Paschim Bardhaman district: Difference between revisions
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| name = Paschim Bardhaman district |
| name = Paschim Bardhaman district |
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| settlement_type = [[Districts of West Bengal|District |
| settlement_type = [[Districts of West Bengal|District of West Bengal]] |
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| total_type = Total |
| total_type = Total |
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| image_map = Paschim Bardhaman district.svg |
| image_map = Paschim Bardhaman district.svg |
Revision as of 14:27, 8 March 2021
Paschim Bardhaman district | |
---|---|
Barakar River | |
Location of Paschim Bardhaman district in West Bengal | |
Country | |
State | |
Division | Burdwan |
Headquarters | Asansol |
Government | |
• Lok Sabha constituencies | Asansol, Bardhaman-Durgapur. |
• Vidhan Sabha constituencies | Asansol Uttar, Asansol Dakshin, Barabani, Durgapur Purba, Durgapur Paschim, Jamuria, Kulti, Pandabeswar, Raniganj. |
• District magistrate | Purnendu Kr. Maji, WBCS (Exe)[1] |
• Police commissioner | Sukesh Kumar Jain, IPS[2] |
Area | |
• Total | 1,603.17 km2 (618.99 sq mi) |
Population (2011) | |
• Total | 2,882,031 |
• Density | 1,800/km2 (4,700/sq mi) |
Demographics | |
• Literacy | 78.75 per cent |
• Sex ratio | 922 |
Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
Major highways | NH 2, NH 19, Grand Trunk Road, NH 14 |
Average annual precipitation | 1442 mm |
Website | paschimbardhaman |
Paschim Bardhaman district is a predominantly urban mining-industrial district in West Bengal. The headquarter of the district is Asansol. It was formed on 7 April 2017 after bifurcation of the erstwhile Bardhaman district as the 23rd district of West Bengal.
Etymology
Some historians link the name of the district to the 24th and last Jain tirthankara, Mahavira Vardhamana, who came to preach in the area. Alternatively, Bardhamana means a prosperous and growing area. It was a forward frontier zone in the progress of Aryanisation by the people in the Upper Gangetic valley.[3]Paschim means west.
History
Microliths found at Birbhanpur, near Durgapur, indicate settlements in the Ajay valley in the Paleolithic/ Mesolithic age, around 5,000 BC.[4] [5]
In early historical times Bardhamanbhukti, a part of the Rarh region, was ruled successively by the Magadhas, Mauryas, Kushanas and Guptas. In the 7th century AD, when Shashanka was king, the area was part of the Gauda Kingdom. It was ruled by the Palas and Senas, till Bakhtiyar Khilji captured it in 1199 AD.[3]
The early Muslim rulers ruled over major parts of Bengal from Gauda or Lakhnauti. In Ain-i-Akbari, Bardhaman is mentioned as a mahal or pargana of Sarcar Sharifabad. The area between the Damodar and the Ajay river was referred to Gopbhum, where the Sadgope kings ruled. There are remains of the period at Shymarupar Garh and Ichhai Ghosher deul in Kanksa CD Block.[3]
In 1689, Raja Krishnaram Roy, of the Bardhaman Raj family, obtained a farman (royal decree) from Aurangzeb by which he was made the zamindar (landlord) of Bardhaman, and since then the Raj family's history became identical with that of the district.[3] There are references to the Raja of Panchkot being zamindar of certain sections (mostly the western part) of what later became Asansol subdivision. There also are references to the Raja of Searsole being zamindar of the Raniganj area.[6]
After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire became weak and Murshid Quli Khan became the Nawab of Bengal, owning only nominal allegiance to the Mughal emperor. At that time Bardhaman was referred to as chakla, a change from the earlier pargana. Subsequently, during the reign of Alivardi Khan, the Bargis attacked and plundered Bardhaman.[3]
After the victory of the British in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the fertile district of Bardhaman, along with Medinipur and Chittagong, was ceded to the East India Company. In 1857, the British Crown took over the administration of the country from the East India Company.[3]
In 1765, when East India Company acquired the diwani of Bardhaman, it was composed of Bardhaman, Bankura, Hooghly and a third of Birbhum. In 1805, the western parganas of Shergarh and Senpahari (which later formed Asansol subdivision) and parts of Bankura were formed into a new district called Jungle Mahals. Shergarh and Senpahari was restored to Bardhaman, when Bankura was made into a separate district. Hooghly was separated in 1820, Bankura and Birbhum in 1837. At the time of the Permanent Settlement of Lord Cornwallis in 1793, the chaklas were reduced in size, in order to make them more manageable, and districts were created. Six subdivisions were created in Bardhaman district – Bud Bud in 1846, Katwa, Raniganj, Jahanabad (later named Arambagh), Bardhaman Sadar in 1847 and Kalna in 1850. In 1906, Raniganj subdivision was converted to Asansol subdivision. The parganas were converted to thanas (police stations). At that time there were 22 thanas in Bardhaman district. Later, Jahanabad was transferred out of Bardhaman. Some minor changes went on taking place.[7][8] Durgapur subdivision was carved out of Asansol subdivision in 1968. [9]
The Permanent Settlement ultimately led to the dismemberment of the Bardhaman estate. As the rajas often failed to pay the rent demands, some parts of the estate were auctioned off. However, there were bright spots even in the later period of the rule of Bardhaman zamindary till the abolition of zamindary system in 1954, after independence of the country.[10][11]
Bardhaman district was bifurcated into two districts, Purba Bardhaman and Paschim Bardhaman, on 7 April 2017.[12]
Geography
The rocky undulating topography with laterite soil found in Paschim Bardhaman district is a sort of extension of the Chota Nagpur plateau. For ages the area was heavily forested and infested with plunderers and marauders. The discovery of coal in the 18th century led to industrialisation. Most of the forests in the coal-bearing areas have been cleared but some areas in the eastern part of the district remained thickly forested till more recent times and some are still there. The eastern part of the district gradually slopes down to the rice plains of the agriculturally rich Purba Bardhaman district.[13][14]
Administrative divisions
The district comprises two subdivisions: Asansol Sadar subdivision and Durgapur subdivision. In Paschim Bardhaman district, there are 8 CD block under two subdivision. In Asansol Sadar subdivision, there are 4 CD block - Salanpur, Barabani, Jamuria and Raniganj. In Durgapur subdivision, there are 4 CD block - Andal, Pandabeswar, Faridpur-Durgapur and Kanksa. [15][16]
Asansol is the district headquarters. There are 16 police stations, 8 development blocks, 2 municipal corporations, 62 gram panchayats in this district.[16][17]
Other than municipality areas, each subdivision contains community development blocks which, in turn, are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 66 urban units: 2 municipal corporations, 3 municipalities (which have subsequently been absorbed in Asansol Municipal Corporation) and 65 census towns.[17][18]
There are two urban agglomerations (UA).
- Asansol, Kulti, Bhanowara, Jamuria, Jemari, Raniganj, Amkula, Murgathaul, Raghunathchak and Ballavpur together form the Asansol UA.
- Durgapur UA consists of Durgapur, Arrah, Bamunara, Amlajora, Kanksa, Panagarh, Mankar, Shibpur, Andal, Ukhra, Kajora, Pandabeswar, Ichhapur and Madhaiganj.
Asansol Sadar subdivision
Asansol Sadar subdivision has 10 police stations, 4 community development blocks, 4 panchayat samitis, 35 gram panchayats, 181 mouzas, 165 inhabited villages, 1 municipal corporation, 3 municipalities and 26 census towns+1 (partly). The single municipal corporation is at Asansol. The municipalities are at: Raniganj, Jamuria and Kulti. The census towns are: Chittaranjan, Hindustan Cables Town, Domohani, Bhanowara, Majiara, Pangachhiya, Charanpur, Kunustara, Topsi, Nimsa, Chinchuria, Kenda, Parasia, Ratibati, Chapui, Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township), Banshra, Belebathan, Chelad, Murgathaul, Amkula, Baktarnagar, Egara, Sahebganj, Raghunathchak, Ballavpur and Kendra Khottamdi (partly). The subdivision has its headquarters at Asansol.[19][20]
According to the Kolkata Gazette notification of 3 June 2015, the municipal areas of Kulti, Raniganj and Jamuria were included within the jurisdiction of Asansol Municipal Corporation.[21]
Durgapur subdivision
Durgapur subdivision has 6 police stations, 4 community development blocks, 4 panchayat samitis, 27 gram panchayats, 171 mouzas, 151 inhabited villages, 1 municipal corporation and 39 census towns+1 (partly). The single municipal corporation is at Durgapur. The census towns are: Siduli, Khandra, Chak Bankola, Ukhra, Mahira, Dakshin Khanda, Parashkol, Kajora, Harishpur, Palashban, Dignala, Andal (gram), Ondal, Baska, Bilpahari, Ramnagar, Dalurband, Baidyanathpur, Mahal, Konardihi, Nabgram, Sankarpur, Haripur, Chhora, Bahula, Mandarbani, Banagram, Sirsha, Nabaghanapur, Sarpi, Ichhapur, Arra, Gopalpur, Bamunara, Amlajora, Kanksa, Debipur, Prayagpur and Kendra Khottamdi (part). The subdivision has its headquarters at Durgapur.[22][23]
Urban-rural divide
The urban-rural divide of the two administrative subdivisions are as follows:[24][12]
Subdivision | Headquarters | Area km2 |
Population (2011) |
Rural Population % (2011) |
Urban Population % (2011) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asansol Sadar | Asansol | 831.89 | 1,672,659 | 16.67 | 83.33 |
Durgapur | Durgapur | 771.28 | 1,209,372 | 20.78 | 79.22 |
Paschim Bardhaman district | Asansol | 1,603.17 | 2,882,031 | 18.39 | 81.61 |
Demographics
As per the 2011 Census of India data Paschim Bardhaman district, after bifurcation of Bardhaman district in 2016, had a total population of 2,882,031. There were 1,497,479 (52%) males and 1,384,452 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 322,268.[25]
As per the 2011 census data the total number of literates in Paschim Bardhaman district, after bifurcation of Bardhaman district in 2017, was 2,015,056 (78.75% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 1,136,990 (85.44% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 806,010 (65.55% of the female population over 6 years).[25]
In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 2,442,414 and formed 84.75% of the population in Paschim Bardhaman district. Muslims numbered 384,027 and formed 13.32% of the population. Christians numbered 12,636 and formed 0.44% of the population. Others numbered 42,954 and formed 1.49% of the population.[26]
Economy
Coal mining
Coalmining in India first started in the Raniganj Coalfield. In 1774, John Sumner and Suetonius Grant Heatly of the British East India Company found coal near Ethora, presently in Salanpur CD Block.[27]
In 1973, the Government of India took over the management of all non-coking coal mines in the country and in 1975 Coal India was formed to manage the coking and non-coking coal mines.[28]
Eastern Coalfields has been producing around 30 million tonnes per annum from its open cast mines, it has been modernising its underground mines to produce around 10 million tonnes per annum from its underground mines.[29][30]
Railways
Narayankuri ghat, on the Damodar, was used by Carr Tagore & Company for transporting coal to Kolkata by boat in the middle of the nineteenth century.[31] Varying levels of water in the Damodar posed problems for transportation. In order to capture the lucrative coal transport business, East Indian Railway laid lines up to Raniganj in 1855.[31] It captured the entire coal transport business. The line was extended to Asansol in 1863.[31]
The Howrah-Delhi main line via Asansol and Patna of East Indian Railway was made operable in 1871 and the Grand Chord from Sitarampur to Mughalsarai was completed in 1901, shortening the travel distance between Howrah and Delhi. Bengal Nagpur Railway linked its operations in the Nagpur-Chandil sector to Asansol in 1887. With all these links Asansol emerged as a major railway junction.[32]
Asansol has an electric loco shed and an EMU shed. There is a diesel loco shed at Andal and Andal also has a large goods yard, apart from those at Sitrampur and Barakar. Asansol Division of Eastern Railway handles around 1,300 wagons of coal every day.[31]
Industry
IISCO Steel Plant of Steel Authority of India Limited at Burnpur has a crude steel production capacity of 2.5 million tonnes per year.[33] The modernisation and expansion programme of IISCO Steel Plant was implemented with an investment of over Rs 16,000 crore[34] As of 2015, the investment for modernisation was the single largest investment in West Bengal till then.[35] Established in 1918, the Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) was amalgamated with SAIL in 2006 and renamed IISCO Steel Plant.[33]
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works is one of the largest electric locomotive manufacturers in the world. Established in 1950, it produced steam locomotives up to 1972.[36] Ballavpur Paper Mnfg. Ltd. (earlier Bengal Paper Mill) at Ballavpur started production in 2009 after revamp.[37]
Amongst the other industries at Asansol are: Burn Standard (earlier Indian Standard Wagon), Sen Raleigh cycle factory (not a productive unit any more), Hindustan Pilkington glass factory (not a productive unit any more), Dhakeswari Cotton Mills (not a productive unit any more), Kulti Works of SAIL Growth Division and Hindustan Cables at Rupnarayanpur (not a productive unit any more).[38][39]
Durgapur Steel Plant of Steel Authority of India, set up in the fifties, has a rated capacity of 2.2 million tonnes of crude steel, after expansion and modernisation. The plant is consistently performing at beyond its rated capacity.[40]
Durgapur Barrage was built by Damodar Valley Corporation in 1955 and handed over, along with the canal network, to the Government of West Bengal in 1964.[41]
Amongst the other industrial units at Durgpur are: Alloy Steels Plant of SAIL, Durgapur Projects Limited, Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation (not a productive unit any more), Alstom Power Boilers Ltd. (earlier known as ACC-Vickers Babcock and later as ACC-Babcock), Philips Carbon Black Limited, Sankey Wheels (a unit of GKW), Birla Cement (earlier Durgapur Cement Ltd.), Graphite India Limited, Durgapur Chemicals, Bharat Ophathalmic Glass Limited (not a productive unit any more) and Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation (not a productive unit any more).[9][39]
Between 2001-2007 Durgapur saw the setting up of around a dozen middle to large scale industrial investment in iron and steel manufacturing sector. The prominent investors are MB Group, Jai Balaji group, SPS group, Adhunik Group of Industries, Neo Metallic, Stolberg India, Super Smelters Ltd, Shyam Steel and UltraTech Cement.[9]
Amongst the industrial areas in the district are: Durgapur Industrial Area, Industrial Complex at Rajbandh, Industrial Estate at Kalyanpur, Asansol, Raniganj Industrial Estate, Panagarh Industrial Park, Aluminium and Non-Ferrous Metal Park and Salanpur Industrial Park.[38]
IT industry in the area is slowly picking up with the small IT hubs scattered around Durgapur and Asansol.
Educational institutions
The district has a number of colleges imparting education in engineering, management, medicines, law, science and other technological and general courses. There is only one university in the district namely Kazi Nazrul University. Some of the well known institutes are:
- Asansol Girls' College
- Asansol Engineering College
- Banwarilal Bhalotia College, Asansol
- Bidhan Chandra College, Asansol
- Deshbandhu Mahavidyalaya
- Bengal College of Engineering & Technology Durgapur
- Bengal Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital Asansol
- Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur
- Dr. B.C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Science, Durgapur
- Durgapur Government College
- Durgapur Institute of Legal Studies
- Durgapur Women's College
- Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol
- IQ City Medical College Durgapur
- Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Durgapur
- Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol
- Kazi Nazrul Islam Mahavidyalaya, Churulia
- Law College Durgapur
- Michael Madhusudan Memorial College
- National Institute of Technology, Durgapur
- National Power Training Institute
- Shri Ramkrishna Institute of Medical Sciences and Sanaka Hospital
- St. Xavier's College, Asansol
- Triveni Devi Bhalotia College
Notable people
- Abhisek Banerjee, Former Indian Domestic Cricketer
- Aloke Paul, Indian materials scientist
- Alok Krishna Gupta, Indian mineralogist, petrologist
- Arjun Atwal, Indian professional golfer, the first player born in India to become a member of, and later win a tournament on the U.S.-based PGA Tour
- Bikash Sinha, Indian physicist, chairman of the Board of Governors of the National Institute of Technology, Durgapur in June 2005
- Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bengali poet, writer, musician, popularly known as Bidrohi kabi
- Malcolm Roberts (politician), Australian politician for Pauline Hanson's One Nation
- Meenakshi Banerjee, Indian cyanobacteriologist and presently works as the head of the Center for Applied Algal Research at Rice University in Houston, Texas
- Malcolm Roberts (politician), Australian politician for Pauline Hanson's One Nation
- Meenakshi Banerjee, Indian cyanobacteriologist and presently works as the head of the Center for Applied Algal Research at Rice University in Houston, Texas
- Prayas Ray Barman, cricketer and youngest player to debut in the IPL
- Mika Singh, Indian singer
- Munmun Dutta, Indian actress and model, best known for her portrayal of Babita Iyer in the Hindi sitcom Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah
- Rana Chowdhary, Indian cricketer
- Sandip Burman, Tabla Player and Musician
- Sharmila Tagore, Indian film actress
- S. S. Ahluwalia, notable politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
- Sudip Chattopadhyay, Indian developmental biologist and biotechnologist
- Swami Ashokananda, monk of the Ramakrishna Math, in charge of the Vedanta Society of Northern California, San Francisco from 1932
- Timir Biswas, Indian playback singer of Bengali and Hindi films, lead singer of the band Fakira
- Vivek Singh (chef), Indian British celebrity chef and restaurateur
Gallery
-
Sacred Heart Church - Asansol
-
Kalyaneshwari Temple - Asansol
-
Ghaghar Burhi Chandi Temple - Asansol
-
Jagannath Temple - Burnpur, Asansol
-
Vivekananda Institute (Durand Institute) - Asansol
-
Rabindra Bhawan - Asansol
-
Burnpur Nehru Park - Riverside, Asansol
-
Maithon Dam
-
Statue of Kazi Nazrul Islam at Asansol
-
Nazrul Academy; Churulia, Birth Place of Kazi Nazrul Islam
References
- ^ "Purnendu Kr Maji appointed as the first DM of Paschim Bardhaman district". paschimbardhaman.co.in. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ "Shri Sukesh Kumar Jain the Police Commisioner of Paschim Bardhaman". asansoldurgapurpolice.in. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook, Bardhaman, Part XII B" (PDF). Brief History of the district, pages 9 - 11. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
- ^ "List of Paleolithic sites in India". Important India. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ "Bardhaman district". History and Background. Bardhaman district authorities. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ "Asansol". History. Railindia. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ Chattopadhyay, Akkori, Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), (in Bengali), Vol I, pp 367-370, Radical Impression. ISBN 81-85459-36-3
- ^ "Bengal District Gazetteers, Burdwan by JCK Peterson" (PDF). History, Page 51. First published in 1910, reprinted in 1997 by the Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ^ a b c "About Durgapur". ADDA. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ^ Chattopadhyay, Akkori, Vol I, pp 345-365
- ^ "Bardhaman District". History and Background. Bardhaman district administration. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ^ a b "পূর্ব ও পশ্চিম, আজ বর্ধমান জেলা ভাগের আনুষ্ঠানিক ঘোষনা মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর" (in Bengali). ABP Ananda, 7 April 2017. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
- ^ "Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman" (PDF). Physiography, pages 13-14. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ^ Chattopadhyay, Akkori, Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti, Vol I, pp 14-15.
- ^ "West Burdwan the 23rd District of West Bengal". Egiye Bangla, official portal of the Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
- ^ a b "Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008". West Bengal. National Informatics Centre, India. 19 March 2008. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
- ^ a b "Administrative Units". Official website of Bardhaman district. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
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- ^ "Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal". Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008. Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
- ^ "The Kolkata Gazette" (PDF). Notification No. 335/MA/O/C-4/1M-36/2014 dated 3 June 2015. Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ "District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman". Table 2.1. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
- ^ "Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal". Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008. Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
- ^ "District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan". Table 2.2, 2.4(a). Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
- ^ a b "2011 Census - Primary Census Abstract Data Tables". West Bengal – District-wise. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
- ^ "C1 Population by Religious Community". West Bengal. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ Akkori Chattopadhyay, Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti , Vol I, pp. 46-51, (Bengali), Radical, 2001, ISBN 81-85459-36-3
- ^ "Coal India Limited". History. CIL. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ "Eastern Coalfields aim higher output from underground mining". The Hindu Business Line, 12 October 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ "Eastern Coalfields". Planning. ECL. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Asansol". railindia. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ^ "The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian". railindia. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ a b "Steel Authority of India Limited". IISCO Steel Plant. SAIL. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ "PM Dedicates to the Nation SAIL's Modernised & Expanded IISCO Steel Plant at Burnpur". Press Release. SAIL. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ "Chairman, SAIL reviews performance of ISP, Burnpur". Press Release 7 March 2015. SAIL. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- ^ "Chittaranjan Locomotive Works". Indian Railways. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ "Ballavpur Paper Mnfg. Ltd". BPML. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ a b "Brief Industrial Profile of Burdwan district" (PDF). Micro Small and Medium Industries. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ^ a b "Bardhaman district". Industries. Bardhaman district administration. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ^ "Steel Authority of India". About Durgapur Steel Plant. SAIL. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ "Damodar Valley Corporation". Reservoirs and Barrages. DVC. Retrieved 20 April 2017.