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Coordinates: 42°40′N 6°00′W / 42.667°N 6.000°W / 42.667; -6.000
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{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = León
| name = León
| native_name = Llión
| native_name = {{lang|ast|Llión}}
| native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "es" for Spanish -->
| native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "es" for Spanish -->
| type = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| type = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
Line 65: Line 65:
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
'''León''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|l|eɪ|ˈ|ɒ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|l|eɪ|ˈ|oʊ|n}}, {{IPA-es|leˈon|lang}}; {{Leonese|Llión}} {{IPA-ast|ʎiˈoŋ|}}; {{IPA-gl|leˈoŋ|lang}}) is a [[Provinces of Spain|province]] of northwestern Spain, in the northwestern part of the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Castile and León]].
'''León''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|l|eɪ|ˈ|ɒ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|l|eɪ|ˈ|oʊ|n}}, {{IPA-es|leˈon|lang}}; {{Leonese|Llión}} {{IPA-ast|ʎiˈoŋ|}}; {{IPA-gl|leˈoŋ|lang}}) is a [[Provinces of Spain|province]] of northwestern Spain in the northern part of the [[Region of León]] and in the northwestern part of the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Castile and León]].


About one quarter of its population of 463,746 (2018) lives in the capital, [[León, León|León]]. The climate is dry, cold in winter and hot in summer. This creates the perfect environment for wine and all types of cold meats and sausages like the leonese “Morcilla” and the “Cecina”.
About one quarter of its population of 463,746 (2018) lives in the capital, [[León, León|León]]. The climate is dry, cold in winter and hot in summer. This creates the perfect environment for wine and all types of cold meats and sausages like the leonese "Morcilla" and the "Cecina".


There are two famous [[Roman Catholic]] cathedrals in the province, the main one in León and another in [[Astorga (Spain)|Astorga]]. The province shares the [[Picos de Europa National Park]] (in the [[Picos de Europa]] mountain range) with [[Cantabria]] and [[Asturias]]. It has 211 municipalities.
There are two famous [[Roman Catholic]] cathedrals in the province, the main one in León and another in [[Astorga (Spain)|Astorga]]. The province shares the [[Picos de Europa National Park]] (in the [[Picos de Europa]] mountain range) with [[Cantabria]] and [[Asturias]]. It has 211 municipalities.


==History==
==History==
The province of León was established in 1833 with the [[1833 territorial division of Spain|new Spanish administrative organisation]] of regions and provinces to replace former kingdoms. The [[León (historical region)|Leonese Region]] was composed of the provinces of León, [[Province of Salamanca|Salamanca]] and [[Province of Zamora|Zamora]].
The province of León was established in 1833 with the [[1833 territorial division of Spain|new Spanish administrative organisation]] of regions and provinces to replace former kingdoms. The greater [[León (historical region)|Leonese Region]] was composed of the provinces of León, [[Province of Salamanca|Salamanca]] and [[Province of Zamora|Zamora]].


Until 1833, the independently administered [[Kingdom of León]], situated in the northwest region of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], retained the status of a [[monarchy|kingdom]], although [[dynastic union]] had brought it into the [[Crown of Castile]]. The Kingdom of León was founded in 910 A.D. when the Christian princes of [[Kingdom of Asturias|Asturias]] along the [[Bay of Biscay|northern coast of the peninsula]] shifted their main seat from [[Oviedo]] to the city of [[León, Spain|León]]. The Atlantic provinces became the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] in 1139.
The Kingdom of León was founded in 910 A.D. when the Christian princes of [[Kingdom of Asturias|Asturias]] along the [[Bay of Biscay|northern coast of the Iberian peninsula]] shifted their main seat from [[Oviedo]] to the city of [[León, Spain|León]]. The eastern, inland part of the kingdom was joined dynastically to the [[Kingdom of Castile]], first in 1037–1065, then in 1077–1109 and again in 1126–1157, 1230–1296 and from 1301 onward (see: [[Castile and León#Historic union of the Kingdoms of Castile and León|historic union of the Kingdoms of Castile and León]]). The western and Atlantic provinces became the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] in 1139.


The independently administered [[Kingdom of León]], situated in the northwestern region of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], retained the status of a [[monarchy|kingdom]] until 1833, although [[dynastic union]] had brought it into the [[Crown of Castile]]. The Kingdom was composed of ''Adelantamientos Mayores'', where the Leonese ''Adelantamientos'' consisted of the territories between the ''[[Picos de Europa]]'' and the [[Duero River]]. The political and military chiefs of these territories were referred to as [[Adelantado|''Adelantados'']]; those chiefs began to convene as an assembly in the early 12th century, while the crown appointed the ''Merinos'' as minor and appellate judges.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Los Adelantados y Merinos Mayores de León (siglos XIII-XV)|last=Jular Pérez-Alfaro|first=Cristina|date=1990|publisher=Universidad de León|isbn=84-7719-225-1|location=León, Spain}}</ref>
The eastern, inland part of the kingdom was joined dynastically to the [[Kingdom of Castile]] first in 1037–1065, again 1077–1109 and 1126–1157, 1230–1296 and from 1301 onward. (See [[Castile and León#Historic union of the Kingdoms of Castile and León]].) León retained the status of a kingdom until 1833, being composed by ''Adelantamientos Mayores'', where Leonese Adelantamiento consisted of the territories between the [[Picos de Europa]] and the [[Duero River]].


According to UNESCO, in 1188 the Kingdom of León developed the first Parliament in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Democracy|last=Keane|first=John|date=2016-01-31|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231539500|location=New York Chichester, West Sussex|doi = 10.7312/blau17412-110|chapter = 91. The Life and Death of Democracy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-8/the-decreta-of-leon-of-1188-the-oldest-documentary-manifestation-of-the-european-parliamentary-system/|title=The Decreta of León of 1188 - The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref> In 1202 its parliament approved economic legislation to regulate trade and guilds.
According to UNESCO, in 1188 the Kingdom of León developed the first Parliament in Europe, the [[Cortes of León of 1188|''Cortes de León'']], which included the elected representatives of towns and cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/memoryoftheworld/registry/251|title=The Decreta of León of 1188 - The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2023-07-07}}</ref> In 1202, that Parliament approved economic legislation to regulate trade and guilds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Democracy|last=Keane|first=John|date=2016-01-31|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231539500|location=New York Chichester, West Sussex|doi = 10.7312/blau17412-110|chapter = 91. The Life and Death of Democracy}}</ref>

==Population==
The historical population is given in the following chart:
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ImageSize = width:600 height:auto barincrement:30
PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20
DateFormat = x.y
Period = from:0 till:600
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PlotData=
color:skyblue width:20 shift:(-50,-5) fontsize:M anchor:till
bar:1877 from:0 till:358 text:357,944
bar:1887 from:0 till:389 text:389,233
bar:1900 from:0 till:401 text:401,172
bar:1910 from:0 till:419 text:419,226
bar:1920 from:0 till:436 text:436,369
bar:1930 from:0 till:462 text:461,560
bar:1940 from:0 till:509 text:508,613
bar:1950 from:0 till:551 text:551,072
bar:1960 from:0 till:591 text:591,130
bar:1970 from:0 till:563 text:562,766
bar:1980 from:0 till:524 text:523,607
bar:1990 from:0 till:526 text:525,896
bar:2000 from:0 till:489 text:488,751
bar:2010 from:0 till:493 text:493,312
bar:2020 from:0 till:456 text:456,439
TextData=
pos:(35,20) fontsize:M
text:"Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, INE"
</timeline>


==Languages==
==Languages==
{{urs|date=September 2023}}
{{See also|Leonese language}}
{{See also|Leonese language}}
The Provincial Government of León signed accords with language associations for promoting the [[Leonese language]].{{cn}} Leonese is taught in the city of León, [[Mansilla de las Mulas]], [[La Bañeza]], [[Valencia de Don Juan]] or [[Ponferrada]] for adult people, and in sixteen schools of León.{{cn}} The City Council of León writes some of its announcements in Leonese in order to promote the language.{{cn}}
The Provincial Government of León signed accords with language associations for promoting the [[Leonese language]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} Leonese is taught in the city of León, [[Mansilla de las Mulas]], [[La Bañeza]], [[Valencia de Don Juan]] or [[Ponferrada]] for adult people, and in sixteen schools of León.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} The City Council of León writes some of its announcements in Leonese in order to promote the language.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}


In the western part of the [[El Bierzo]], the westernmost region of the province, [[Galician language]] is spoken and taught at schools.{{Cn}}
In the western part of the [[El Bierzo]], the westernmost region of the province, [[Galician language]] is spoken and taught at schools.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}


==Climate==
==Climate==
[[File:Hoces Vegacervera.JPG|thumb|A [[canyon]] in the mountains of Vegacervera]]
[[File:Arquitectura tradicional de El Bierzo.jpg|thumb|[[Peñalba de Santiago]], a medieval village in [[El Bierzo]].]]
As for the temperatures, in general it is a cold climate due to the altitude and the abundance of frost (which persist from November to May), being more intense in the mountainous areas reaching -18ºC. Vega de Liordes, an enclave in the León sector of Picos de Europa belonging to the municipality of [[Posada de Valdeón]] registered {{convert|-35.8|C|F}} on January 7, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/castilla-y-leon/provincias/leon/vega-liordes-leon-bate-jueves-record-historico-temperatura-minima-espana-35-6-grados_1_6732862.html|title=Vega de Liordes (León) bate este jueves el récord histórico de temperatura mínima en España con -35,8 grados|publisher=[[elDiario.es]]|date=7 January 2021|access-date=12 January 2021|language=Spanish |trans-title=Vega de Liordes (León) beats this Thursday the historical record for the minimum temperature in Spain with -35.8 degrees}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/01/07/spain-records-coldest-ever-temperature-at-35-8-c|title=Spain records coldest ever temperature at minus 35.8 degrees Celsius|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref>
As for the temperatures, in general it is a cold climate due to the altitude and the abundance of frost (which persist from November to May), being more intense in the mountainous areas reaching -18&nbsp;°C. Vega de Liordes, an enclave in the León sector of Picos de Europa belonging to the municipality of [[Posada de Valdeón]] registered {{convert|-35.8|C|F}} on January 7, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/castilla-y-leon/provincias/leon/vega-liordes-leon-bate-jueves-record-historico-temperatura-minima-espana-35-6-grados_1_6732862.html|title=Vega de Liordes (León) bate este jueves el récord histórico de temperatura mínima en España con -35,8 grados|publisher=[[elDiario.es]]|date=7 January 2021|access-date=12 January 2021|language=Spanish |trans-title=Vega de Liordes (León) beats this Thursday the historical record for the minimum temperature in Spain with -35.8 degrees}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/01/07/spain-records-coldest-ever-temperature-at-35-8-c|title=Spain records coldest ever temperature at minus 35.8 degrees Celsius|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref>


==Cuisine==
==Cuisine==
'''''Embutidos'''''
'''''Embutidos'''''
* ''[[Cecina (meat)|Cecina de León]]'': from beef. In the [[Leonese language]], ''cecina'' means "meat that has been salted and dried by means of air, sun or smoke". ''Cecina de León'' is made of the hind legs of beef, salted, smoked and air-dried in the province of León, and has [[Protected designation of origin|PGI]] status.
* ''[[Cecina (meat)|Cecina de León]]'': from beef. In the [[Leonese language]], ''cecina'' means "meat that has been salted and dried by means of air, sun or smoke". ''Cecina de León'' is made of the hind legs of beef, salted, smoked and air-dried in the province of León, and has [[Protected designation of origin|PGI]] status.
* ''[[Botillo]]'': from pig. Traditionally made in the western Leonese regions, ''botiellu'' in Leonese or ''botelo'' in Galician, is a dish of meat-stuffed pork intestine. It is a culinary specialty of the county of [[El Bierzo]] and also of the region of [[Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro|Trás-os-Montes]] in Portugal. This type of ''[[embutido]]'' is a meat product made from different pieces left over from the butchering of a pig, including the ribs, tail, and bones with a little meat left on them. These are chopped; seasoned with salt, pepper, garlic, and other spices; stuffed in the cecum of the pig; and partly cured via smoking. It can also include the pig's tongue, shoulder blade, jaw, and backbone, but never exceeding 20% of the total volume. It is normally consumed cooked, covered with a sheet. It also has a PGI status.
* ''[[Botillo]]'': from pig. Traditionally made in the western Leonese regions, ''botiellu'' in Leonese or ''botelo'' in Galician, is a dish of meat-stuffed pork intestine. It is a culinary specialty of the county of [[El Bierzo]] and also of the region of [[Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro|Trás-os-Montes]] in Portugal. This type of ''[[embutido]]'' is a meat product made from different pieces left over from the butchering of a pig, including the ribs, tail, and bones with a little meat left on them. These are chopped; seasoned with salt, pepper, garlic, and other spices; stuffed in the cecum of the pig; and partly cured via smoking. It can also include the pig's tongue, shoulder blade, jaw, and backbone, but never exceeding 20% of the total volume. It is normally consumed cooked, covered with a sheet. In some parts of the province, specially close to [[Orbigo]] river it's also known as Yosco. It has PGI status.


'''Cheese'''
'''Cheese'''
Line 99: Line 140:


'''Wines'''
'''Wines'''
* ''[[Bierzo (DO)|Bierzo]]'': in the west of the Province of León and covers about 3,000&nbsp;km². The area consists of numerous small valleys in the mountainous part (Alto Bierzo) and of a wide, flat plain (Bajo Bierzo). The ''[[denominación de origen]]'' covers 23 municipalities.
* ''[[Bierzo (DO)|Bierzo]]'': in the west of the province of León and covers about 3,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The area consists of numerous small valleys in the mountainous part (Alto Bierzo) and of a wide, flat plain (Bajo Bierzo). The ''[[denominación de origen]]'' covers 23 municipalities.
* ''[[Tierra de León (DO)|Tierra de León]]'': in the southeast of the Province of León.
* ''[[Tierra de León (DO)|Tierra de León]]'': in the southeast of the province of León.


'''Sweets'''
'''Sweets'''
Line 122: Line 163:


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Matar judíos]] (lit. 'killing Jews')
* [[Santiago de Peñalba]]
* [[Castrillo de los Polvazares]]
* [[Cave of Valporquero]]
* [[Kingdom of León]]
* [[Kingdom of León]]
* [[Leonese language]]
* [[Leonese language]]
* [[List of municipalities of León]]
* [[Montes de León]]
* [[Montes de León]]
* [[Cave of Valporquero]]
* [[Asturica Augusta]]


== Notes and references==
== Notes and references==
Line 135: Line 181:
* [http://www.dipuleon.es Leonese Provincial Government]
* [http://www.dipuleon.es Leonese Provincial Government]
* [http://www.aytoleon.es Leonese City Council]
* [http://www.aytoleon.es Leonese City Council]
* [[San Isidro Ski Resort]]


{{Provinces of Spain}}
{{Provinces of Spain}}
Line 140: Line 187:
{{Portal bar|Spain}}
{{Portal bar|Spain}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leon, Province of}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Leon, Province of}}
[[Category:Province of León| ]]
[[Category:Province of León| ]]

Latest revision as of 05:58, 1 April 2024

León
Llión
Province
Main sights from the province of León. From left to right: Pantheon of San Isidoro, Ponferrada castle, Las Médulas, Astorga, Castrillo de los Polvazares, Barrios de Luna Reservoir.
Main sights from the province of León. From left to right: Pantheon of San Isidoro, Ponferrada castle, Las Médulas, Astorga, Castrillo de los Polvazares, Barrios de Luna Reservoir.
Flag of León
Flag
Coat of arms of León
Coat of arms
Map of Spain with León highlighted
Map of Spain with León highlighted
Coordinates: 42°40′N 6°00′W / 42.667°N 6.000°W / 42.667; -6.000
CountrySpain
Autonomous communityCastilla y León
CapitalLeón
Area
 • Total15,581 km2 (6,016 sq mi)
 • RankRanked 7th
 3.08% of Spain
Population
 (2018)
 • Total463,746
 • RankRanked 30th
 • Density30/km2 (77/sq mi)
 1.08% of Spain
Demonym(s)Leonese
Spanish: Leonés/Leonesa
Websitedipuleon.es

León (UK: /leɪˈɒn/, US: /leɪˈoʊn/, Spanish: [leˈon]; Leonese: Llión [ʎiˈoŋ]; Galician: [leˈoŋ]) is a province of northwestern Spain in the northern part of the Region of León and in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

About one quarter of its population of 463,746 (2018) lives in the capital, León. The climate is dry, cold in winter and hot in summer. This creates the perfect environment for wine and all types of cold meats and sausages like the leonese "Morcilla" and the "Cecina".

There are two famous Roman Catholic cathedrals in the province, the main one in León and another in Astorga. The province shares the Picos de Europa National Park (in the Picos de Europa mountain range) with Cantabria and Asturias. It has 211 municipalities.

History

[edit]

The province of León was established in 1833 with the new Spanish administrative organisation of regions and provinces to replace former kingdoms. The greater Leonese Region was composed of the provinces of León, Salamanca and Zamora.

The Kingdom of León was founded in 910 A.D. when the Christian princes of Asturias along the northern coast of the Iberian peninsula shifted their main seat from Oviedo to the city of León. The eastern, inland part of the kingdom was joined dynastically to the Kingdom of Castile, first in 1037–1065, then in 1077–1109 and again in 1126–1157, 1230–1296 and from 1301 onward (see: historic union of the Kingdoms of Castile and León). The western and Atlantic provinces became the Kingdom of Portugal in 1139.

The independently administered Kingdom of León, situated in the northwestern region of the Iberian Peninsula, retained the status of a kingdom until 1833, although dynastic union had brought it into the Crown of Castile. The Kingdom was composed of Adelantamientos Mayores, where the Leonese Adelantamientos consisted of the territories between the Picos de Europa and the Duero River. The political and military chiefs of these territories were referred to as Adelantados; those chiefs began to convene as an assembly in the early 12th century, while the crown appointed the Merinos as minor and appellate judges.[1]

According to UNESCO, in 1188 the Kingdom of León developed the first Parliament in Europe, the Cortes de León, which included the elected representatives of towns and cities.[2] In 1202, that Parliament approved economic legislation to regulate trade and guilds.[3]

Population

[edit]

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Languages

[edit]
See also: Leonese language

The Provincial Government of León signed accords with language associations for promoting the Leonese language.[citation needed] Leonese is taught in the city of León, Mansilla de las Mulas, La Bañeza, Valencia de Don Juan or Ponferrada for adult people, and in sixteen schools of León.[citation needed] The City Council of León writes some of its announcements in Leonese in order to promote the language.[citation needed]

In the western part of the El Bierzo, the westernmost region of the province, Galician language is spoken and taught at schools.[citation needed]

Climate

[edit]
Peñalba de Santiago, a medieval village in El Bierzo.

As for the temperatures, in general it is a cold climate due to the altitude and the abundance of frost (which persist from November to May), being more intense in the mountainous areas reaching -18 °C. Vega de Liordes, an enclave in the León sector of Picos de Europa belonging to the municipality of Posada de Valdeón registered −35.8 °C (−32.4 °F) on January 7, 2021.[4][5]

Cuisine

[edit]

Embutidos

  • Cecina de León: from beef. In the Leonese language, cecina means "meat that has been salted and dried by means of air, sun or smoke". Cecina de León is made of the hind legs of beef, salted, smoked and air-dried in the province of León, and has PGI status.
  • Botillo: from pig. Traditionally made in the western Leonese regions, botiellu in Leonese or botelo in Galician, is a dish of meat-stuffed pork intestine. It is a culinary specialty of the county of El Bierzo and also of the region of Trás-os-Montes in Portugal. This type of embutido is a meat product made from different pieces left over from the butchering of a pig, including the ribs, tail, and bones with a little meat left on them. These are chopped; seasoned with salt, pepper, garlic, and other spices; stuffed in the cecum of the pig; and partly cured via smoking. It can also include the pig's tongue, shoulder blade, jaw, and backbone, but never exceeding 20% of the total volume. It is normally consumed cooked, covered with a sheet. In some parts of the province, specially close to Orbigo river it's also known as Yosco. It has PGI status.

Cheese

  • Queso de Valdeón (Valdeón cheese): a blue cheese produced in Posada de Valdeon, traditionally wrapped in chestnut or sycamore maple leaves before being sent to market.

Wines

  • Bierzo: in the west of the province of León and covers about 3,000 km2. The area consists of numerous small valleys in the mountainous part (Alto Bierzo) and of a wide, flat plain (Bajo Bierzo). The denominación de origen covers 23 municipalities.
  • Tierra de León: in the southeast of the province of León.

Sweets

Municipalities

[edit]

Comarcas

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]
  1. ^ Jular Pérez-Alfaro, Cristina (1990). Los Adelantados y Merinos Mayores de León (siglos XIII-XV). León, Spain: Universidad de León. ISBN 84-7719-225-1.
  2. ^ "The Decreta of León of 1188 - The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
  3. ^ Keane, John (2016-01-31). "91. The Life and Death of Democracy". Democracy. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/blau17412-110. ISBN 9780231539500.
  4. ^ "Vega de Liordes (León) bate este jueves el récord histórico de temperatura mínima en España con -35,8 grados" [Vega de Liordes (León) beats this Thursday the historical record for the minimum temperature in Spain with -35.8 degrees] (in Spanish). elDiario.es. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  5. ^ "Spain records coldest ever temperature at minus 35.8 degrees Celsius". Retrieved 12 January 2021.
[edit]
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