Editing Red goshawk

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 21 July 2022">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2022 |title=''Erythrotriorchis radiatus'' |volume=2022 |page=e.T22695699A210972143 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-3.RLTS.T22695699A210972143.en |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref>
| image = Red Goshawk 0A2A5134.jpg
| image_caption = A female Red goshawk in the [[Cape York Peninsula]]
| image2 = Red Goshawk 0A2A8403.jpg
| image2_caption = A male Red goshawk in the [[Cape York Peninsula]]
| genus = Erythrotriorchis
| species = radiatus
| authority = ([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1801)
}}

The '''red goshawk''' ('''''Erythrotriorchis radiatus''''') is probably the rarest [[Australia]]n [[bird of prey]]. It is found mainly in the savanna woodlands of northern Australia, particularly near watercourses. It takes a broad range of live prey, mostly birds.

==Taxonomy==
The red goshawk was first described by the English ornithologist [[John Latham (ornithologist)|John Latham]] in 1801 under the [[binomial name]] ''Falco radiatus''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Latham | first=John | author-link=John Latham (ornithologist) | year=1801 | title=Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae | place=London | publisher=Leigh & Sotheby | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33261386 | page=xii }}</ref>

The species used to be regarded as a very large member of the [[goshawk subfamily]], [[Accipitrinae]], but it is now believed that the resemblance to these other birds is [[convergent evolution|convergent]]. Experts now group the red goshawk with the superficially dissimilar [[black-breasted buzzard]] ''Hamirostra melanosternon'' and [[square-tailed kite]] ''Lophoictinia isura'' as one of the Australasian '''old endemic raptors'''. It is believed that the ancestors of these birds, possibly together with a handful of species from [[South-east Asia]] and [[Africa]], occupied [[Gondwana]] and over millions of years have diverged into their current forms.

<!-- commenting this part: it belongs more under one of the other species, or in a separate article...

Using sequences of two or three genes, Lerner and Mindell found ''Hamirostra'' and ''Lophoictinia'' were related, and clustered with Perninae, but there was a large amount of divergence in this group.  Their next-closest relative was ''Elanoides fortificatus''. No samples from the rare ''Erythrotriorchis'' were included in their study.

Wink and Sauer-Gürth studied sequences of the mitochondrial cyt-b gene, finding a relationship between ''Hamirostra'' and ''Lophoictinia''.  They found this clade diverged basally from most of the other raptors in their study
-->
Gene sequencing studies have found a relationship between ''Hamirostra'' and ''Lophoictinia'', however samples had not been obtained from ''Erythrotriorchis''.<!--ref name=WSG2004--><!--ref name=LM2005-->

==Description==
[[file:Red Goshawk.jpg|thumb|Red goshawk, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland]]
Plumage is generally rufous; on the head streaked with black and white, having more white on the face and throat; on the upper surfaces (body and upperwings) marked with black. Flight feathers and tail are barred grey, dark above and light below. Underside (belly and underwing coverts) are rufous with slight black ticking. The female has a paler belly than the male. Juveniles (first year) have less streaking on the head.<ref name=SD7 />

Adults have yellow irides<ref name=SD7 /> (brown to yellow in the male);<ref name=Debus1998 /> juveniles brown. The cere and skin around the eye vary from pale-blue in the juvenile through pale blue-grey to pale-grey in the adult. Adults' legs and feet are yellow; juveniles are pale grey, cream, or pale yellow.<ref name=Debus1998 />

Wings are long, broad and fingered at the tips.<ref name=SD7 />  Its long wings are unlike the short wings of the ''Accipiter'' goshawks.<ref name=Debus1998 />  Its tail is long and broad;<ref name=SD7 /> square-tipped and about half its total length.<ref name=Debus1998 />  It has a robust bill, slight brow ridge, and very heavy feet with bare tarsi having scutellate scale pattern.<ref name=Debus1998 />

Pattern of direct flight is described as "sometimes leisurely, rather heavy and crow-like, with sustained flapping". Pursuit is "powerful and energetic with deep, fluid wing beats, like a fast-flying Brown Falcon". It soars with wings raised in a slight dihedral, almost flat; glides with wings flat or slightly bowed; and sometimes stoops with closed wings.<ref name=Debus1998 /> <!-- Both quotes are from Debus, last sentence contains close paraphrasing. If rearranging this text, please copy the attribution with each fragment. -->

Size is 45–60&nbsp;cm long,<!-- SD7 gives length as 45–60, probably rounded to nearest 5cm; Debus lists it as 46–61 cm. --> with 110–135&nbsp;cm wingspan.<!-- 111–136 cm in Debus, have rounded here. --> Males weigh 635 g, females 1100–1400 g. The female is similar in size to a [[whistling kite]], and the male to a female [[brown falcon]].<ref name=Debus1998 />

==Distribution and habitat==
[[Important Bird Area|Sites]] identified by [[BirdLife International]] as being important for red goshawk conservation are [[Lilyvale Important Bird Area|Lilyvale]] in [[Far North Queensland]], [[Kakadu National Park|Kakadu Savanna]] and the [[Tiwi Islands]] in the [[Northern Territory]], and [[Mornington Sanctuary]] in the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley region]] of [[Western Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.birdlife.org |title= Red-Goshawk |access-date=2012-10-30 |work= Important Bird Areas |first= |last= |publisher= BirdLife International |year= 2012}}</ref>

==Behaviour==

===Breeding===
The nest is built in an exposed fork of a tall [[Rainforest#Emergent layer|emergent]] tree.  It is a stick platform lined with green leaves, 60–120&nbsp;cm across and 30–50&nbsp;cm deep.<ref name=Debus1998 />

The egg-laying season is from May to October in the tropical north, and August to October in the east. Incubation takes 40 days, the nestling period 51–53 days, and juveniles remain dependent for 2–3 months.<ref name=Debus1998 />

===Diet===
Red goshawks eat mostly birds, especially parrots and pigeons; rarely they also prey on mammals, reptiles, and large insects.

Early and late in the day, they hunt from concealed perches in the trees. In the middle of the day, they use long transects, quartering through or above the canopy, or search from a high soaring position. They attack by a stealthy glide, direct chase, or may stoop from a height.<ref name=Debus1998 />

==Status==
The red goshawk is listed nationally as endangered under the federal ''Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999'' [[EPBC]] and is listed as endangered in Queensland and New South Wales and as vulnerable in the Northern Territory and Western Australia. It is also listed under the ''Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora'' [[CITES]].<ref name=red>{{cite web|last1=Environment|first1=Department of the|title=National recovery plan for the red goshawk (''Erythrotriorchis radiatus'')|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/national-recovery-plan-red-goshawk-erythrotriorchis-radiatus|access-date=25 April 2014|year=2012}}</ref>

The species is sparsely dispersed throughout its range across Australia but recent significant declines have been cause for concern. The main threats and causes of declines in eastern Australia have been attributed to clearing of forests and woodlands for agriculture which leads to degradation of remaining habitat, reduced available prey and reduction in suitable nesting sites.<ref name="red" />

The protection of remaining intact habitat and the recovery of suitable habitat through rehabilitation through regulation on land clearing is an important conservation management tool for their survival.<ref name="red" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Debus1998>{{cite book|last1=Debus|first1=Stephen J. S.|title=The birds of prey of Australia: a field guide|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press Australia|location=Melbourne|isbn=0-19-550624-3|pages=35–39}}</ref>
<ref name=SD7>{{cite book|last1=Simpson|first1=Ken|last2=Day|first2=Nicolas|title=Field guide to the birds of Australia|date=2004|publisher=Penguin Group (Australia)|location=Camberwell, Victoria|isbn=0-670-04180-7|edition=7th|page=122}}</ref>
}}

{{Commonscat|Erythrotriorchis radiatus}}
{{Wikispecies|Erythrotriorchis radiatus}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1262861}}

[[Category:Erythrotriorchis|red goshawk]]
[[Category:Birds of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Birds of Queensland]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Diurnal raptors of Australia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1801|red goshawk]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist)|red goshawk]]