Physical unclonable function: Difference between revisions
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{{Wikify|date=November 2007}} |
{{Wikify|date=November 2007}} |
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=Definition= |
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In practical [[cryptography]], a '''PUF''' or '''Physical Unclonable Function''' is a function that is embodied in a physical structure, that is easy to evaluate but hard to characterize. |
In practical [[cryptography]], a '''PUF''' or '''Physical Unclonable Function''' is a function that is embodied in a physical structure, that is easy to evaluate but hard to characterize. |
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The physical structure that contains the PUF consists of many random components. These random components are introduced during the manufacturing process and cannot be controlled. When a physical stimulus is applied to the structure, it reacts in an unpredictable way due to the presence of these random components. The applied stimulus is called the challenge, and the reaction of the PUF is called the response. A specific challenge and its corresponding response together form a challenge-response-pair or CRP. |
The physical structure that contains the PUF consists of many random components. These random components are introduced during the manufacturing process and cannot be controlled. When a physical stimulus is applied to the structure, it reacts in an unpredictable way due to the presence of these random components. The applied stimulus is called the challenge, and the reaction of the PUF is called the response. A specific challenge and its corresponding response together form a challenge-response-pair or CRP. |
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PUFs inherit their unclonability property from the fact that every PUF has a unique and unpredictable way of mapping challenges to responses. Two PUFs that were manufactured with the same process will still posses a unique challenge-response behavior. The unclonability property moreover states that it should be very hard to construct a PUF with the same challenge- |
PUFs inherit their unclonability property from the fact that every PUF has a unique and unpredictable way of mapping challenges to responses. Two PUFs that were manufactured with the same process will still posses a unique challenge-response behavior. The unclonability property moreover states that it should be very hard to construct a PUF with the same challenge-response behavior as a given PUF. Physical unclonability is very hard because exact control over the manufacturing process, such that all parameters of the physical structure can be exactly defined, is very hard. Mathematical unclonability means that it should be very hard to compute an unknown response given the exact parameters or other CRPs from the PUF. This is because a response is created as a very complex interaction of the challenge with the random components. Modelling this interaction, even if the random values are known, should take a lot of computational effort. The combination of physical and mathematical unclonability renders a PUF truly unclonable. |
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PUFs inherit their unclonability property from the fact that every PUF has a unique and unpredictable way of mapping challenges to responses. Two PUFs that were manufactured with the same process will still posses a unique challenge-response behavior. The unclonability property moreover states that it should be very hard to construct a PUF with the same challenge-response behavior as a given PUF. Physical unclonability is very hard because exact control over the manufacturing process, such that all parameters of the physical structure can be exactly defined, is very hard. Mathematical unclonability means that it should be very hard to compute an unknown response given the exact parameters or other CRPs from the PUF. This is because a response is created as a very complex interaction of the challenge with the random components. Modelling this interaction, even if the random values are known, should take a lot of computational effort. The combination of physical and mathematical unclonability renders a PUF truly unclonable. |
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Different sources of physical randomness can be used in PUFs. A distinction is made between PUFs wherein physical randomness is explicitly introduced and PUFs that use randomness that is intrinsically present in a physical system. Some examples are given below. |
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=Types of PUFs= |
==Types of PUFs== |
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==PUFs using explicitly introduced randomness== |
==PUFs using explicitly introduced randomness=== |
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===Optical PUF=== |
====Optical PUF==== |
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An optical PUF consists of a transparent |
An optical PUF consists of a transparent |
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===Coating PUF=== |
====Coating PUF==== |
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==PUFs using intrinsic randomness== |
===PUFs using intrinsic randomness=== |
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===Silicon PUF=== |
====Silicon PUF==== |
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===SRAM PUF=== |
====SRAM PUF==== |
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| ⚫ | A '''Physically Unclonable Function''' is a function that relies on variations which inadvertently exist for the material used for hardware. They produce - given an input - an output that will be different from other instances of said hardware, thus providing a countermeasure against creation of exact clones for a specific product. |
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| ⚫ | A '''Physically Unclonable Function''' is a function that relies on variations which inadvertently exist for the material used for hardware. They produce - given an input - an output that will be different from other instances of said hardware, thus providing a countermeasure against creation of exact clones for a specific product. |
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An example would be an RFID tag, which can easily be cloned. When equipped with a PUF however, creating a clone in a timely fashion can be next to impossible. |
An example would be an RFID tag, which can easily be cloned. When equipped with a PUF however, creating a clone in a timely fashion can be next to impossible. |
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Revision as of 17:46, 15 December 2007
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In practical cryptography, a PUF or Physical Unclonable Function is a function that is embodied in a physical structure, that is easy to evaluate but hard to characterize.
The physical structure that contains the PUF consists of many random components. These random components are introduced during the manufacturing process and cannot be controlled. When a physical stimulus is applied to the structure, it reacts in an unpredictable way due to the presence of these random components. The applied stimulus is called the challenge, and the reaction of the PUF is called the response. A specific challenge and its corresponding response together form a challenge-response-pair or CRP.
PUFs inherit their unclonability property from the fact that every PUF has a unique and unpredictable way of mapping challenges to responses. Two PUFs that were manufactured with the same process will still posses a unique challenge-response behavior. The unclonability property moreover states that it should be very hard to construct a PUF with the same challenge-response behavior as a given PUF. Physical unclonability is very hard because exact control over the manufacturing process, such that all parameters of the physical structure can be exactly defined, is very hard. Mathematical unclonability means that it should be very hard to compute an unknown response given the exact parameters or other CRPs from the PUF. This is because a response is created as a very complex interaction of the challenge with the random components. Modelling this interaction, even if the random values are known, should take a lot of computational effort. The combination of physical and mathematical unclonability renders a PUF truly unclonable.
PUFs inherit their unclonability property from the fact that every PUF has a unique and unpredictable way of mapping challenges to responses. Two PUFs that were manufactured with the same process will still posses a unique challenge-response behavior. The unclonability property moreover states that it should be very hard to construct a PUF with the same challenge-response behavior as a given PUF. Physical unclonability is very hard because exact control over the manufacturing process, such that all parameters of the physical structure can be exactly defined, is very hard. Mathematical unclonability means that it should be very hard to compute an unknown response given the exact parameters or other CRPs from the PUF. This is because a response is created as a very complex interaction of the challenge with the random components. Modelling this interaction, even if the random values are known, should take a lot of computational effort. The combination of physical and mathematical unclonability renders a PUF truly unclonable.
Types of PUFs
PUFs using explicitly introduced randomness=
Optical PUF
An optical PUF consists of a transparent
Coating PUF
PUFs using intrinsic randomness
Silicon PUF
SRAM PUF
A Physically Unclonable Function is a function that relies on variations which inadvertently exist for the material used for hardware. They produce - given an input - an output that will be different from other instances of said hardware, thus providing a countermeasure against creation of exact clones for a specific product.
An example would be an RFID tag, which can easily be cloned. When equipped with a PUF however, creating a clone in a timely fashion can be next to impossible.
References
- http://people.csail.mit.edu/rudolph/Teaching/Lectures/Security/Lecture-Security-PUFs-2.pdf
- http://www.cs.virginia.edu/papers/2007_3_nd_L_Bolotnyy.pdf
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