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{{Family name hatnote|Iglesias|Castro|lang=Spanish}}
<table border="1" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"><tr><td>
{{Short description|Costa Rican politician}}
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" bgcolor=#FFEECC>
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">
{{Infobox officeholder
<div style="align="center"; text-align:center;">
<font size="+1">'''Rafael Yglesias Castro'''</font><br>
| name = Rafael Iglesias Castro
| image = Rafael Yglesias Castro.jpg
'''[[List of Presidents of Costa Rica|President of Costa Rica]]'''</div></td></tr>
| office = [[List of Presidents of Costa Rica|16th]] [[President of Costa Rica]]
<tr><td>Term of office: </td><td>[[8 May]] [[1894]] to<br>[[8 May]] [[1902]]
| term_start = 8 May 1894
<br><small>(two consecutive terms)</small></td></tr>
| term_end = 8 May 1902
<tr><td>&ndash; Preceded by: </td><td>[[José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón|José Joaquín Rodríguez]]</td></tr>
| predecessor = [[José Joaquín Rodríguez]]
<tr><td>&ndash; Succeeded by: </td><td>[[Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra|Ascensión Esquivel]]</td></tr>
| successor = [[Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra]]
<tr><td>Date of birth: </td><td>[[18 April]] [[1861]]</td></tr>
| office2 =
<tr><td>Place of birth: </td><td></td></tr>
| term_start2 =
<tr><td>Date of death: </td><td>[[10 April]] [[1924]]</td></tr>
| term_end2 =
<tr><td>Place of death: </td><td>[[San José, Costa Rica|San José]]</td></tr>
| predecessor2 =
<tr><td>Party: </td><td> </td></tr>
| successor2 =
<tr></tr></table></table>
| party = Civil
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1861|4|18}}
| birth_place = [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], [[Costa Rica]]
| death_date = 10 April 1924 (aged 62)
| death_place = San José, Costa Rica
| spouse = Rosa Banuet Ross, Manuela Petronila de la Trinidad Rodríguez Alvarado
| children =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| signature = Firma Rafael Iglesias.png
}}
{{In line citation|date=January 2023}}
'''Rafael Anselmo José Iglesias Castro''', also known as '''Rafael Yglesias'''<ref>Civil Registry, sons identity numbers: 100530897; 100396213; 101520266.</ref> (18 April 1861 &ndash; 10 April 1924) was a Costa Rican politician who served as [[President of Costa Rica]] for two consecutive periods from 1894 to 1902.<ref>[http://www.tse.go.cr/pdf/ifed/PresidentesCR-Cuadros.pdf El Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones: Presidentes de la República de Costa Rica]</ref>


==Biography==
'''Rafael Anselmo José Yglesias Castro''' served as [[President]] of [[Costa Rica]] for two consecutive periods from [[1894]] to [[1902]].


He was born to Demetrio Iglesias Llorente and Eudoxia Castro Fernandez, whose father was also president, the "Founder of the Republic" [[José María Castro Madriz|José María Castro]] who served two terms, 1847–1849 and 1866–1868. Iglesias traveled to the United States and to Europe to further his education. He also studied law at the [[University of Santo Tomas]], but was unable to complete his studies due to his parents' economic difficulties at the time. He went into business, but did not meet with much success in that arena.
He was a grandson of "Founder of the Republic" [[José María Castro Madriz|José María Castro]].


Yglesias traveled to the United States and to Europe to complete his studies. Upon his return, it is said that he had a civil marriage to Rosa Banuet Ross, in the capital of Cartago. They had two girls, Berta and Rosa (*official records of this marriage were destroyed in the earthquake of Cartago in 1910). In the 1880’s, he served as Minister of War. Yglesias and Rosa were divorced, and he married Manuela Petronila de la Trinidad Rodríguez Alvarado, also a descendant of presidents.
He got married in a civil ceremony to Rosa Banuet Ross in [[Cartago, Costa Rica|Cartago.]] They had two girls, Berta and Rosa (*official records of this marriage were destroyed in the earthquake of Cartago in 1910). He served as Minister of War from 1890-4. Iglesias and Rosa were divorced due to family pressure, and he married Manuela Petronila de la Trinidad Rodríguez Alvarado, daughter of President [[José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón]] (1890-1894). She was a private woman, and did not share his enthusiasm for the political arena. They had a happy domestic partnership, and produced eleven children; Miguel, Eduardo, Luisa, Eudoxia, Bernardo Rafael, Margarita, Maria de los Angeles, Manuel, Jose Maria and Rafael.


==Presidency==
He was elected president in 1894 by a majority of 23,000, and his election was marked with by largest voter turnout to date. Upon his election, he made official visits to Paris and London. He had an audience with Queen Victoria, for whom he had great respect. Duly impressed by the technological advancements he saw in Europe, he decided to return to Costa Rica and usher his country into the 21st century.


In 1894, at the age of 33, Iglesias was elected president by a majority of 23,000, and his election was marked with by largest voter turnout to date. Upon his election, he made official visits to Paris and London. He had an audience with [[Queen Victoria]], for whom he had great respect. Duly impressed by the technological advancements he saw in Europe, he decided to return to Costa Rica and modernize it.
Yglesias’s progress was due mostly to his indefatigable energy and determination, and to the world’s enthusiasm as it stood on the brink of a new century. Yglesias’s presidency can be characterized as the bridge between the old world and the new. His accomplishments were to be had in every area; finance, health, education, politics, industry and the arts.


He completed the construction of a national theater (Teatro Nacional), and was present at its inauguration. He established the colon as the unit of currency, and put Costa Rican on the gold standard. He completed the Atlantic to Pacific railway, and built up the coastal town of Puerto Limon. In addition, he set up a department of sanitation in the city.
He completed the construction of a national theater ([[Teatro Nacional (San Jose)|Teatro Nacional]]),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=mncr |date=2019-11-06 |title=Rafael Yglesias Castro « Galería de Exmandatarios « Museo Nacional de Costa Rica |url=https://www.museocostarica.go.cr/divulgacion/temas-especiales/galeria-expresidentes/rafael-yglesias-castro/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Museo Nacional de Costa Rica |language=es-CR}}</ref> and was present at its inaugural performance of ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' presented by a French company under the auspices of Frederic Aubrey. He established the [[Colón (currency)|colon]] as the unit of currency, and put Costa Rica on the [[gold standard]]. He completed the Atlantic to Pacific railway,<ref name=":0" /> and built up the coastal town of [[Limón|Puerto Limon.]] In addition, he set up a department of sanitation in the city.


He oversaw the building of an electric tram, and brought municipal electricity to the city of Heredia. He established a house of correction for minors. He also instituted educational reforms, establishing a precedent for text books to be authored by Costa Rican citizens. A firm believer in public education, he founded a school for the arts (Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes) in 1897.
He oversaw the building of an [[electric tram]],<ref name=":0" /> and brought municipal electricity to the city of [[Heredia, Costa Rica|Heredia]]. He established a house of correction for minors. He also instituted educational reforms, establishing a precedent for text books to be authored by Costa Rican citizens. A firm believer in public education, he founded a school for the arts (Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes) in 1897.


Yglesias was ahead of his time in terms of the environment, and was the first president to send a scientific expedition to Isla del Coco. Hearing of its rich natural resources, Yglesias closed the penal colony that was there, and decreed the island a nature preserve.
Iglesias was the first president to send a scientific expedition to [[Cocos Island|Isla del Coco.]] Hearing of its rich natural resources, Iglesias closed the penal colony that was there, and decreed the island a nature preserve.


Ever conscious of health issues, Yglesias established a system of emergency health care in the provinces. In 1895, Congress approved a measure to create a board of medicine, surgery and pharmacy, comprised of all the doctors, surgeons and pharmacists that had been nationally certified. In 1902, he established the pharmaceutical college (Instituto de Farmacia).
Iglesias established a system of emergency health care in the provinces. In 1895, Congress approved a measure to create a board of medicine, surgery and pharmacy, composed of all the doctors, surgeons and pharmacists that had been nationally certified. In 1902, he established the pharmaceutical college (Instituto de Farmacia).
[[File:Rafael Iglesias Castro.png|thumb|Rafael Iglesias Castro, in his later life]]
He tried to amend the constitution to allow for a third term, but was defeated. He ran for president again in 1909 and 1913, but was never re-elected.


==Later life and death==


Iglesias still kept his hand in politics, and served, in 1919, as [[Plenipotentiary]] [[Ambassador]] to [[Guatemala]].
Rafael Yglesias appears on Costa Rican paper money in the denomination of 5 colones.
[[Category:1861 births|Yglesias Castro, Rafael ]]
[[Category:1924 deaths|Yglesias Castro, Rafael ]]
[[Category:Presidents of Costa Rica|Yglesias Castro, Rafael]]


Iglesias died in San Jose in 1924, and was buried in the Cementerio General de San Jose.
{{CostaRica-politician-stub}}


In 1981 he was awarded the title of "Benemerito de la Patria" for his years of service.
[[es:Rafael Yglesias Castro]]
[[File:Billete 5 colones 1968-1992.jpg|thumb|5 colones bill]]
Rafael Iglesias appeared on Costa Rican paper money in the former denomination of 5 colones. This edition was first printed in 1968.

Also, Rafael Iglesias appeared on Costa Rica postal stamps, in different editions.

==Sources==
{{Reflist}}
* Rafael Iglesias Castro - Carlos Calvo Gamboa, Ministerio de Cultura, Juventud y Deportes, Direccion de Publicaciones, San Jose, Costa Rica, 1980
* Personal Testimony - Berta Flores Iglesias, Iris Flores Schirmer, Fernando Flores Banuet

==External links==
* ''[http://www.guiascostarica.com/presi/presi20.htm Rafael Iglesias Castro]'' at ''guiascostarica.com''
* ''[http://www.costaricaweb.com/general/presidentes.htm#20 Presidentes de Costa Rica: Rafael Iglesias Castro]'' at ''Costa Rica Web''

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www.intnet.co.cr/tn/historia.html
www.costaricaweb.com/general/presidentphoto.htm
www.incofer.com/historia-ferrocaril.html
www.heredianet.co.cr/alumbrad.htm
www.ucr.ac.cr/~farmacia/histor.htm -->

{{s-start}}
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{{succession box|title=[[President of Costa Rica]]|before=[[José Rodríguez Zeledón]]|after=[[Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra]]|years=1894-1902}}
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{{CostaRicaPresidents}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Yglesias Castro, Rafael}}
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1924 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from San José, Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Presidents of Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Costa Rica to Guatemala]]
[[Category:Burials in Costa Rica]]
[[Category:19th-century Costa Rican people]]
[[Category:20th-century Costa Rican politicians]]

Latest revision as of 11:40, 10 June 2024

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Iglesias and the second or maternal family name is Castro.

Rafael Iglesias Castro
16th President of Costa Rica
In office
8 May 1894 – 8 May 1902
Preceded byJosé Joaquín Rodríguez
Succeeded byAscensión Esquivel Ibarra
Personal details
Born(1861-04-18)18 April 1861
San José, Costa Rica
Died10 April 1924 (aged 62)
San José, Costa Rica
Political partyCivil
Spouse(s)Rosa Banuet Ross, Manuela Petronila de la Trinidad Rodríguez Alvarado
OccupationPolitician
Signature

Rafael Anselmo José Iglesias Castro, also known as Rafael Yglesias[1] (18 April 1861 – 10 April 1924) was a Costa Rican politician who served as President of Costa Rica for two consecutive periods from 1894 to 1902.[2]

Biography

[edit]

He was born to Demetrio Iglesias Llorente and Eudoxia Castro Fernandez, whose father was also president, the "Founder of the Republic" José María Castro who served two terms, 1847–1849 and 1866–1868. Iglesias traveled to the United States and to Europe to further his education. He also studied law at the University of Santo Tomas, but was unable to complete his studies due to his parents' economic difficulties at the time. He went into business, but did not meet with much success in that arena.

He got married in a civil ceremony to Rosa Banuet Ross in Cartago. They had two girls, Berta and Rosa (*official records of this marriage were destroyed in the earthquake of Cartago in 1910). He served as Minister of War from 1890-4. Iglesias and Rosa were divorced due to family pressure, and he married Manuela Petronila de la Trinidad Rodríguez Alvarado, daughter of President José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón (1890-1894). She was a private woman, and did not share his enthusiasm for the political arena. They had a happy domestic partnership, and produced eleven children; Miguel, Eduardo, Luisa, Eudoxia, Bernardo Rafael, Margarita, Maria de los Angeles, Manuel, Jose Maria and Rafael.

Presidency

[edit]

In 1894, at the age of 33, Iglesias was elected president by a majority of 23,000, and his election was marked with by largest voter turnout to date. Upon his election, he made official visits to Paris and London. He had an audience with Queen Victoria, for whom he had great respect. Duly impressed by the technological advancements he saw in Europe, he decided to return to Costa Rica and modernize it.

He completed the construction of a national theater (Teatro Nacional),[3] and was present at its inaugural performance of Faust presented by a French company under the auspices of Frederic Aubrey. He established the colon as the unit of currency, and put Costa Rica on the gold standard. He completed the Atlantic to Pacific railway,[3] and built up the coastal town of Puerto Limon. In addition, he set up a department of sanitation in the city.

He oversaw the building of an electric tram,[3] and brought municipal electricity to the city of Heredia. He established a house of correction for minors. He also instituted educational reforms, establishing a precedent for text books to be authored by Costa Rican citizens. A firm believer in public education, he founded a school for the arts (Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes) in 1897.

Iglesias was the first president to send a scientific expedition to Isla del Coco. Hearing of its rich natural resources, Iglesias closed the penal colony that was there, and decreed the island a nature preserve.

Iglesias established a system of emergency health care in the provinces. In 1895, Congress approved a measure to create a board of medicine, surgery and pharmacy, composed of all the doctors, surgeons and pharmacists that had been nationally certified. In 1902, he established the pharmaceutical college (Instituto de Farmacia).

Rafael Iglesias Castro, in his later life

He tried to amend the constitution to allow for a third term, but was defeated. He ran for president again in 1909 and 1913, but was never re-elected.

Later life and death

[edit]

Iglesias still kept his hand in politics, and served, in 1919, as Plenipotentiary Ambassador to Guatemala.

Iglesias died in San Jose in 1924, and was buried in the Cementerio General de San Jose.

In 1981 he was awarded the title of "Benemerito de la Patria" for his years of service.

5 colones bill

Rafael Iglesias appeared on Costa Rican paper money in the former denomination of 5 colones. This edition was first printed in 1968.

Also, Rafael Iglesias appeared on Costa Rica postal stamps, in different editions.

Sources

[edit]
  1. ^ Civil Registry, sons identity numbers: 100530897; 100396213; 101520266.
  2. ^ El Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones: Presidentes de la República de Costa Rica
  3. ^ a b c mncr (6 November 2019). "Rafael Yglesias Castro « Galería de Exmandatarios « Museo Nacional de Costa Rica". Museo Nacional de Costa Rica (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  • Rafael Iglesias Castro - Carlos Calvo Gamboa, Ministerio de Cultura, Juventud y Deportes, Direccion de Publicaciones, San Jose, Costa Rica, 1980
  • Personal Testimony - Berta Flores Iglesias, Iris Flores Schirmer, Fernando Flores Banuet
[edit]


Political offices
Preceded by President of Costa Rica
1894-1902 		Succeeded by


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