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'''''Phyllanthus emblica''''', also known as '''emblic''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name=Lim>{{cite book|author=Lim, T.K. |date=2012 |title= Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/ediblemedicinaln00limt_997 |url-access=limited |chapter=''Phyllanthus emblica'' |publisher=Springer Netherlands |pages= [https://archive.org/details/ediblemedicinaln00limt_997/page/n272 258]–296 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_37 |isbn=9789400740525 }}</ref> '''emblic myrobalan''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''myrobalan''',<ref name=Lim/> '''Indian gooseberry''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name=Lim/> '''Malacca tree''',<ref name=Lim/> or '''amla''',<ref name=Lim/> from the Sanskrit आमलकी ('''āmalakī'''), is a [[deciduous]] tree of the family [[Phyllanthaceae]]. Its native range is tropical and [[South Asia|southern Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phyllanthus emblica L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:353838-1 |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>
'''''Phyllanthus emblica''''', also known as '''emblic''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name=Lim>{{cite book|author=Lim, T.K. |date=2012 |title= Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/ediblemedicinaln00limt_997 |url-access=limited |chapter=''Phyllanthus emblica'' |publisher=Springer Netherlands |pages= [https://archive.org/details/ediblemedicinaln00limt_997/page/n272 258]–296 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_37 |isbn=9789400740525 }}</ref> '''emblic myrobalan''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''myrobalan''',<ref name=Lim/> '''Indian gooseberry''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name=Lim/> '''Malacca tree''',<ref name=Lim/> or '''amla''',<ref name=Lim/> from the Sanskrit आमलकी ('''āmalakī'''), is a [[deciduous]] tree of the family [[Phyllanthaceae]]. Its native range is tropical and [[South Asia|southern Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phyllanthus emblica L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:353838-1 |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>


== Description ==
⚫
==Plant morphology and harvesting==
[[File:Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica syn Emblica officinalis) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W Picture 045.jpg|thumb|left|Budding and flowers]]
[[File:Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica syn Emblica officinalis) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W Picture 045.jpg|thumb|left|Budding and flowers]]
⚫
===Plant morphology===
[[File:Phyllanthus emblica - whole and cross section.jpg|thumb|left|Phyllanthus emblica - whole and cross section]]
[[File:Phyllanthus emblica - whole and cross section.jpg|thumb|left|Phyllanthus emblica - whole and cross section]]
The tree is small to medium in size, reaching {{convert|1-8|m|abbr=on}} in height. The branchlets are not glabrous or finely pubescent, {{convert|10–20|cm|abbr=on}} long, usually deciduous; the leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set along branchlets, light green, resembling pinnate leaves. The flowers are greenish-yellow. The fruit is nearly spherical, light greenish-yellow, quite smooth and hard on appearance, with six vertical stripes or furrows. The fruit is up to {{convert|26|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter, and, while the fruit of wild plants weigh approximately {{convert|5.5|g|abbr=on}}, cultivated fruits average {{convert|28.4|g|abbr=on}} to {{convert|56|g|abbr=on}}<ref>Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5</ref>
The tree is small to medium in size, reaching {{convert|1-8|m|abbr=on}} in height. The branchlets are not glabrous or finely pubescent, {{convert|10–20|cm|abbr=on}} long, usually deciduous; the leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set along branchlets, light green, resembling pinnate leaves. The flowers are greenish-yellow. The fruit is nearly spherical, light greenish-yellow, quite smooth and hard on appearance, with six vertical stripes or furrows. The fruit is up to {{convert|26|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter, and, while the fruit of wild plants weigh approximately {{convert|5.5|g|abbr=on}}, cultivated fruits average {{convert|28.4|g|abbr=on}} to {{convert|56|g|abbr=on}}<ref>Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5</ref>


⚫
===Chemical constituents===
⚫
Ripening in autumn, the berries are harvested by hand after climbing to upper branches bearing the fruits. The taste of Indian emblic is sour, bitter and astringent, and it is quite fibrous.

⚫
==Buddhist symbolism==
⚫
In the Buddhist tradition there are many references to the fruit of the emblic myrobalan. In the Śatapañcāśatka, Buddha’s knowledge is described in a poetic simile: “O Bhagavan, the entire origination of all types of phenomena throughout time is within the range of your mind, like an ambalan fruit in the palm of your hand”.<ref>Chen, K. (1952). The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātrceta: Sanskrit Text, Tibetan translation and commentary, and Chinese translation. Edited by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, with an introduction, English translation and notes. Cambridge: The University Press, 1951. xi, 237 p. The Far Eastern Quarterly, 11(3), 408-410. {{doi|10.2307/2049590}}.</ref>

⚫
Half an [[amalaka]] fruit was the final gift to the Buddhist ''[[sangha]]'' by the great Indian emperor [[Ashoka]]. This is illustrated in the [[Ashokavadana]] in the following verses: "A great donor, the lord of men, the eminent Maurya Ashoka, has gone from being lord of Jambudvipa [the continent] to being lord of half a myrobalan".<ref>[[John S. Strong|Strong, J. S.]] (1983) ''The Legend of King Ashoka''. New York: Princeton University Press. p. 99.</ref> In [[Theravada Buddhism]], this plant is said to have been used as the tree for achieving enlightenment, or [[Bodhi]], by the twenty first [[Buddha]], named [[Phussa Buddha]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cu31924093743619 <!-- quote=Phussa Amalaka tree. --> Buddha: His Life, His Teachings, His Order: Together with the History of the Buddhism, Manmatha Nath Dutt, Society for the resuscitation of Indian literature, 1901, p. 3]</ref>

⚫
== Traditional uses ==

⚫
===Culinary use===
⚫
[[File:Indian gooseberry pickle.png|thumb|Indian gooseberry pickle]]
⚫
The amla fruit is eaten raw or cooked into various dishes, such as ''[[dal]]'' (a lentil preparation) and ''amle ka murabbah'', a sweet dish made by soaking the berries in sugar syrup until they are candied. It is traditionally consumed after meals.{{cn|date=October 2020}}

⚫
In the [[Batak]] area of [[Sumatra]], Indonesia, the inner bark is used to impart an astringent, bitter taste to the broth of a traditional fish soup known as ''holat''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=de Clercq|first1=F. S. A.|title=Nieuw Plantkundig Woordenboek voor Nederlandsch Indië|url=https://archive.org/details/nieuwplantkundig00cler|date=1909|publisher=J. H. de Bussy|location=Amsterdam|page=[https://archive.org/details/nieuwplantkundig00cler/page/303 303]}}</ref>

⚫
===Traditional medicine===
⚫
In [[Ayurveda]], dried and fresh fruits of the plant are used as a common constituent.<ref name=dharm/><ref>Indian Ministry of Health and Family Planning. The Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Part I. 1st ed. Delhi, 1978.</ref>

⚫
==Chemical constituents==
These fruits contain high amounts of [[ascorbic acid]] (vitamin C),<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarwadi K, Agte V |title=Antioxidant and micronutrient potential of common fruits available in the Indian subcontinent |journal=Int J Food Sci Nutr |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=341–9 |date=Aug 2007 |pmid=17558726 |doi=10.1080/09637480701243905 |s2cid=7663752 }}</ref> and have a [[bitter (taste)|bitter taste]] that may derive from a high density of [[ellagitannin]]s,<ref name=dharm>{{cite web|author=Dharmananda S|title= ''Emblic myrobalans'' (Amla)|publisher=Institute of Traditional Medicine|url=http://www.itmonline.org/arts/amla.htm|date=September 2003}}</ref> such as [[emblicanin]] A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), [[punigluconin]] (12%), and [[pedunculagin]] (14%).<ref>{{Cite journal
These fruits contain high amounts of [[ascorbic acid]] (vitamin C),<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarwadi K, Agte V |title=Antioxidant and micronutrient potential of common fruits available in the Indian subcontinent |journal=Int J Food Sci Nutr |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=341–9 |date=Aug 2007 |pmid=17558726 |doi=10.1080/09637480701243905 |s2cid=7663752 }}</ref> and have a [[bitter (taste)|bitter taste]] that may derive from a high density of [[ellagitannin]]s,<ref name=dharm>{{cite web|author=Dharmananda S|title= ''Emblic myrobalans'' (Amla)|publisher=Institute of Traditional Medicine|url=http://www.itmonline.org/arts/amla.htm|date=September 2003}}</ref> such as [[emblicanin]] A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), [[punigluconin]] (12%), and [[pedunculagin]] (14%).<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Bhattacharya | first1 = A.
| last1 = Bhattacharya | first1 = A.
Line 69: Line 52:
| pmid = 10522157
| pmid = 10522157
}}</ref> Amla also contains [[punicafolin]] and phyllanemblinin A, phyllanemblin other [[polyphenol]]s, such as [[flavonoid]]s, [[kaempferol]], [[ellagic acid]], and [[gallic acid]].<ref name=dharm/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Habib-ur-Rehman |author2=Yasin KA |author3=Choudhary MA |title=Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica |journal=Nat. Prod. Res. |volume=21 |issue=9 |pages=775–81 |date=Jul 2007 |pmid=17763100 |doi=10.1080/14786410601124664 |s2cid=30716746 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
}}</ref> Amla also contains [[punicafolin]] and phyllanemblinin A, phyllanemblin other [[polyphenol]]s, such as [[flavonoid]]s, [[kaempferol]], [[ellagic acid]], and [[gallic acid]].<ref name=dharm/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Habib-ur-Rehman |author2=Yasin KA |author3=Choudhary MA |title=Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica |journal=Nat. Prod. Res. |volume=21 |issue=9 |pages=775–81 |date=Jul 2007 |pmid=17763100 |doi=10.1080/14786410601124664 |s2cid=30716746 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

⚫
== Traditional uses ==
⚫
Ripening in autumn, the berries are harvested by hand after climbing to upper branches bearing the fruits. The taste of Indian emblic is sour, bitter and astringent, and it is quite fibrous.

⚫
===Culinary use===
⚫
[[File:Indian gooseberry pickle.png|thumb|Indian gooseberry pickle]]
⚫
The amla fruit is eaten raw or cooked into various dishes, such as ''[[dal]]'' (a lentil preparation) and ''amle ka murabbah'', a sweet dish made by soaking the berries in sugar syrup until they are candied. It is traditionally consumed after meals.{{cn|date=October 2020}}

⚫
In the [[Batak]] area of [[Sumatra]], Indonesia, the inner bark is used to impart an astringent, bitter taste to the broth of a traditional fish soup known as ''holat''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=de Clercq|first1=F. S. A.|title=Nieuw Plantkundig Woordenboek voor Nederlandsch Indië|url=https://archive.org/details/nieuwplantkundig00cler|date=1909|publisher=J. H. de Bussy|location=Amsterdam|page=[https://archive.org/details/nieuwplantkundig00cler/page/303 303]}}</ref>

⚫
===Traditional medicine===
⚫
In [[Ayurveda]], dried and fresh fruits of the plant are used as a common constituent.<ref name=dharm/><ref>Indian Ministry of Health and Family Planning. The Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Part I. 1st ed. Delhi, 1978.</ref>

⚫
==Buddhist symbolism==
⚫
In the Buddhist tradition there are many references to the fruit of the emblic myrobalan. In the Śatapañcāśatka, Buddha’s knowledge is described in a poetic simile: “O Bhagavan, the entire origination of all types of phenomena throughout time is within the range of your mind, like an ambalan fruit in the palm of your hand”.<ref>Chen, K. (1952). The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātrceta: Sanskrit Text, Tibetan translation and commentary, and Chinese translation. Edited by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, with an introduction, English translation and notes. Cambridge: The University Press, 1951. xi, 237 p. The Far Eastern Quarterly, 11(3), 408-410. {{doi|10.2307/2049590}}.</ref>

⚫
Half an [[amalaka]] fruit was the final gift to the Buddhist ''[[sangha]]'' by the great Indian emperor [[Ashoka]]. This is illustrated in the [[Ashokavadana]] in the following verses: "A great donor, the lord of men, the eminent Maurya Ashoka, has gone from being lord of Jambudvipa [the continent] to being lord of half a myrobalan".<ref>[[John S. Strong|Strong, J. S.]] (1983) ''The Legend of King Ashoka''. New York: Princeton University Press. p. 99.</ref> In [[Theravada Buddhism]], this plant is said to have been used as the tree for achieving enlightenment, or [[Bodhi]], by the twenty first [[Buddha]], named [[Phussa Buddha]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cu31924093743619 <!-- quote=Phussa Amalaka tree. --> Buddha: His Life, His Teachings, His Order: Together with the History of the Buddhism, Manmatha Nath Dutt, Society for the resuscitation of Indian literature, 1901, p. 3]</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Revision as of 21:18, 16 April 2023

For other plants called gooseberry, see List of gooseberries.

Phyllanthus emblica
Plant
Fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Genus: Phyllanthus
Species:
P. emblica
Binomial name
Phyllanthus emblica
Synonyms[3]
  • Cicca emblica (L.) Kurz
  • Diasperus emblica (L.) Kuntze
  • Dichelactina nodicaulis Hance
  • Emblica arborea Raf.
  • Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
  • Phyllanthus glomeratus Roxb. ex Wall. nom. inval.
  • Phyllanthus mairei H.Lév.
  • Phyllanthus mimosifolius Salisb.
  • Phyllanthus taxifolius D.Don

Phyllanthus emblica, also known as emblic,[2][4] emblic myrobalan,[2] myrobalan,[4] Indian gooseberry,[2][4] Malacca tree,[4] or amla,[4] from the Sanskrit आमलकी (āmalakī), is a deciduous tree of the family Phyllanthaceae. Its native range is tropical and southern Asia.[5]

Description

Budding and flowers

Plant morphology

Phyllanthus emblica - whole and cross section

The tree is small to medium in size, reaching 1–8 m (3 ft 3 in – 26 ft 3 in) in height. The branchlets are not glabrous or finely pubescent, 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) long, usually deciduous; the leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set along branchlets, light green, resembling pinnate leaves. The flowers are greenish-yellow. The fruit is nearly spherical, light greenish-yellow, quite smooth and hard on appearance, with six vertical stripes or furrows. The fruit is up to 26 mm (1.0 in) in diameter, and, while the fruit of wild plants weigh approximately 5.5 g (0.19 oz), cultivated fruits average 28.4 g (1.00 oz) to 56 g (2.0 oz)[6]

Chemical constituents

These fruits contain high amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C),[7] and have a bitter taste that may derive from a high density of ellagitannins,[8] such as emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), punigluconin (12%), and pedunculagin (14%).[9] Amla also contains punicafolin and phyllanemblinin A, phyllanemblin other polyphenols, such as flavonoids, kaempferol, ellagic acid, and gallic acid.[8][10]

Traditional uses

Ripening in autumn, the berries are harvested by hand after climbing to upper branches bearing the fruits. The taste of Indian emblic is sour, bitter and astringent, and it is quite fibrous.

Culinary use

Indian gooseberry pickle

The amla fruit is eaten raw or cooked into various dishes, such as dal (a lentil preparation) and amle ka murabbah, a sweet dish made by soaking the berries in sugar syrup until they are candied. It is traditionally consumed after meals.[citation needed]

In the Batak area of Sumatra, Indonesia, the inner bark is used to impart an astringent, bitter taste to the broth of a traditional fish soup known as holat.[11]

Traditional medicine

In Ayurveda, dried and fresh fruits of the plant are used as a common constituent.[8][12]

Buddhist symbolism

In the Buddhist tradition there are many references to the fruit of the emblic myrobalan. In the Śatapañcāśatka, Buddha’s knowledge is described in a poetic simile: “O Bhagavan, the entire origination of all types of phenomena throughout time is within the range of your mind, like an ambalan fruit in the palm of your hand”.[13]

Half an amalaka fruit was the final gift to the Buddhist sangha by the great Indian emperor Ashoka. This is illustrated in the Ashokavadana in the following verses: "A great donor, the lord of men, the eminent Maurya Ashoka, has gone from being lord of Jambudvipa [the continent] to being lord of half a myrobalan".[14] In Theravada Buddhism, this plant is said to have been used as the tree for achieving enlightenment, or Bodhi, by the twenty first Buddha, named Phussa Buddha.[15]

  • Amla at the top of the Lingaraj temple in Bhubaneswar
    Amla at the top of the Lingaraj temple in Bhubaneswar
  • Hand of a standing Buddha statue holding a myrobalan
    Hand of a standing Buddha statue holding a myrobalan
  • Seed
    Seed
  • Fruits
    Fruits
  • Leaves
    Leaves
  • Trunk and main branches, highlighting mottled bark
    Trunk and main branches, highlighting mottled bark
  • Amla juice
    Amla juice
  • Amala in Bhopal Madhya Pradesh
    Amala in Bhopal Madhya Pradesh
  • Amala Size comparison
    Amala Size comparison

See also

References

  1. ^ Roland, C. (2020). "Phyllanthus emblica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T149444430A149548926. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T149444430A149548926.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d "Phyllanthus emblica". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
  3. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e Lim, T.K. (2012). "Phyllanthus emblica". Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands. pp. 258–296. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_37. ISBN 9789400740525.
  5. ^ "Phyllanthus emblica L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  6. ^ Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
  7. ^ Tarwadi K, Agte V (Aug 2007). "Antioxidant and micronutrient potential of common fruits available in the Indian subcontinent". Int J Food Sci Nutr. 58 (5): 341–9. doi:10.1080/09637480701243905. PMID 17558726. S2CID 7663752.
  8. ^ a b c Dharmananda S (September 2003). "Emblic myrobalans (Amla)". Institute of Traditional Medicine.
  9. ^ Bhattacharya, A.; Chatterjee, A.; Ghosal, S.; Bhattacharya, S. K. (1999). "Antioxidant activity of active tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis (amla)". Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 37 (7): 676–680. PMID 10522157.
  10. ^ Habib-ur-Rehman; Yasin KA; Choudhary MA; et al. (Jul 2007). "Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica". Nat. Prod. Res. 21 (9): 775–81. doi:10.1080/14786410601124664. PMID 17763100. S2CID 30716746.
  11. ^ de Clercq, F. S. A. (1909). Nieuw Plantkundig Woordenboek voor Nederlandsch Indië. Amsterdam: J. H. de Bussy. p. 303.
  12. ^ Indian Ministry of Health and Family Planning. The Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Part I. 1st ed. Delhi, 1978.
  13. ^ Chen, K. (1952). The Śatapañcāśatka of Mātrceta: Sanskrit Text, Tibetan translation and commentary, and Chinese translation. Edited by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, with an introduction, English translation and notes. Cambridge: The University Press, 1951. xi, 237 p. The Far Eastern Quarterly, 11(3), 408-410. doi:10.2307/2049590.
  14. ^ Strong, J. S. (1983) The Legend of King Ashoka. New York: Princeton University Press. p. 99.
  15. ^ Buddha: His Life, His Teachings, His Order: Together with the History of the Buddhism, Manmatha Nath Dutt, Society for the resuscitation of Indian literature, 1901, p. 3
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