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{{Short description|Rebuilding of product to original manufactured product using combo of reused and new parts}}
Remanufacturing is a comprehensive and rigorous industrial process by which a previously sold, leased, used, worn or non-functional product or part is returned to a ‘like-new’ or ‘better-than-new’ condition, from both a quality and performance perspective, through a controlled, reproducible and sustainable process. {{cite web|url=http://www.remancouncil.org/advocate/regulatory/ansi-standards/ric0011-2016-specifications-for-the-process-of-remanufacturing|title=RIC001.1-2016: Specifications for the Process of Remanufacturing|last=|first=|date=|website=Remanufacturing Industries Council|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2008}}
{{Confusing|date=August 2015}}
}}


'''Remanufacturing''' is "the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts".<ref>Johnson, M. R. & McCarthy I. P. (2014) Product Recovery Decisions within the Context of Extended Producer Responsibility. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 34, 9-28</ref> It requires the repair or replacement of worn out or [[Obsolescence|obsolete]] components and modules. Parts subject to [[Elegant degradation|degradation]] affecting the performance or the expected life of the whole are replaced. Remanufacturing is a form of a product recovery process that differs from other recovery processes in its completeness: a remanufactured machine should match the same customer expectation as new machines.
Remanufactured products are often considered to be better than new. When used products and parts are remanufactured, improvements may be incorporated because the remanufacturer is able to eliminate known weaknesses in the original product.i


In 1995, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) implemented the Comprehensive Procurement Guideline<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/tools/cpg/index.htm|title=Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines - Conservation Tools- US EPA|date=15 November 2016 }}</ref> (CPG) program to promote waste reduction and resource conservation through the use of materials recovered from solid waste, and to ensure that the materials collected in recycling programs will be used again in the manufacture of new products. The EPA is required to designate products that are or can be made with recovered materials, and to recommend practices for buying these products. Once a product is designated, state and federal procuring agencies are required to purchase it with the highest recovered material content level practicable.
Remanufactured parts and products are often priced 30%-50% less than new products.


In 2004, the EPA published its third CPG update (CPG IV) which designated seven additional products and revised three existing product designations. One of the new product categories to be added was Rebuilt Vehicular Parts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/tools/cpg/products/vehicle.htm|title=Rebuilt Vehicular Parts|website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103224136/http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/tools/cpg/products/vehicle.htm|archive-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref> The EPA defines rebuilt vehicular parts as "vehicle parts that have been '''re-manufactured''', reusing parts in their original form. Rebuilt parts undergo an extensive '''re-manufacturing''' and testing process and must meet the same industry specifications for performance as new parts."
=== '''<u>Economic Value</u>''' ===
Worldwide, remanufacturing is a $160 billion a year industry. In the United States, remanufacturing accounts for 2% of total manufacturing and approximately 1.9% of European Union production.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://groenomstilling.erhvervsstyrelsen.dk/sites/default/files/media/remanufacturing_market_study_report_europeanmarketstudy_ern_2016.pdf|title=Remanufacturing Market Study|last=|first=|date=|website=European Recycling Network|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>


In the UK, a market potential of up to 5.6 billion GBP has been identified in remanufacturing, with the benefits said to be improvement to business margins, revenues and security of supply.<ref>[http://www.carbontrust.com/news/2014/12/supply-chains-shaping-business-models-of-the-future "Supply chains are shaping the business models of the future"], ''[[The Carbon Trust]]'', 17 December 2014. Retrieved on 20 January 2015.</ref>
* U.S.A.: $100 billion ($43 billion not counting defense), with $11.7 billion in exports <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub4356.pdf|title=Remanufactured Goods: An Overview of the U.S. and Global industries, Markets, and Trade|last=|first=|date=|website=U.S. International Trade Commission|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>


==Other forms of product recovery==
* Europe: $32.4 billion (€30 billion), estimated to grow to $90 billion by 2030 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groenomstilling.erhvervsstyrelsen.dk/sites/default/files/media/remanufacturing_market_study_report_europeanmarketstudy_ern_2016.pdf|title=Remanufacturing Market Study|last=|first=|date=|website=European Recycling Network|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
#[[Reuse]] implies that items are used by a second customer without prior repair operations or as originally designed.
* Brazil: $1.4 billion<ref name=":1" />
# [[Repair]]: the process of bringing damaged components back to a functional condition.
* India: Undefined
# [[Antiques restoration|Refurbishing]]/Reconditioning is the process of restoring components to a functional and/or satisfactory state to the original specification, using methods such as resurfacing, repainting, etc.
* Korea: $830 million (mostly automotive, some toner cartridge, small part HDOR)<ref name=":1" />
# [[Recycling]] is the process of taking a component material and processing it to make the same material or useful degraded material.
* China: $20.7 billion (Calculated via estimated value of $31.6 billion (200b yuan) by 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.gov.cn/state_council/ministries/2017/11/22/content_281475951010170.htm|title=China’s remanufacturing industry to hit 200b yuan by 2020|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> adjusted back to 2017 based on CAGR of 15% in Chinese reman market<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/apra.org/resource/resmgr/Events/6th_China_Reman_Summit_5-27-.pdf|title=Presentation for 6th China Remanufacturing Summit, Slide 12.|last=Kripli|first=Joe|date=|website=Remanufacturing Global Outlook|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
# [[Cannibalization (parts)]]
* Japan: $4.7 billion (from € 3.8 billion)<ref name=":1" />
* Malaysia: $905 million (from €730 million)<ref name=":1" />
* Australia: Undefined


Many formal definitions of remanufacturing exist in the literature, but the first published report on remanufacturing, by R. Lund (1984), describes remanufacturing as "... an industrial process in which worn-out products are restored to like-new condition. Through a series of industrial processes in a factory environment, a discarded product is completely disassembled. Useable parts are cleaned, refurbished, and put into inventory. Then the product is reassembled from the old parts (and where necessary, new parts) to produce a unit fully equivalent and sometimes superior in performance and expected lifetime to the original new product".<ref>"Remanufacturing". Lund, Robert T., Technology review, v 87, n 2, p 19-23, 28-29, Feb-Mar 1984</ref>
=== <u>Employment</u> ===
Remanufacturing employs more than 450,000 people world-wide.


Furthermore, the Automotive Parts Remanufacturers Association (APRA) realized that communication problems can arise when people from different countries with different language skills talk about remanufacturing. Certain terms can have different meanings as definitions between countries and individuals vary. In 2013, APRA was able to solve these communication problems by publishing a common [http://www.apra-europe.org/main.php?target=remanufacturing translation list] in many different languages in order to unite all those who deal with the automotive industry.
* U.S.A.: 180,000 (65% SMEs)<ref name=":1" />
* Europe: 190,000 (250,000 by 2030)<ref name=":0" />
* Brazil: 45,000
* India: Undefined
* Korea: 30,000-40,000
* China: Undefined
* Japan: Undefined
* Malaysia: Undefined
* Australia: Undefined

The U.S. alone accounts for 180,000 around 36-percent of these (65,500) are accounted for by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)<ref name=":1" />. The European remanufacturing industry employs an estimated 190,000 people across the continent, with the potential to grow to 250,000 by 2030.3 In Brazil, automotive remanufacturing is the largest remanufacturing industry, employing about 45,000 workers (60% small business [6 or fewer], 40% SME [20-60]). Remanufacturing is increasingly recognized as a key industry of a sustainable future. As it is growing in importance, size and sophistication, the reman industry is attracting a work force of technicians at all skill levels, engineers, designers, and scientists looking for career opportunities that are both exciting and impactful.

=== <u>Remanufacturing industry sectors</u>:<ref name=":1" /> ===


== Range of products being remanufactured<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reman.org|title=The Reman Institute-Home}}</ref> ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Aerospace
* Aerospace
* Automotive
* Automotive Parts
* Air-conditioning units
* Consumer Products
* Batteries NiMH/LIO
* Electronic Apparatus
* Bakery Equipment
* Furniture
* Carpet tiles
* Heavy Duty Equipment
* Compressors
* Information Technology
* Computer and telecommunication equipment.
* Locomotive Systems
* Defense equipment
* Machinery
* Electrical motors and apparatus
* Excavation equipment
* Fashion apparel and accessories
* Gaming Machines
* Hydraulic Cylinders
* Industrial food processing equipment
* Machine tools
* Medical Equipment
* Medical Equipment
* Musical Instruments
* Restaurant Equipment
* Office furniture
* Tires
* Office photocopiers (laser toner cartridges)
* Power bearings
* Pumps
* Robots
* Rolling stock (railway vehicles)
* Surgical Medical Tables
* Telecommunications Equipment
* Toner Cartridges
* Vehicular Parts
* Vending Machines
{{div col end}}

==Different types of remanufacturing==
There are three main types of remanufacturing activities, each with different operational challenges.
# '''Remanufacturing without identity loss''' With this method, a current machine is built on yesterday's base, receiving all enhancements, expected life and [[warranty]] of a new machine. The physical structure (the [[chassis]] or frame) is inspected for soundness. The whole product is refurbished and critical modules are overhauled, upgraded or replaced. Any defects in the original design are eliminated. This is the case for customized remanufacturing of machine tools, [[airplane]]s, computer [[Mainframe computer|mainframes]], large medical equipment and other capital goods. Because of its uniqueness, this product recovery is characterized as a project.
# '''Remanufacturing with loss of original product identity''' With this method, used goods are disassembled into pre-determined [[Manufacturing|component]]s and repaired to stock, ready to be reassembled into a remanufactured product. This is the case when remanufacturing [[automobile]] components, [[photocopier]]s, [[toner]] cartridges, furniture, ready-to-use [[camera]]s and [[personal computer]]s. Once the product is disassembled and the parts are recovered, the process concludes with an operation similar to original manufacturing. Disassembled parts are inventoried, just like purchased parts and made available for final assembly. Remanufacturing with loss of original [[brand|product identity]] encompasses some unique challenges in [[Field inventory management|inventory management]] and disassembly sequence development. Some of the open questions relate to the commonality of parts in products of different generations, the uncertainty in the supply of used products, and their relationship with [[production planning]]. The [[National Center for Remanufacturing and Resource Recovery]] (NCR3) at [[Rochester Institute of Technology]] ([[New York (state)|NY]]) is researching remanufacturing processes including testing standards for remanufactured products.
# '''Repetitive remanufacturing without identity loss''' In this method, there is the additional challenge of scheduling the sequence of dependent processes and identifying the location of [[inventory]] buffers. There is a fine line between repetitive remanufacturing without loss of identity and product overhaul. The final output has an as-new appearance and is covered by a warranty comparable to that of a new product.

'''<big>Remanufacturing by Recoating of Worn Engine Parts</big>'''


In addition to these is a less significant type of remanufacturing, ''remanufacturing by recoating of worn engine parts.'' This type of remanufacturing serves many engine parts and other large and expensive components that become worn after a period of use. An example is the engine block, in particular the cylinder engine bores, which must withstand combustion. Instead of disposing of engine blocks, remanufacturing enables re-use by coating them with plasma transferred wire arc spraying ([[PTWA]]). Remanufacturing by recoating of parts is also popular in aviation and with geothermal pipe.
=== <u>Environmental Value</u> ===
When a new product is made from scratch, it involves hundreds of steps from mining, handling, transporting, processing and refining materials, leading up to the actual manufacturing process. This demands raw materials that we may someday run out of, uses energy and other resources and harms our environment. When you take an old part and give it a full new life-cycle, you save all of these steps, save the resources and eliminate the associated pollution and other environmental impacts.


==Rebuilding==
Remanufacturing keeps old parts out of the landfill, where worn out parts might otherwise end up – another added value.
'''Rebuilding''' is an old name for remanufacturing. It is still widely used by automotive industry. For example, the [[Automotive Parts Remanufacturers Association]] (APRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apra.org//|title=APRA|website=apra.org}}</ref> have the new term in their name, but to be safe on their own website use the combined term 'rebuild/remanufacture'.


The term 'rebuilding' is also often used by [[railway]] companies; a [[steam locomotive]] may be rebuilt with a new [[boiler]] or a [[diesel locomotive]] may be rebuilt with a new [[Diesel engine|engine]]. This saves money (by re-using the frame, and some other components, which still have years of useful life) and allows the incorporation of improved technology. For example, a new diesel engine may have lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust emissions and better reliability. Recent examples include [[British Rail Class 57]] and [[British Rail Class 43 (HST)#Life extension|British Rail Class 43]].
When compared to new goods made from scratch, remanufactured goods <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apec.org/Press/News-Releases/2012/0328_remanufacturing|title=Remanufacturing brings economic and environmental benefits|last=|first=|date=|website=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>


== Benefits of Engine Remanufacturing ==
* are virtually indistinguishable from new goods
# '''Lower Cost''' - One of the biggest factors in choosing a remanufactured engine is cost. Remanufactured engines cost up to 50% less than new Tier 4 Final engines, not including associated engineering costs, and offers even greater savings over the purchase of a new piece of equipment. Maintenance on some new Tier 4 Final engines can be costly as well. In addition to being more complex to service, additional costs for after treatment cleaning and DEF fluid can add up quickly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forconstructionpros.com/article/12189610/4-reasons-why-rental-fleet-owners-should-take-advantage-of-engine-remanufacturing|title=4 Reasons Why Rental Fleet Owners Should Take Advantage of Engine Remanufacturing|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref>
* save on average 85% of energy use
# '''Less Downtime''' - Opting to replace existing engines with a new ones typically requires significant engineering time that can render rental equipment out of service for months. The integration and testing process also takes significantly longer with a new Tier 4 Final engine than with remanufactured engines.<ref name=":0" />
* save on average 86% of water use
# '''Increased Equipment Resale Value''' - There are two main factors currently making it difficult to sell Tier 4 Final-powered equipment in lesser regulated countries: serviceability and fuel availability. The lack of established service programs for the new technology makes supporting the product difficult. This coupled with high product costs, have companies shying away from Tier 4 Final powered equipment. In addition, many lesser-regulated countries don't have high availability for ultra-low sulphur diesel fuel, which is required by Tier 4 Final engines to operate effectively. Without it, the diesel particulate filter can clog rapidly and cause significant operation issues.<ref name=":0" />
* save on average 85% of material use
# '''More Sustainable Option''' - Purchasing remanufactured engines keeps old engine cores and many usable components out of landfills, which can greatly reduce the impact on the environment. According to Perkins Pacific's Andy Machin, approximately 73% of old engines can be salvaged during remanufacturing, keeping millions of pounds of waste out of landfills. New engine production requires all new materials, substantial amounts of energy for the production process and additional transportation costs. By utilizing recycled components, a remanufactured engine typically uses about 80% less energy than new engine production, making it a much greener option. For rental fleet owners, remanufacturing offers the opportunity to expand their sustainability practices while saving money.<ref name=":0" />


==See also==
=== <u>Reman Day</u><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://remanday.org|title=Reman Day|last=|first=|date=|website=Reman Day|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ===
*[[Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles]]
Global Remanufacturing Day is a day to promote awareness of the benefits of remanufacturing through company-hosted events and workforce development initiatives.


==References==
Reman Day is celebrated each year on the second Thursday of April.
{{reflist}}
Inaugural Reman Day: April 12, 2018 had 127 events in 17 countries, spanning across 6 continents.


==External links==
=== <u>Other Value-Retention Processes</u><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/re-defining-value-manufacturing-revolution|title=Re-defining Value – The Manufacturing Revolution. Remanufacturing, Refurbishment, Repair and Direct Reuse in the Circular Economy.|last=|first=|date=|website=International Resource Panel|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> ===
* [http://www.depotintl.com http://www.depotintl.com Printer Parts Remanufacturing]
Value-retention processes (VRPs) require less new material and energy inputs and generate less production waste and emissions per-unit.
* [http://www.metrofuser.com www.metrofuser.com Printer Parts Remanufacturing]
* [http://www.remanufacturing.org.uk http://www.remanufacturing.org.uk]
* [http://www.apraeurope.org/ apra europe]
* [http://www.prcind.com www.prcind.com]
* [https://perthcarservice.net.au/ Perth Car Service]
* [https://reman-engine.com/ Remanufactured Engines]
* [http://www.ivorsearle.co.uk/what_remanufacturing_entails.htm Ivor Searle's Engine Remanufacturing Process]
* [https://nationalengines.co.uk/start/environmental-considerations:2848/ The Environmental Impact of Engine Reconditioning / Remanufacturing]


[[Category:Design for X]]
* Comprehensive Refurbishment: Refurbishment that takes place within industrial or factory settings, with a high standard and level of refurbishment.
[[Category:Waste management]]
* Refurbishment: Modification of an object that is waste4 or a product to increase or restore its performance and/or functionality or to meet applicable technical standards or regulatory requirements, with the result of making a fully functional product to be used for a purpose that is at least the one that was originally intended.
* Repair: Fixing a specified fault in an object that is a waste or a product and/or replacing defective components, in order to make the waste or product a fully functional product to be used for its originally intended purpose
* Direct Reuse: The collection, inspection and testing, cleaning, and redistribution of a product back into the market under controlled conditions (e.g. a formal business undertaking).

Latest revision as of 20:53, 30 November 2023

Remanufacturing is "the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts".[1] It requires the repair or replacement of worn out or obsolete components and modules. Parts subject to degradation affecting the performance or the expected life of the whole are replaced. Remanufacturing is a form of a product recovery process that differs from other recovery processes in its completeness: a remanufactured machine should match the same customer expectation as new machines.

In 1995, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) implemented the Comprehensive Procurement Guideline[2] (CPG) program to promote waste reduction and resource conservation through the use of materials recovered from solid waste, and to ensure that the materials collected in recycling programs will be used again in the manufacture of new products. The EPA is required to designate products that are or can be made with recovered materials, and to recommend practices for buying these products. Once a product is designated, state and federal procuring agencies are required to purchase it with the highest recovered material content level practicable.

In 2004, the EPA published its third CPG update (CPG IV) which designated seven additional products and revised three existing product designations. One of the new product categories to be added was Rebuilt Vehicular Parts.[3] The EPA defines rebuilt vehicular parts as "vehicle parts that have been re-manufactured, reusing parts in their original form. Rebuilt parts undergo an extensive re-manufacturing and testing process and must meet the same industry specifications for performance as new parts."

In the UK, a market potential of up to 5.6 billion GBP has been identified in remanufacturing, with the benefits said to be improvement to business margins, revenues and security of supply.[4]

Other forms of product recovery

[edit]
  1. Reuse implies that items are used by a second customer without prior repair operations or as originally designed.
  2. Repair: the process of bringing damaged components back to a functional condition.
  3. Refurbishing/Reconditioning is the process of restoring components to a functional and/or satisfactory state to the original specification, using methods such as resurfacing, repainting, etc.
  4. Recycling is the process of taking a component material and processing it to make the same material or useful degraded material.
  5. Cannibalization (parts)

Many formal definitions of remanufacturing exist in the literature, but the first published report on remanufacturing, by R. Lund (1984), describes remanufacturing as "... an industrial process in which worn-out products are restored to like-new condition. Through a series of industrial processes in a factory environment, a discarded product is completely disassembled. Useable parts are cleaned, refurbished, and put into inventory. Then the product is reassembled from the old parts (and where necessary, new parts) to produce a unit fully equivalent and sometimes superior in performance and expected lifetime to the original new product".[5]

Furthermore, the Automotive Parts Remanufacturers Association (APRA) realized that communication problems can arise when people from different countries with different language skills talk about remanufacturing. Certain terms can have different meanings as definitions between countries and individuals vary. In 2013, APRA was able to solve these communication problems by publishing a common translation list in many different languages in order to unite all those who deal with the automotive industry.

Range of products being remanufactured[6]

[edit]
  • Aerospace
  • Automotive Parts
  • Air-conditioning units
  • Batteries NiMH/LIO
  • Bakery Equipment
  • Carpet tiles
  • Compressors
  • Computer and telecommunication equipment.
  • Defense equipment
  • Electrical motors and apparatus
  • Excavation equipment
  • Fashion apparel and accessories
  • Gaming Machines
  • Hydraulic Cylinders
  • Industrial food processing equipment
  • Machine tools
  • Medical Equipment
  • Musical Instruments
  • Office furniture
  • Office photocopiers (laser toner cartridges)
  • Power bearings
  • Pumps
  • Robots
  • Rolling stock (railway vehicles)
  • Surgical Medical Tables
  • Telecommunications Equipment
  • Toner Cartridges
  • Vehicular Parts
  • Vending Machines

Different types of remanufacturing

[edit]

There are three main types of remanufacturing activities, each with different operational challenges.

  1. Remanufacturing without identity loss With this method, a current machine is built on yesterday's base, receiving all enhancements, expected life and warranty of a new machine. The physical structure (the chassis or frame) is inspected for soundness. The whole product is refurbished and critical modules are overhauled, upgraded or replaced. Any defects in the original design are eliminated. This is the case for customized remanufacturing of machine tools, airplanes, computer mainframes, large medical equipment and other capital goods. Because of its uniqueness, this product recovery is characterized as a project.
  2. Remanufacturing with loss of original product identity With this method, used goods are disassembled into pre-determined components and repaired to stock, ready to be reassembled into a remanufactured product. This is the case when remanufacturing automobile components, photocopiers, toner cartridges, furniture, ready-to-use cameras and personal computers. Once the product is disassembled and the parts are recovered, the process concludes with an operation similar to original manufacturing. Disassembled parts are inventoried, just like purchased parts and made available for final assembly. Remanufacturing with loss of original product identity encompasses some unique challenges in inventory management and disassembly sequence development. Some of the open questions relate to the commonality of parts in products of different generations, the uncertainty in the supply of used products, and their relationship with production planning. The National Center for Remanufacturing and Resource Recovery (NCR3) at Rochester Institute of Technology (NY) is researching remanufacturing processes including testing standards for remanufactured products.
  3. Repetitive remanufacturing without identity loss In this method, there is the additional challenge of scheduling the sequence of dependent processes and identifying the location of inventory buffers. There is a fine line between repetitive remanufacturing without loss of identity and product overhaul. The final output has an as-new appearance and is covered by a warranty comparable to that of a new product.

Remanufacturing by Recoating of Worn Engine Parts

In addition to these is a less significant type of remanufacturing, remanufacturing by recoating of worn engine parts. This type of remanufacturing serves many engine parts and other large and expensive components that become worn after a period of use. An example is the engine block, in particular the cylinder engine bores, which must withstand combustion. Instead of disposing of engine blocks, remanufacturing enables re-use by coating them with plasma transferred wire arc spraying (PTWA). Remanufacturing by recoating of parts is also popular in aviation and with geothermal pipe.

Rebuilding

[edit]

Rebuilding is an old name for remanufacturing. It is still widely used by automotive industry. For example, the Automotive Parts Remanufacturers Association (APRA),[7] have the new term in their name, but to be safe on their own website use the combined term 'rebuild/remanufacture'.

The term 'rebuilding' is also often used by railway companies; a steam locomotive may be rebuilt with a new boiler or a diesel locomotive may be rebuilt with a new engine. This saves money (by re-using the frame, and some other components, which still have years of useful life) and allows the incorporation of improved technology. For example, a new diesel engine may have lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust emissions and better reliability. Recent examples include British Rail Class 57 and British Rail Class 43.

Benefits of Engine Remanufacturing

[edit]
  1. Lower Cost - One of the biggest factors in choosing a remanufactured engine is cost. Remanufactured engines cost up to 50% less than new Tier 4 Final engines, not including associated engineering costs, and offers even greater savings over the purchase of a new piece of equipment. Maintenance on some new Tier 4 Final engines can be costly as well. In addition to being more complex to service, additional costs for after treatment cleaning and DEF fluid can add up quickly.[8]
  2. Less Downtime - Opting to replace existing engines with a new ones typically requires significant engineering time that can render rental equipment out of service for months. The integration and testing process also takes significantly longer with a new Tier 4 Final engine than with remanufactured engines.[8]
  3. Increased Equipment Resale Value - There are two main factors currently making it difficult to sell Tier 4 Final-powered equipment in lesser regulated countries: serviceability and fuel availability. The lack of established service programs for the new technology makes supporting the product difficult. This coupled with high product costs, have companies shying away from Tier 4 Final powered equipment. In addition, many lesser-regulated countries don't have high availability for ultra-low sulphur diesel fuel, which is required by Tier 4 Final engines to operate effectively. Without it, the diesel particulate filter can clog rapidly and cause significant operation issues.[8]
  4. More Sustainable Option - Purchasing remanufactured engines keeps old engine cores and many usable components out of landfills, which can greatly reduce the impact on the environment. According to Perkins Pacific's Andy Machin, approximately 73% of old engines can be salvaged during remanufacturing, keeping millions of pounds of waste out of landfills. New engine production requires all new materials, substantial amounts of energy for the production process and additional transportation costs. By utilizing recycled components, a remanufactured engine typically uses about 80% less energy than new engine production, making it a much greener option. For rental fleet owners, remanufacturing offers the opportunity to expand their sustainability practices while saving money.[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Johnson, M. R. & McCarthy I. P. (2014) Product Recovery Decisions within the Context of Extended Producer Responsibility. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 34, 9-28
  2. ^ "Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines - Conservation Tools- US EPA". 15 November 2016.
  3. ^ "Rebuilt Vehicular Parts". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013.
  4. ^ "Supply chains are shaping the business models of the future", The Carbon Trust, 17 December 2014. Retrieved on 20 January 2015.
  5. ^ "Remanufacturing". Lund, Robert T., Technology review, v 87, n 2, p 19-23, 28-29, Feb-Mar 1984
  6. ^ "The Reman Institute-Home".
  7. ^ "APRA". apra.org.
  8. ^ a b c d "4 Reasons Why Rental Fleet Owners Should Take Advantage of Engine Remanufacturing". Retrieved 2016-08-08.
[edit]
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