
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationNear Dunkerrin, County Offaly
Mouth 
 • location
Atlantic via the River Shannon
Length57.6 kilometres (35.8 mi)
Basin size662 km2 (256 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average8.062 m3/s (284.7 cu ft/s)[2]
Basin features
River systemShannon
Tributaries 
 • leftCamcor River

The Little Brosna River (Irish: An Bhrosnach Bheag)[3] rises near Dunkerrin, County Offaly, Ireland. It flows for 36 miles[4] before joining the River Shannon.[5]

Course

[edit]

The river rises near Dunkerrin, and flows near Birr; it forms part of the boundary between County Offaly and County Tipperary.[6] It crosses an area of limestone, then passes through an area of callow before merging with the easternmost of four channels of the Shannon near Victoria Lock, by Clonahenoge and facing Meelick.[7]

Tributaries

[edit]

The most significant tributary is the River Camcor at Birr, while others include the Pallas Stream, Bunow River, Clareen Stream, Golden Grove Stream and Keeloge Stream.[7]

Bridges

[edit]

Sharavogue Bridge, built in the early 1850s, carries the R492 road over the river which here forms the boundary between the townlands of Sharavogue and Ballincor Demesne. The bridge is listed as being of architectural and technical interest.[8]

Railway Bridge at Glasderry More is a latticed metal bridge carrying the (disused) railway line over the Little Brosna.[9]

Riverstown Bridge, with five arches, carries the N52 across the Little Brosna near Riverstown. This is a narrow bridge at 5.15m between parapets, with traffic negotiating the bridge one direction at a time with the aid of traffic lights.[9]

Croghan Bridge a stone bridge of three arches from the mid-18th century, it carries the Croghan Road, Birr across the Little Brosna.[10]

Ivy Bridge crosses the river within the demesne of Birr Castle, just downstream of the confluence of the rivers Camcor and Little Brosna.[11]

Derrinsallow Bridge, built about 1850, has three arches of dressed limestone and rubble. It crosses from County Offaly to County Tipperary at Derrinsallow.[12]

New Bridge built about 1820 is the last crossing before joining the Shannon. It has five rounded arches of limestone. The bridge takes the R438 road between County Tipperary and County Offaly.[13]

Angling

[edit]

The Little Brosna is a historic and popular angling river, particularly known for its brown trout.[14] An electric fishing survey of the river at Riverstown was conducted in September 2012 by Inland Fisheries Ireland. Species noted here were brown trout (87), lamprey (1), salmon (38) and stone loach (7).[15]

Some good Fishing can be had around Shinrone and Birr during the months of late spring and early Summer. Dry Fly Fishing is the preferred method used by anglers To catch Trout on the river. In some cases, Spinning can be used to catch some of the bigger brown trout

Inland fisheries Ireland operate a Fish Farm Outside Shinrone, near Brosna. Rainbow & Brown trout are bred in the Farm. The Fish farm is located on the River.

Drainage

[edit]

The Little Brosna Water Management Unit Action Plan[16] covers 681km2 in County Offaly, North Tipperary and County Laois.

Sharavogue Bog is a raised bog situated on the flood plain of the Little Brosna at Sharavogue in County Offaly. It is an example of a type of habitat that is becoming increasingly rare in Ireland and Europe and is on the list of Special Areas of Conservation, as listed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service.[17][18][19]

Redwood raised bog, named for Redwood, North Tipperary, has developed on the southern margin of the Little Brosna flood plain at its confluence with the Shannon. It forms part of the Little Brosna Callows Area of Scientific Interest, which is of international importance as a wildfowl habitat and as a classical example of a flood plain ecosystem. The reserve includes the last relatively intact bog dome on the flood plain margin as well as a dried out portion of another dome and an area of fen. The intact dome has a typical raised bog flora and in the centre it retains quaking areas and numerous bog pools. Established in 1991 it is in state ownership.[20]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "An Bhrosnach". logainm.ie. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  2. ^ "IHA: Co. Offally".
  3. ^ "Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann - Placenames Database of Ireland". Logainm.ie. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  4. ^ Ordnance Survey of Ireland: Rivers and their Catchment Basins 1958 (Table of Reference)
  5. ^ "Fishing in Ireland. An angler's guide to the best fishing in Ireland". Shannon-fishery-board.ie. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  6. ^ Pocket Guide to The Little Brosna & Camcor Rivers, published by the Shannon Regional Fisheries Board
  7. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ^ "Sharavogue Bridge, County Offaly: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage". Buildingsofireland.ie. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  9. ^ a b "Bridges of Offaly County : An Industrial Heritage Review" (PDF). Offaly.ie. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  10. ^ "Croghan Bridge, TOWNPARKS (BB. BY.), Birr, OFFALY".
  11. ^ "Ivy Bridge, CROGHAN, TIPPERARY NORTH".
  12. ^ "Derrinsallow Bridge, County Offaly: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage". Buildingsofireland.ie. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  13. ^ "New Bridge, Tipperary North: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage". Buildingsofireland.ie. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  14. ^ "publications | publications" (PDF). Shannon-fishery-board.ie. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  15. ^ "Preliminary Synopsis of WFD Surveillance Monitoring Fish Stock Surveys at River Sites in the Shannon International River Basin District" (PDF). Wfdfish.ie. September 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  16. ^ "Little Brosna Water Management Unit Action Plan" (PDF). Shannonrbd.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  17. ^ "Sharavogue Bog SAC - National Parks & Wildlife Service". Npws.ie. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  18. ^ Rights for Natura 2000 data: EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (Eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: Directorate-General for Environment.
  19. ^ "NPWS Maps Data (archived)". Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  20. ^ "Tipperary - National Parks & Wildlife Service". Npws.ie. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2013.

53°10′N 8°04′W / 53.167°N 8.067°W / 53.167; -8.067